Chapter - I: 1.1 Background

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
CHAPTER - I INTRODUCTION
This chapter has been divided into eight parts. The first part of the chapter highlights the background of the study. Second part describes the NTPC and its approaches. The third part of the chapter deals with the aims and objectives of the study. The fourth part of the chapter covers the methodology of the study. The fifth part of the chapter reflects on the area of the study. The sixth, seventh and eighth part covers the data collection, data processing and data presentation of the study. The eighth part of the chapter deals describes the organisation of the study.
1.1 BACKGROUND Xavier Institute of Development Action and Studies (XIDAS), Jabalpur was invited by NTPC, Korba (Ref. Letter No. KS/CS/56317/2165, dated 28.03.2006) for a limited tender (No. KS/CS/56317/2005/247) for the work of Socio-Economic Survey against Land Acquisition for Ash Dyke Korba KSTPP Stage III in five villages -- Dhanras, Churrikhurd, Ghorapaat, Jhora and Baredimura. Subsequently, a Letter of Award (Ref. KS. /CS/56317/0765/1280/ dated. 07.07.2006), along with the Term of Reference, was issued by NTPC, Korba in favour of XIDAS, Jabalpur. 1.2 NTPC AND ITS APPROACH NTPC Limited is the largest thermal power generating company of India. It was incorporated as a public sector company in 1975, to accelerate power development in the country. At present, the Government of India holds 89.5 per cent of the total equity shares of the company and FIIs, Domestic Banks, Public and others hold the balance 10.5 per cent equity shares. Within a span of 30 years, NTPC has emerged as a truly national power company with power generating facilities in all the major regions of the country (refer the Map 1). Based on the 1998 data, carried out by Data Monitor UK, NTPC is the 6th largest company in terms of thermal power generation and the second most efficient in terms of capacity utilization amongst the thermal utilities of the world. NTPC believes that in order to set up a project, adequate quantity of land is expected to be acquired from various agencies like Government/Private owners and others.
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur
The acquisition of land along with the setting up of the project results in changes of socio-economic aspects and the life style of the local people. The objectives of NTPC states that after a reasonable transition period, the affected families improve or at least regain their previous standard of living, earning capacity and production level through a process in which they participate through their own social and cultural institutions. Therefore, the process of R&R is developmental and participatory, which emphasizes that the development fosters full respect for their dignity, human rights and cultural uniqueness. It is further essential to ensure that indigenous people do not suffer adverse effects during the development process and that they receive cultural, social and economic benefits. The initiation of such a development oriented R&R needs to be carefully planned from the outset. This is because the displacement of people by a development project and their involuntary resettlement cause social, economic, cultural and environmental problems. This affects their productive assets, sources of income, the habitat, families and kinship, community structure, social relations, cultural identity and traditional authority, which have potentials for mutual help that comes out of such relations. A thorough understanding of issues related to social, economic and cultural factors that cause these changes are absolutely important for formulating an appropriate resettlement and rehabilitation plan. A detailed enumeration and socio-economic impact assessment will provide such an understanding. 1.3 THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The aim of the present study is to assess the number of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) due to land acquisition and establishment of the project in the affected villages and its over-all impact. It includes the entire population of the area in general and the PAPs in particular, whose livelihood is likely to be affected due to land acquisition directly or indirectly. The specific objectives of the study were: 1. To collect all the details of the people who are likely to be affected in terms of their demographic features like, name of the family members, their age, sex, educational status, occupation (main and subsidiary), employment status and their sources of livelihood;
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 2
2.
To get the prospective number of PAPs, based on land records and categories as per NTPC R&R Policy, authenticated by the District Administration;
3.
To estimate the income, consumption and indebtedness of the households and Project Affected Persons;
4.
To determine the ownership over land holdings, land use particulars and the extent of loss of land due to the setting up of the project;
5.
To estimate the loss of production from the land for the households, due to the land that is likely to be acquired by the project;
6.
To assess the extent of the possession of immovable properties like houses, wells, ponds, trees, etc., from every household/PAP;
7.
To assess the employment potentials of the area with the help of educational status, unemployed personnel available for work, etc.;
8.
To identify the households / families who do not reside in the area but derive their income from the land that is likely to be acquired for the project;
9.
To identify the absentee landlords who own the land that is likely to be acquired by the projects;
10. 11.
To determine the rehabilitation option from each PAP as per R&R policy; To assess and analyze the choice of rehabilitation option of all the PAPs who are likely to be affected by the land acquisition;
12.
To study the economic and social situations of the families, whose land is going to be acquired for establishment of this project;
13. 14.
To identify the tribal or any other special groups who are likely to be affected; To identify the occupiers (in terms of definition of NTPC Policy), if any, residing on the Forestlands.
To achieve the above objectives, XIDAS has covered the following aspects in the study:
1. 2. Established a social inventory of the affected villages; Projected a description including the details of land to be acquired and PAPs;
3.
Gave special emphasis on the vulnerable groups like women, SC/ST population, physically challenged, etc.;
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Assessed the demographic profile; Estimated the income, consumption and indebtedness; Determined landownership, the use of land and the extent of land loss; Estimated the extent of loss of production from the land; Assessed the extent of possession of immovable properties; Identified the landless families; Assessed the employment potential; Identified the absentee landlords; Presented the preferred rehabilitation options; Studied the socio-economic status; Studied the attitude of the PAPs towards the project and its implementation; Identified the Common Property Resources and the extent of their getting affected due to land acquisition.
1.4 METHDOLOGY On the basis of the objectives outlined for the present study, the tools and methods were selected to collect the necessary data. The study took into consideration both qualitative and quantitative data, which were collected through the following methods from the primary and secondary sources.
1.4.1 RESEARCH TECHNIQUES FOR PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION A) INTERVIEW METHOD: This method was used to collect the data from the primary stakeholders, i.e. the PAPs with the help of an interview schedule. It was used to collect information on the socio-economic background of the landholding and the extent of loss, compensation and rehabilitation. B) FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD): The FGD was conducted in each of the five villages to draw up a picture of life and environment of these villages. A guideline was used to conduct the FGD, which covered areas like the social composition, the educational status, the occupational pattern, the trends of migration, the facilities available in the village, the impact of displacement and rehabilitation and suggestions for the rehabilitation of the PAPs as a whole. C) OBSERVATION METHOD: The researchers used the observation method to cross check, supplement and validate the data collected through the interview and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). It was also used to examine the findings drawn from the meetings and discussions, which provided more insights about the problem. 1.4.2 RESEARCH TECHNIQUES FOR SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from various secondary sources. The list of PAPs land records and documents on R&R policy were collected from the HR Department of NTPC, Korba. The census data along with other details pertaining to the area and the people were collected from the Korba collectrate.
1.5 THE STUDY AREA The present study is focused on the five villages, which will be affected by the Ash Dyke III and the pipeline connecting the plant with the new Ash Dyke. A total of 251 shareholders from these five villages will be affected by the land acquisition.
1.6 DATA COLLECTION The collection of data started on 10th Dec 2006 and continued up to 23rd Dec 2006. It consisted of the collection of various secondary data and the identification of the PAPs based on their location. The identified PAPs were interviewed. Subsequently, information regarding the villages was collected through FGD. 1.7 DATA PROCESSING The data collected were validated, entered and processed with the help of SPSS package. Bivariate tables were drawn using the parameters as mentioned in the TOR for statistical description. The comprehensive tables so designed are provided in the Annexure/Tables in the report.
1.8 DATA PRESENTATION The data processed were classified and presented in a sequential manner to provide lucid understanding. The statistical analysis was made through calculation of mean and percentages methods following a comparative method of presenting data. The qualitative data were used to supplement the quantitative data and to explain the situation with proper reasoning.
1.9 ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT The report comprises of two parts i.e., Part I and Part II. Part I contains a total of Five Chapters. The first Chapter one of this report introduces the present research depicting its objective and strategies of the data collection. Chapter two gives a general description of the locality and the people of the study area. The background characteristics of the project-affected area are presented in chapter three. Improvisement Risk Assessment of the Project Affected Persons is described in chapter four. The summary of findings, suggested RAP measures and Policy Implications and Recommendations are presented in chapter five, followed by References and Appendices. Part II comprises of the Annexure.
CHAPTER -II AREA AND PEOPLE

This chapter has been divided into five parts. The first part of the chapter highlights the background characteristics of the Korba town. Second part describes the location of the study area. The third part of the chapter deals with the population features of the study area. The fourth part of the chapter covers the social hierarchy of the study area. The description of the marriage practices and families have been placed in the fifth part of the chapter.
2.1 BACKGROUND The NTPC Ltd., Korba comes under the Jamnipali village of the Katghora Tehsil of the Korba district of Chhattisgarh state. It is situated on the right bank of the river Hansdeo. Previously, Korba was a part of the Bilaspur district, but now it is a separate district of Chhattisgarh State. The total geographical area of the district is 4464.55 sq. Kms. and it has five blocks. The weather is temperate and the average temperature of the district ranges between 10 C to 40 C. Most of the area of the district is covered with forest consisting of Sal, Mahua, Saja, Tendu, Imli and Bamboos. Among the wild animals, wild boar is found in some of the area of the district. The minor forest produce (MFP) available in the district are: Tendu leaves, Gum, Dhoop, Honey, Char (Chironji), Mahua, Harra, Bahera and Sal beej, etc. The district is rich in minerals like Limestone, Liderite, Bauxite, Coal, etc. In Korba, there are four major plants, viz, National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), the South Eastern Coal Field Limited (SECL), the Bharat Aluminum Company (BALCO) and the Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board (CSEB) Thermal Power Plants. The NTPC and CSEB are located within a radius of 8-10 Kms. Before the inception of the above plants, Korba was an isolated, ignored, and economically backward rural area dominated by the scheduled tribes. The people were living in small and scattered hamlets. As the area was fully covered with thick forest, the main occupations of the people were mainly collection of minor forest produce (MFP) and mono-cropping agriculture. Due to the lack of irrigation facilities in the area, the people were dependent on rain fed farming. As the irrigation facilities have not
been increased in the area, the people are still dependent on rain fed farming. Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood of the people. Monocropping is generally practiced in the area. Very few people who have adequate irrigation facilities for agriculture are cultivating a double crop. Coal is available in abundance in this region; hence the Government of India selected Korba to set up a Super Thermal Power Plant. To accommodate the ash of the new plant, NTPC, Korba has selected a site for the construction of Ash Dyke III near Dhanras village, about 16 Kms away from the NTPC plant. For the construction of Ash Dyke III, 156.69 acres of land of 251 shareholders from five villages is to be acquired by the NTPC. The acquisition of land and the apprehensions created by the presence of the Ash Dyke and pipeline corridor will affect the socio-economic life of the persons of the area. The present study has been made to understand the socio-economic life of the people living in the five affected villages. The data collected through the primary and secondary sources provide an understanding of the life of the people living in the area. 2.2 LOCATION The five villages, which will be affected by Ash Dyke III, come under Katghora Development block of Katghora tehsil of Korba district. Out of these villages, Ghorapaat, Churrikhurd and Jhora come under the Churrikhurd panchayats, village Dhanras comes under Dhanras panchayat and village Baredimura comes under the Gopalpur panchayat. 2.3 POPULATION FEATURES The affected areas have a total population of 3313 persons (Fig. 3.3). Out of the total population, the male population accounts for 54 per cent, and the female population comprises 46 per cent (Fig 3.3 ). The social composition of the population of the area is as follows: Scheduled Tribe (ST) 45 per cent, followed by 36 per cent Other Backward Class (OBC), 17 per cent Scheduled Caste (SC) and only two per cent belonging to the General category (Fig. 3.4 ).
The population composition of these villages reveals that the major caste and ethnic groups found in these villages are:
ST SC OBC General - Binjhwar, Gond, Kanwar, Bharia, Tanwar - Sarthi, Mohair, Ganda, Satnami - Yadav, Patel, Panika, Nai, Sonar, Lohar, Ishawal, Sahoo (Taili), Dewangan - Brahmin
1.4 SOCIAL HIERARCHY The Kanwars occupy the highest position in the social ladder in the tribal dominated villages. The other tribal communities like Gonds, Binjhwars and Bharias come next to the Kanwars. Among the Other Backward Castes, the Yadavs occupy the uppermost position followed by Jaiswal, Sahoos, Nais, Sonars, Panikas, Dewangan and Lohars. The general category is represented by a few Brahmins in these villages who are placed in the highest position of society. The scheduled castes on the other hand occupy the lowest position. 1.5 MARRIAGES AND FAMILY Monogamy is generally practiced in this area where the marriage age of girls across caste and ethnic groups ranges between 18-20 years and that of boys ranges between 20- 22 year of age. The other marriage practices like separation, divorce, widow remarriage, child marriage and bride price are prevalent in these communities. One interesting finding with regard to the marriage practices is that the dowry and purda system are not prevalent among the OBCs, while it is strongly prevalent in many parts of the State and the Country. The family in these villages is patriarchal and nuclear across all the caste and ethnic groups. However, one common feature, found in these areas is that though the adult male member after his marriage forms another nuclear family, he in fact shares the same house with his brothers and parents. They cultivate the respective share of the total holding with or without legal inheritance. While they cook their food separately, they share the same house by making segments within the house. Hence, each house accommodates mostly two or more nuclear families. The family size varies from 5-7 members with an average of 3-5 children.
CHAPTER -III BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT AFFECTED AREA

This chapter has been divided into four sections. The first section of the chapter highlights the background characteristics of the affected area in general from the data collected through FGD. Section two describes the background characteristics of the Project Affected Persons. Section three deals with the rehabilitation and resettlement option of the PAP households. The RAP eligibility of the PAPs has been placed in section four. 3.1. SECTION I 3.1.1. VILLAGE CHURRIKHURD Churrikhurd is one of the villages, which will be affected by the acquisition of land for Korba Ash Dyke Stage III. It lies on the eastern side of the village Ghorapaat. It is located at a distance of 7 kms from the Ash- Dyke II. The village has a population of 1000 persons with 596 males and 404 females belonging to 136 households (refer Table 3.3). The dominant social group of the village is ST, which comprises 65 per cent of the population; followed by 25 per cent OBC and the remaining 10 per cent are Scheduled Caste people (Table. 3.4). The people of this are mostly Hindus. The village is distributed in four hamlets, Mahtodugu, Dugupara, Dagaidugu and Churrikhurd. The common dialect used in the village is Chattisgarhi. Mr. Rem Sai is the Sarpanch of the village Churrikhurd. He is the head of four villages, which falls in the Churrikhurd panchayat. There are two Mahila Mandals in the village with 12 members each. There is one Bhajan Mandli for men. Churrikhurd is the gram panchayats of four villages viz, Churrikhurd, Ghorapaat, Jhora and Gangpur. There is one Gram Samiti in the village, which takes decision about the development of the village. The dowry system is not prevalent in the village. Gauna is performed generally two years after the marriage. Parda system does not prevail in the village.
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The soil type of the village is red and sandy. The average land holding per family is between 1 to 4 acres. Mono cropping is prevalent in this village and paddy is the stable crop. Due to lack of irrigation facilities and the practice of mono-cropping, the agriculture production is not sufficient to feed a family throughout the year. Migration is not evident in the village. However, the villagers go to the nearby area to earn their livelihood. There is no health facility available in the village. The people go to the village Churrikala, which is at a distance of 3 kms from the village to avail any health facility. The village has a Panchayat Bhawan and a Cooperative Society. One Aanganwadi center is functioning in the village. The villagers use family planning methods and are aware of the use of contraceptives. Women use oral contraceptives to maintain the gap between two childbirths. The majority of older women (i.e. above 40 years) undergo female sterilization or vasectomy. The village has one primary school with 64 students and 2 teachers. The ratio of student to teacher is 32:1. The villagers reported that the teachers are regular and the children also attend the school regularly. For higher studies they go to Churrikala or Katghora. The literacy level of the village is comparatively low with only 30 per cent male and 5 per cent female literates. About 29 per cent of the houses have electricity with meters. The remaining houses of the village have one-bulb connection with no meters. However, those who have electric connection pay the electricity bills regularly. The village has two hand pumps and two wells, which is used as the main source of drinking water. 3.1.2. VILLAGE GHORAPAAT This village lies on the western side of the Ash Dyke-II. It has a population of 50 people, out of which 30 are males and 36 females (Table. 3.3). The village comes under the Churrikhurd Panchayat, which is 2 kms away. The OBCs dominate the village. The people of the village are known as Goswamis. The common dialect in the village is Chattisgarhi and Hindi. The soil type is loamy and black. Mono-cropping is mostly practiced in Ghorapaat with paddy as their staple crop. The agricultural land of the village is unirrigated. In the
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process of land acquisition for Ash Dyke III, the residents of the village will lose their homestead. The village has no community facilities such as health center, school building Aanganwadi, etc., while electricity is being provided to this village. The children of the village go to Churrikhurd village for primary education and for higher classes they go to Churrikala and Katghora. Table 3.4 shows the extent of the private land acquisition in village Ghorapaat. Most of the private land will be acquired from the village. 3.1.3. VILLAGE PROFILE OF DHANRAS Village Dhanras is situated on the southern side of the Ash Dyke II. It consists of two hamlets, namely, Saliabhata and Dhanras. The village is connected to the KorbaKatghora main road by a metal road constructed by NTPC. It has a population of 1225 persons of which 649 are males and 576 are females (table 3.3). Among the total population in the village, 42 per cent are OBCs followed by 32 per cent SCs and 26 per cent STs (Table 3.4). At the village and panchayat level Kanwars are designated as the dominant caste. Sri Chhatrapal Singh, a Kanwar, heads the panchayat. The common dialects used by the villagers are Chattisgarhi and Hindi. The dowry systems do not prevail in the village. The soil of the village is murram & darra .The village is located on a hilly terrain. The farmers of the village usually practice rain fed mono-cropping. The majority of the farmers is big (i.e. they possess more than five acres of land) and has irrigation facilities to grow vegetable & mustard. The farmers generally use traditional agricultural equipments for their agriculture. The majority of the tribal households are big farmers owning more than five acres of land but the remaining households in the other categories have less than five acres of land. The majority of the households belong to the nuclear family. The farmers of the village depend on agriculture for their livelihood; some go to the nearby place to work as labor to earn their livelihood. There is one primary and middle school in the village. The number of student in the primary classes is 53 and in the middle classes is 28. The number of teachers in the primary classes is three and the number of teachers in the middle classes is two. There is no separate building for the middle school. After the middle school, the students go to
Churrikala for completing their higher secondary studies. For pursuing college education, the students of the village go to Katghora Degree College, which is 15 kms away from the village. There is one co-operative society in the village. Three Anganwadi centers are working in the village. The village has no heath facility. The residents of the village go to Churrikala, which is at a distance of 4 km from the village, for medical treatment. No doctor or nurse visits the village during pregnancy. At the time of delivery, the villagers rely on the midwives of the village. No vetenary facility is available in the village for animals. There is absence of infrastructure like Bank, P.O. etc. in the village. The village has four hand pumps and two wells, which are used as the main source of drinking water. 3.1.4. VILLAGE JHORA Village Jhora is situated on the eastern bank of the river Hansdeo. The village is connected to Korba-Katghora main road by a metal road constructed by NTPC. The village has 60 households with a population of 389 persons. The village comprises of 55 per cent STs, 17 per cent general category of people, 16 per cent SCs and 12 per cent OBCs (Table 3.4). Out of the total population, 201 are males and 188 are females (Table 3.3). The village comes under Churrikhurd Panchayat, which is 2 Kms. away. The common dialects used by the village are Chattisgarhi. The dowry system is not prevalent in village. The village is located on a hilly terrain and the people do mono-cropping. Rain fed farming is done in the village and the paddy is the main crop grown in the village. There is one primary school in the village with 35 students and one teacher. One Aanganwadi center is working in the village, which have no building. There are no facilities of health, finance, consumer goods, etc., available in the village. Hence the villagers have to go to Churrikala for all their needs. 3.1.5. VILLAGE BAREDIMURA The village Baderimura that will be affected by the acquisition of land for Korba Ash Dyke Stage III, lies on the northern side of the Ash Dyke II. It is located at a distance of 8 kms from the Ash- Dyke II. The village has a population of 649 persons with 315 males and 334 females belonging to 112 households (refer Table no. 3.3). Out of the
total population, 52 per cent are OBCs and 48 per cent are STs. Out of these, 44 per cent males and 40 per cent females of the village are literates. The people of the village are Hindus by religion. The common dialect used in the village is Chattisgarhi. The village comes under the area of Nagar Nigam. Mr. Komal Sidhar is the Parshad of the ward of the Nagar Nigam. The soil of the village is black and loamy. Mono cropping is prevalent in this village and paddy is the stable crop. Migration is not evident in the village. The village has one primary school and middle school. There are 108 students in the primary and 65 students in the middle school. 3.2. SECTION II The second section of chapter III illustrates the background characteristics of PAPs based on the household survey of PAPs. 3.2.1. PAP PROFILE OF THE VILLAGE GHORAPAAT
From the list of land losers supplied by NTPC Korba, 91 PAPs are from Ghorapaat. Out of these 91 PAPs, 55 could be interviewed, 16 PAPs could not be traced, four died and 16 migrated to other places either after marriage or due to employment. Table 3.6 shows that out of total 55 shareholders of land to be acquired, 77 per cent are males and 23 per cent females. Table 3.7 reveals that out of 55 shareholders, 52 per cent are OBCs, 34 per cent STs, nine per cent SCs, and five per cent belong to the General category. Table 3.8 depicts that the majority of the PAPs in this village are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. About 82 per cent are agriculturist followed by 11 per cent housewife and six percent students who are dependent on another PAPfor their livelihood. There is one PAP who lives in Churrikala and is a teacher of Jhora Primary School and the remaining four per cent of the PAPs are in service. Table 3.9 explains the income status of the PAPs. 18 per cent of PAPs are in the income level below Rs.10, 000, 39 per cent of the PAPs fall in the income level of Rs.10, 001-19,999 and 43 per cent of the PAPs belong to the category of Rs. 20,000 & above per annum.
From table 3.10 it is evident that 38 per cent of the PAPs are illiterate, 38 per cent have studied up to the primary level and 20 per cent of them have pursued their education up to SSC, four per cent have completed their graduation and two per cent have done post graduation. Table 3.11 depicts the age groups of the PAPs. Four per cent of the PAPs are of the age up to 18 years, 43 per cent are between the age group of 19-45 years, 34 per cent belong to the age group of 46-60 years and 20 per cent belong to the age group of 60 years and above. Table 3.12 shows that 38 per cent of the PAPs reside in Churrikhurd followed by 25 per cent in Churrikala, 13 per cent in Ghorapaat, 10 per cent in Dugupara area of village Churrikhurd. Five per cent of PAPs are dwelling in Bhatapara area of the village Churrikala and five per cent PAPs live in Rahasbera hamlet of the village Churrikala. Two per cent of the PAPs live in the NTPC resettlement colony in Gopalpur and two per cent PAPs reside in the Mahtodugu area of the village Churrikhurd. Before land acquisition there are no landless PAPs, but after land acquisition 29 per cent of PAPs will be rendered landless. During the process of land acquisition, 21 per cent PAPs will lose less than one acre of their land. After the land acquisition the number of PAPs with less than one acre of land will increase. The PAPs with more than five acres are high before land acquisition as compared to other categories of land, but after the land acquisition only one PAP will remain in the same category (refer table 3.13). The range of landholding of 0.00-0.50 acre will be acquired from 34 per cent of the PAPs and 18 per cent PAPs will lose between 0.511.00 acre of land. Land will be acquired in between 1.01-1.50 acres from 18 per cent PAPs, 10 per cent PAPs will be losing land in the range of 1.51-2.00 acres, 10 per cent PAPs will lose land in the range of 2.01-2.50 acres, two PAPs will lose between 2.51-3.00 acres and 8 per cent PAPs will lose more than 3 acre of land (refer table no. 3.14)
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3.2.2. PAP PROFILE OF THE VILLAGE CHURRIKHURD From the list of land losers, 94 PAPs are from village Churrikhurd. Out of 94 PAPs, 64 could be interviewed. Eight PAPs could not be traced, 14 died and nine PAPs migrated to other places either after marriage or due to employment. Table 3.6 shows that out of a total 64 shareholders, 69 per cent are males and 31 per cent are females. Table 3.7 reveals that out of 64 shareholders, 42 per cent are STs, 39 per cent OBCs and 19 per cent SCs. Table 3.8 depicts that the majority of the PAPs in this village are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. About 72 per cent are agriculturist, 3 per cent agrilabourers, seven per cent wage labourers, two per cent in private service, 10 per cent PAPs housewives, five per cent PAPs students and one PAP of the village owns a grocery shop. Table 3.9 explains the income status of the PAPs. Twenty per cent of the PAPs are in the income level below Rs.10, 000, 33 per cent fall in the income level between Rs.10, 001-19,999 and 47 per cent belong to the category of Rs. 20, 000 & above. From the table 3.10 it is evident that 56 per cent of the PAPs are illiterate, 28 per cent have studied up to primary level and 16 per cent have completed their education up to SSC. Table 3.11 depicts the age groups of the PAPs. Seven per cent PAPs are up to 18 years, 46 per cent between the age group of 19-45 years, 26 per cent belong to the age group of 46-60 years and 21 per cent are of the age group of 60 years & above. Table 3.12 shows that 72 per cent of the PAPs reside in village Churrikhurd followed by 14 per cent in Dugupara hamlets of village Churrikhurd. Five per cent PAPs are residing in the Bhatapara area of village Churrikala; three per cent PAPs live in the NTPC resettlement colony at Gopalpur. One PAP dwells in Mahtodugu hamlet of village Churrikhurd. Two PAPs reside in the Dagaidugu hamlet of Churrikhurd. Before land acquisition there are no landless PAPs, but after the land acquisition 20 per cent of PAPs will be rendered landless. During the process of land acquisition, 28 per cent PAPs will lose less than one acre of their land. After the land acquisition the number of PAPs with less than one acre of land will decrease. There are 10 per cent of PAPs with
land greater than five acres but after the land acquisition there will be no PAPs in this category (refer table 3.13). The range of landholding of 0.00-0.50 acre will be acquired from 45 per cent of the PAPs, 32 per cent PAPs will lose land between 0.511.00 acres. Land will be acquired between 1.01-1.50 acres from 11 per cent of the PAPs, five per cent will be losing 1.512.00 acres, one PAP will lose between 2.51-3.00 acres and five per cent PAPs will lose more than 3 acre of land (refer table 3.14). 3.2.3. PAP PROFILE OF THE VILLAGE DHANRAS From the list of land losers, 42 PAPs are from village Dhanras. Out of 42 PAPs, 21 could be interviewed. Five PAPs could not be traced, six died and 10 migrated to other places either after marriage or due to employment. Table 3.6 shows that out of a total of 21shareholders, 86 per cent are males and 14 per cent are females. Table 3.7 reveals that out of 21 shareholders, 62 per cent are OBCs, 29 per cent SCs and 10 per cent STs. Table 3.8 depicts that 43 per cent of the PAPs are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood, 24 per cent are running their private business, 19 per cent are agri-labourers, 10 per cent are in private service and five per cent are wage labourers. Table 3.9 explains the income status of the PAPs. Ten per cent of the PAPs are in the income level below Rs.10, 000, 35 per cent fall in the income level of Rs.10, 00119,999 and 55 per cent belong to the category of Rs. 20, 000 & above. From the table 3.10, it is evident that 24 per cent of the PAPs are illiterate, 38 per cent have studied up to the primary level, 27 per cent have pursued their education up to SSC and 10 per cent have completed their graduation. Table 3.11 depicts the age groups of the PAPs. Fourteen per cent of the PAPs are below 18 years, 62 per cent are between the age group of 19-45 years, 24 per cent belong to the age group of 46-60 years. Table 3.12 shows that 33 per cent of the PAPs reside in village Churrikala, 33 per cent live in village Dhanras, 19 per cent reside in village Ghamota, 10 per cent reside in the Rahasbera hamlet of village Churrikala and one PAP is living in village Baredimura.
Table 3.13 shows that before the land acquisition there are no landless PAPs, but after the land acquisition 22 per cent of the PAPs will be rendered landless. Before the land acquisition, there are PAPs with more than four acres of land, but after the land acquisition there will be no PAPs of that category. The range of land holding of 0.00-0.50 acre will be acquired from the 34 per cent PAPs, 25 per cent PAPs will lose between 0.511.00 acres of land. Land will be acquired between 1.01-1.50 acres from 17 per cent of the PAPs, 17 per cent will lose land in the range of 2.01-2.50 acres, 9 per cent will lose between 2.51-3.00 acres (refer table 3.14). 3.2.4. PAP PROFILE OF THE VILLAGE JHORA From the list of land losers, 23 PAPs are from village Jhora. Out of 23 PAPs, 18 could be interviewed. Two PAPs died and three migrated to other places after marriage. Table 3.6 shows that out of a total 1of 8 shareholders, 83 per cent are males and 17 per cent are females. Table 3.7 reveals that 27 per cent are STs, 27 per cent SCs, 46 per cent are OBCs. Table 3.8 depicts that 41 per cent of the PAPs follow agriculture as their main occupation, followed by 29 per cent of labourers, 18 per cent of agri-labourers, seven per cent of housewives and six per cent of students. Table 3.9 explains the income status of the PAPs. Thirteen per cent of the PAPs are in the income level below Rs.10, 000, 31 per cent fall in the income level of Rs.10, 00119,999 and 56 per cent belong to the category of Rs. 20, 000 & above. From the table 3.10, it is evident that 50 per cent of the PAPs are illiterate, 38 per cent have studied up to the primary level and 13 per cent have completed their education up to SSC. Table 3.11 depicts the age groups of the PAPs. Fifteen per cent of the PAPs are between the age group 19-45 years and 33 per cent belong to the age group of 46-60 years.
Table 3.12 shows that 78 per cent of the PAPs reside in village Jhora and 22 per cent live in village Churrikhurd.
Table 3.13 shows that before the land acquisition there is no landless PAP but after the land acquisition, 22 per cent of the PAPs will be rendered landless. Before the land acquisition, there are PAPs holding more than four acres of land, but after the land acquisition the PAPs with non-economical holdings will increase. The range of land holding of 0.00-0.50 acre will be acquired from 67 per cent of the PAPs, 32 per cent will lose between 0.511.00 acres. Land will be acquired between 1.01-1.50 acre from 11 per cent of the PAPs (refer table no 3.14). 3.2.5. PAP PROFILE OF THE VILLAGE BAREDIMURA There is only one PAP from the village whose land is proposed to be acquired who resides in the village itself. Table 3.6 shows that the gender of the PAP is male. Table 3.7 reveals that the PAP is an ST. Table 3.8 depicts that the occupation of the PAP is agriculture From table 3.9 it is evident that the income of the PAP Rs 20, 000 and above. Table 3.10 shows that this PAP has completed his primary education. Table 3.11 depicts that the age of the PAP is between 18-45 years. From table 3.13, it is evident that there is no change in the land holding of the PAP in the village. The PAP owns 10 acres of land before the land acquisition. The proposed land to be acquired from the PAP is 0.05 acre. After the land acquisition he will be still hold 9.95 acres of land (Table 3.14). 3.3 SECTION III 3.3.1. REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT OPTIONS OF THE PAP HOUSEHOLDS In view of the deep commitment of NTPC towards rehabilitation and resettlement, it has been pursuing a number of remedial measures for the benefit of the PAPs as well as that of the PAFs. Such benefits for the affected persons are provided in terms of direct as well as indirect employment opportunities in the project, in terms of various income earning opportunities and arrangement of vocational training programmes for the interested PAPs. Besides these, NTPC also supports basic infrastructural facilities like education, drinking water, communication and health care facilities for the affected
persons and affected communities. With a view to identify such potentials in the affected village, we collected a host of data from the households However, in respect of their R&R options we have observed that each of them had the first preference as money (49 %), followed by land (37%), 9% have opted for allotment of shop, one per cent has opted for vehicle hiring and one per cent for PCO/internet stall. One per cent did not show any interest in any of the options of R&R.
TABLE: 3.1 DISTRIBUTIONS OF PAPS BY THEIR R & R OPTION Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5 Village Ghorapaat Churrikhurd Dhanras Jhora Baredimura Total AA 01 01 BB 24 30 11 12 CC 22 26 07 04 DD 03 07 03 01 14 (9) EE 03 01 04 (2) FF 01 01 (1) GG 01 01 (1) Total 55 64 21 18 01 159
01 2 78 59 (1) (49) (37) Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006 Figure in the parentheses shows percentage
AA: Nil, BB: Money CC: Land, DD: Allotment of shop, EE: Award of petty contract, FF: Vehicle hiring, GG: PCO/Internet stall
Fig. 3.1. PARTICULARS OF R & R OPTION REQUIRED BY THE HOUSE HOLDS

35
30
25
20
1 5
1 0
0 AA BB CC DD R & R Option EE FF GG
Ghorapaat
Chhurrikhurd
Dhanras
Jhora
Baredimura
3.4
SECTION IV
21
3.4.1
RAP ELIGIBILITY OF THE PAP
For designing a viable RAP for the PAPs we have worked out a categorization, which is presented in table 3.16. An examination of the data reveals that in the village Ghorapaat, 23 per cent of the PAPs will lose their entire land and belong to RAP category A, 43 per cent will be left with uneconomical holdings and will fall in the RAP category B, 16 per cent of PAPs will be in category C. One PAP who does not fall in the category B or C, has been categorized in the D category. Four per cent of the PAPs will lose the entire land as well as the homestead and these have been categorized in category A & I. Fourteen per cent of the PAPs will be left with uneconomical holdings and will also lose their homestead and these belong to category B & I. In village Churrikhurd, 18 per cent of the PAPs will lose their entire land holdings and they belong to the RAP category A, 27 per cent PAPs after the land acquisition for KSTPP will belong to category B, 19 per cent come in category C, 32 per cent in category D. One PAP belongs to category A & one PAP and I will belong to category B & I. In village Dhanras 79 percent of the PAPs will belong to RAP category B and 21 per cent to category C. In village Jhora, 11 per cent of the PAP will belong to category A followed by 68 per cent in category B and 28 per cent in the category D. The PAP of the village Baredimura will fall in category D. During the survey, the PAPs of categories E, F, G, H, as per NTPC policy, were not found in the affected area.
22
TABLE: 3.2
DISTRIBUTION OF THE PAP ON THE BASIS OF RAP ELIGIBILITY Name of villages Ghorapaat A 13 (23) 11 (18) 02 (11) B 22 (43) 18 (27) 17 (79) 10 (61) 67 (42) C 09 (16) 13 (19) 04 (21) 26 (16) D 01 (2) 20 (32) 06 (28) 01 (100) 28 (17) B &I 08 (14) 1 (2) 09 (6)
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5
A&I 02 (4) 1 (2) 03 (2)
Total 55 (100) 64 (100) 21 (100) 18 (100) 01 (100)
Churrikhurd Dhanras Jhora Baredimura Total
26 (16) Source: XIDAS field survey
159 (100)
Figure in the parentheses shows the percentage
Fig. 3.2. Distribution of P A P s on the basis of R A P Eligibility

25
20
1 5
1 0
0 A B C C ategory D B &I A &I
Ghorapaat
Churrikhurd
Dhanras
Jhora
Baredimura
23
TABLE 3.3: GENDER AND VILLAGE-WISE TOTAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF THE AFFECTED AREA Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Name of villages Ghorapaat Churrikhurd Dhanras Jhora Baredimura Total Total House holds 2 136 152 60 112 462 Total Popul ation 50 1000 1225 389 649 3313 Male 30 596 649 201 315 1791 (54) 1522 Female 20 404 576 188 334 (46)
Source: XIDAS field survey Figure in the parentheses shows percentage
Fig: 3.3 Gender and Villge-w ise distribution of total population of the affected area
1 400 1 225 1 200 1 000 1 000
800 596 649 576 404 31 5 52 1 36 1 60 2 0 Total Households Total Population Villages Ghorapaat Churrikhurd Dhanras J hora Baredim ura M ale Fem ale 201 12 1 50 30 20 1 88 334
600 389 649
400
200
24
Table 3.4: CASTE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TOTAL POPULATION

IN THE AFFECTED VILLAGES
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5
Name of village Ghorapaat Churrikhurd Dhanras Jhora Baredimura Total
SC -100 (10) 392 (32) 64 (16) 556
ST -650 (65) 318 (26) 213 (55) 311 (48) 1492
OBC 50 (100) 250 (25) 515 (42) 44 (12) 338 (52) 1197 (36)
GENERAL ------68 (17) --68 (2)
TOTAL 50 (100) 1000 (100) 1225 (100) 389 (100) 649 (100) 3313 (100)
(17) (45) Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006 Figures in the parentheses show percentage
FIG.3.4. POPULATION VILLAGE AND CASTE W ISE

700
600
500
400
300
200 s
1 00
Ghorapaat
Churrikhurd
Dhanras Villages
J hora
Baredimura
SC
ST
OBC
General
25
TABLE 3.5:
VILLAGE WISE TOTAL LAND ACQUISITION FOR KSTPP ASH DYKE III BY ITS TYPE
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5
Private land 96.07 42.87 3.62 14.08 0.05 156.69
Government land 14.14 1.972 41.32 52.89 Nil 110.322
Total 110.210 44.842 44.940 66.970 0.05 267.012
Source: NTPC office, Korba
Fig. 3.5 : VILLAGE WISE LAND ACQUISITION FOR KSTPP ASK DYKE III
120
100
96.07
Private/Govt land
80
60
52.89 42.87 41.32
40
20
14.14 1.972 3.62
14.08
0.05
Ghorapaat
Chhurikhurd
Dhanras Villages
Jhora
Baredimura
Private land
Government land
26
TABLE 3.6: GENDER WISE DISTRIBUTION OF PAPs IN THE AFFECTED VILLAGES

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Name of village Ghorapaat Churrikhurd Dhanras Jhora Baredimura Male 42 (77) 44 (69) 18 (83) 15 (78) 1 (100) 120 (75) Female 13 (23) 20 (31) 3 (17) 3 (22) 39 (25) Base population 55 (100) 64 (100) 21 (100) 18 (100) 1 (100) 159 (100)
Total Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006
Figure in the parentheses shows percentage
F 3.6. P R U A S OF G N E O P P ig. A TIC L R E D R F AS

50
45
40
35
30
Villages
25
20
15
10
M ale G ender of PA s P G orapaat h C h rrikh rd hu u D an h ras Jh ora
Fem ale
B aredim ra u
27
3.7: SOCIAL GROUP COMPOSITION OF PAPS OF THE AFFECTED VILLAGES Sl.No. ST 19 1 Ghorapaat (34) 27 2 Churrikhurd (42) 2 3 Dhanras (10) 5 4 Jhora (27) 1 5 Baredimura (100) 54 Total (34) Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006 Name of village SC 5 (9) 12 (19) 6 (26) 5 (27) 28 (18) OBC 28 (52) 25 (39) 13 (62) 8 (45) 74 (47) General 3 (5) 3 (1) Base population 55 (100) 64 (100) 21 (100) 18 (100) 1 (100) 159 (100)
Fig. 3.7. PA RTIC LA S CA U R STE C M SITIO O PA O PO N F PS

30
25
20
Villages
15
10
0 G horapaat C hurrikhurd D hanras C aste of P P As

ST SC O BC G eneral
J hora
B aredim ura
28
TABLE 3.8: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF PAPS IN THE AFFECTED VILLAGES

Agric ultur e 48 52 14 15 1 130 (82) AgriLabou r House wife 3 6 2 11 (7) Base Population 55 (100) 64 (100) 21 (100) 18 (100) 1 (100) 159 (100)
Sl. No
Villages
Labou r
Servic e
Teacher
Student
Busines s
1 2 3 4 5
Ghorapaat Churrikhurd Dhanras Jhora Baredimura Total
2 1 2 5 (3)
1 1 (1)
1 3 2 6 (4)
1 5 6 (4)
Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006 Figure in the parentheses shows percentage
5 0
F . 3 . P R IC L R O O C P T N LD T IB T NO P P ig .8 A T U A S F C U A IO A IS R U IO F A S
4 5
4 0
3 5
Occ up a tio n
3 0
2 5
2 0
1 5
1 0
0 Go p a h ra a t C u h rd h rrik u D a ra hn s V gs illa e
Ar u r gic ltue Ar b u gila o r L bu aor S r ic ev e Ta h r ec e H u ew e o s if S dn tu e t Bs es u in s
Jo h ra
B re im ra a d u
29
TABLE 3.9:
ANNUAL INCOME OF PAPS IN THE AFFECTED VILLAGES
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5
Below 10000 10 (18) 13 (20) 2 (10) 2 (12) 27 (17)
10001- 19999 21 (39) 21 (33) 7 (35) 6 (31) 55 (35)
20000 & above 24 (43) 30 (47) 12 (55) 10 (56) 1 (100) 77 (48)
Base population 55 (100) 64 (100) 21 (100) 18 (18) 1 (100) 159 (100)
Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006 Figure in the parentheses shows percentage
5 0
Fg 39 P R I U A SO O C P TO A D T I U I N FP P i . . . A TC L R F C U A I N L I R TO O A S S B
4 5
4 0
3 5
Oc c up a tio n
3 0
2 5
2 0
1 5
1 0
0 Go p a h ra a t C u h rd h rrik u Da r s h na V gs illa e
Ar u r gic ltue Ar bu gila o r Lbu aor S r ic ev e Ta h r ec e H u ewe o s if S dn tu e t Bs es u in s
Jo h ra
B r d ua ae imr
30
TABLE 3.10: PARTICULARS REGARDING EDUCATION OF PAPS IN THE AFFECTED VILLAGES Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Name of villages Ghorapaat Churrikhurd Dhanras Jhora Baredimura Total Illiterate 21 (38) 36 (56) 5 (24) 9 (50) Primary 20 (36) 18 (28) 8 (38) 7 (31) 1 (100) 54 (34) SSC 11 (20) 10 (16) 6 (29) 2 (12) 29 (18) Graduate 2 (4) 2 (10) Post Graduate 1 (2) Base population 55 (100) 64 (100) 21 (100) 18 (100) 1 (100) 159 (100)
71 (45) Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006 Figure in the parentheses shows percentage
4 (2)
1 (1)
F . 31 . P R I U A SO E U A I NO P P ig . 0 A TC L R F D C TO F A S
4 0
3 5
3 0
Ed uc a tio n o f PAPs
2 5
2 0
1 5
1 0
0 Go p a h ra a t C u h rd h rrik u Da r s h na V gs illa e
I r te llitea Pim r r ay SC S Ga u te r da P s Ga u te ot r da
Jo h ra
Br d u ae imra
31
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III TABLE 3.11: AGE COMPOSITION OF PAPS IN THE AFFECTED VILLAGES
Sl.No. 1 2 3 4 5
Upto 18 2 (4) 5 (7) 3 (14) 10
19-45 24 (43) 29 (45) 13 (62) 10 (56) 1 (100) 77
46 -60 18 (34) 17 (26) 5 (24) 6 (33) 46 (29)
60 and above 11 (20) 13 (21) 2 (11) 26 (16)
Base population 55 (100) 64 (100) 21 (100) 18 (100) 1 (100) 159 (100)
(6) (48) Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006 Figure in the parentheses shows percentage
Fig. 3.11. PA TIC LA S O A E C M SITIO O PA R U R F G O PO N F PS

35
30
25
Age of PAPs
20
15
10
0 G horapaat C hurrikhurd D hanras V illages

U 18 pto 19-45 46 -60 60 and abov e
J hora
B aredim ura
32
TABLE 3.12: PARTICULARS OF PAPS RESIDING IN DIFFERENT VILLAGES / HAMLETS Name of the Villages Churrikhurd Dhanras Jhora Nos. o f Nos. % of % of Nos. % of of PAP PAP of PAP P PAPs s S PAPs s A P s 47 72 04 22 09 14 03 5 07 33 02 10 02 3 01 2 02 3 01 5 14 78 07 33 04 19 64 100 21 100 18 100
Ghorapaat Nos. o Sl. Name of f No Villages/ % of . Hamlets PAP P s A P s 1. Ghorapaat 07 13 2. Churrikhurd 21 38 3. Dugupara 05 10 4. Bhatapara 03 5 5. Churrikala 14 25 6. Rahasbera 03 5 7. Gopalpur 01 2 8. Mahtodugu 01 2 9. Dagaidugu 10. Baredimura 11. Jhora 12. Dhanras 13. Ghamota Total 55 100 Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006
Baredimura Nos. o f % of PAP P s A P s 01 100 01 100
FIG- 3.12 PA TIC LA S O PA R SID GIN D R U R F PS E IN IFFER NT VILLA E / E G S HA LETS IN PER EN G M C TA E 120
100
80 Villages/Hamlets
60
40
20
0
G rap ho aat C u hu h rrik rd D n ha ras J ora h B aredim ura
Villages G horapaat C hurrikhurd D ugupara B Action R ahasbera Xavier Institute of Developmenthatapara & Churrikala Studies, Jabalpur M ahtodugu D agaidugu B aredim ura Jhora D hanras G ham ota G opalpur
33
TABLE 3.13: PERCENTAGE OF PAPs ACCORDING TO THEIR LAND HOLDING BEFORE & AFTER ACQUISITION OF LAND OF DIFFERENT VILLAGES
Ghorapaat Sl. No . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Area in ac Before acqu isition 21 20 11 18 4 25 100 After acqu Isitio n 29 44 16 6 4 2 100 Name of the Villages Churrikhurd Dhanras Jhora Befor Befor Befor After e After After e e acqu acqu acqu acqu acqu acqu isition Isitio isition isition isition isition n 20 22 30 18 16.6 41.5 44 33 24 16 33.3 25.0 22 22 20 14 16.6 8.3 11 22 16 9 8.3 25.0 11 2 7 8.3 11 10 16.7 100 100 100 100 100 100 Baredimura Befor e acqu isition 100 100 After acqu isition 100 100
Nil 0<1 >1<2 >2<3 >3<4 >4<5 >5 ac Total
Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006
TABLE 3.14: DETAILS OF VILLAGE WISE LAND ACQUISITION IN ACRES Area Ghorapaat 33.7 17.9 17.9 9.9 9.9 2.00 8.00 100 Churrikhurd 43.2 32.1 11.4 4.6 2.3 4.6 100 Dhanras 33.2 24.9 16.6 16.6 8.3 100 Jhora 66.6 32.2 11.1 100 Baredimur a 100 100
0-0.50 0.51-1.00 1.10-1.50 1.51-2.00 2.10-2.50 2.51-3.00 3.00 & above Total Source: NTPC office
34
CHAPTER IV IMPOVERISHMENT RISK ASSESSMENT (IRA)

This chapter has been divided into four sections. The first section of the chapter highlights the concept of IRA. Section two deals with the evolution model of IRA. Section three describes the basic functions of IRA model. IRA for Korba ash dyke stage III has been discussed in section four. 4.1 CONCEPT OF IRA The IRA framework is empirically derived from previous projects experiences and research and was applied in the 1994 Resettlement Review conducted by the World Bank. It helps project teams anticipate the common risks inherent in displacement and orient the Rehabilitation Plan (RP) towards preventing and managing these risks. The IRA framework identifies major categories of Improvisement risk. Practitioners maintain that using these categories can improve the identification of the people most vulnerable to Improvisement, guide the design of effective mitigation measures, and provide a matrix for the resettlement process. 4.2 EVOLUTION OF IRA MODEL IMPROVISEMENT RISK ASSESSMENT MODEL
IRA
Morbid ity & Mortali ty rates
Jobl essn ess
Hom eless ness
Food Securi ty
Loss of comm on prope rty resour ces
Land lessn ess
35
Social Disarti culatio n
Margi nalizat ion
4.3
BASIC FUNCTION OF IRA MODEL Landlessness -- Loss of land by Displaced Persons (DPs), especially in
agricultural areas, can be a source of the most severe form of lasting impoverishment. Joblessness -- Loss of employment may be overlooked if planners focus solely on loss of land, but this risk affects many DPs, and creating new employment is one of the greatest challenges in resettlement. Homelessness -- Replacement of housing is only one aspect of relocation. Relocating may also disrupt the family and neighborhood relationships that are vital to the restoration of living standards. Marginalization -- Loss of economic power and of social status pushes the families closer to the poverty line, or even below it. Resettlement may similarly result in social marginalization. Increased morbidity and mortality -- Relocation tends to expose resettlers to new or more intensive sources of illness or debilitation, or it may deprive them of access to health services or traditional remedies. Food insecurity -- Diminished self-sufficiency and disrupted food production and supply can cause or exacerbate chronic under-nutrition (defined as calorie or protein intake below the minimum levels needed for normal growth and work). Loss of access to common property -- The groups that are most vulnerable to impoverishment (especially women) rely heavily on common property resources, such as, forests, water bodies, grazing areas, and fuel wood. These resources are often lost in displacement, and rapid appraisal processes should counter such losses. Social disarticulation -- Social capital can be lost through dismantling or debilitation of community-level network and associations, kinship systems, and mutual help arrangements.
4.4 4.4.1
IRA FOR KORBA ASH DYKE- III LANDLESSNESS OF PAP HOUSEHOLDS

Since land is a major asset for income generation for the rural households in our economy, with a view to assess the risk associated with landlessness in our PAP households, we have made an attempt to estimate the level of landlessness with the help of the primary data collected from the field. Our primary data have established that some landowners will lose their entire land due to the land acquisition by KSTPP. As it is evident, the acquisition of the land for public purposes in the rural areas removes the main foundations upon which the socio-economic as well as the cultural set up of the rural people are constructed. The data containing the present and the future status of land ownership pattern in our project site is provided in table 4.1 below.
TABLE 4.1: EXTENT OF LAND ACQUISITION BEFORE AND AFTER NTPC INTERVENTION Sl. No. Name of villages P Nil P 38 29 12 14 93 (58) 1-2 F 32 22 14 10 78 (49) >2-5 P 12 23 5 4 43 (27) F 5 20 7 4 36 (23) P 6 12 4 1 23 (14) >5 F 1 10 1 12 (08)
F 1 Ghorapaat 17 2 Churrikhurd 12 3 Dhanras 4 Jhora 4 5 Baredimura 33 Total (21) Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006
An analysis of the above table reveals that there is no landless farmer before the land acquisition. But after the land acquisition 21 per cent of the households will become landless after the proposed land acquisition by KSTPP. On the other hand, there will be Nine per cent reduction of small farmers, four per cent reduction of medium farmers and significant six per cent reduction of big farmers after the land acquisition. As we have found, 21 per cent of the households will become landless farmers; thereby they will be marginalized in the rural setup because land is the status symbol in the rural sector.
37
4.4.2 JOBLESSNESS OF THE HOUSEHOLDS Further acquisition of land for KSTPP will influence the existing job structure of the PAP households in the study area. The transfer of 156.69 acres of agricultural land to non-agricultural use will adversely affect the scope of agricultural employment in the households. But we have also noted that there will be loss of job opportunities for the agricultural labourers.
,
4.4.3 HOMELESSNESS OF THE HOUSEHOLDS Our survey reveals that during the process of land acquisition by KSTPP, the PAPs of Ghorapaat and Churrikhurd are losing their homesteads. This reveals that the project will create homelessness for the households of the PAPs.
4.4.4 MARGINALIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLDS As discussed above, due to the acquisition of agricultural land by KSTPP some families will slide down to the category of the landless and others to that of the marginal farmers, which are shown in the above table and graph. The analysis of table 5.1 reveals, that though at present there is no PAP household that is landless, this will increase to 21 per cent. Further, the percentage of the PAPs who belong to the category of marginal farmers will increase from 22 per cent at present to 32 per cent in future. Our study has established that marginalization will increase due to the land acquisition. 4.4.5 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY RATES IN THE HOUSEHOLDS During our field survey and frequent visits to the affected villages, we found that the public health care system does not exist in these villages. The construction of the Ash Dyke will influence the environment in future. Moreover, the subsequent environmental pollution due to the emission of toxic gases and ashes will influence the human as well the animal health to a great extent. Hence, the project authorities should take care to improve the health care facilities in the affected villages and more particularly all efforts are to be made to minimize the air and water pollution in the project affected villages in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality rates.
38
4.4.6 FOOD INSECURITY IN THE HOUSEHOLDS In addition to the above impacts on the agricultural land of the people, KSTPP will also cause an adverse impact on agricultural production. The transfer of land use from agriculture to industrial purposes will result in the loss of food production for the individual PAP households as well as for the entire country. The loss of food production will greatly affect the level of consumption of each individual PAP. As per our study, due to the setting up the Ash Dyke for the new project of KSTPP, about 156.69 acres of agricultural land will be diverted to non-agricultural use, which will result in a loss of food production of the area. This may result in food scarcity and the consequent insecurity will increase. 4.4.7 LOSS OF ACCESS TO COMMON PROPERTY: Though 110.22 acres of government land is to be acquired, our survey shows that no public land will be affected, which shows that there will be no loss to the common property. 4.4.8 SOCIAL DISINTEGRATION IN THE AREA The acquisition of private as well Government land by KSTPP will affect the sociocultural set up of the surrounding village including the PAFs. The acquisition of public lands, i.e. village roads used as communication links, will sever the close social and kinship relationships that exist among the people of different villages. More particularly, due to the setting up of KSTPP, the lack of communication may result in social disintegration. During our survey, we have noted that the villagers perform the following social and cultural activities in their communities: 1. 2. 3. 4. Hariyali By farmers at the starting of the harvesting season; Halkhetra Brata -- By ladies during the harvesting season; Bhojli -- During the rainy season; Cherchera -- Performed by the children after the harvesting of paddy;
A close look at the above activities and festivals reveals that all types of people -- male, female and children -- participate in those festivals and all those are linked with agricultural season. Thus, the appropriation of private agricultural land will result in a
change in the socio-economic set ups and values and socio-cultural practices of the PAPs as well as that of the villagers.
40
CHAPTER V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, SUGGESTED RAP MEASURES, POLICY IMPILCATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 INTRODUCTION:
The present socio-economic conditions of the PAP households in terms of their demographic features, education and employment status, occupations of family members, income-consumption levels, and preferences for alternative occupations desired as well as their rehabilitation and resettlement options have been investigated by us through our survey. We have also examined the possible impacts of the KSTPP on their socio-economic conditions in future after the loss of land. The viable RAP measure will depend on the reliability of the data presented in the SES report. With the help of the primary data and on the basis of the feedback received during the PRA survey conducted in the villages, we have attempted to suggest some income generating activities / schemes which may be taken up as R&R measures to augment the incomes of the affected households / families. Moreover, we have identified some community development measures / activities for the benefit of the affected people of those villages, directly or indirectly, and to improve the socio-economic environment of the surrounding. On the basis of our critical examination and analysis of the primary data collected from the field and our personal discussions and interviews with the PAPs and with the village Sarpanch/Mukhiyas, and leading personalities, we have drawn our conclusions and policy implications, which would be helpful for NTPC in developing and implementing its R & R policies in future. The Rehabilitation Action Plan (RAP) will be drawn with the help of the primary data provided in the basic tables and also on the basis of our findings and suggestions. The conclusions and policy measures are presented for the consideration of NTPC as well as the developmental agencies of the Government of Chhattisgarh operating in the area.
41
5.2
SUMMARY OF FINDING Out of total 251 PAPs PAPs interviewed 159 Absentee (Not found) 29 Absentee (Migrated) 37 Died 26
The following is the summary of the findings of the study: Total no. of PAPs 251 Legal Holder 159 Legal joint holder 65 Legal Heirs 27
1. Our study has identified that the total number of private landowners affected by the project would be 251. Out of these, 159 are the legal holders, 27 are the heirs of the dead and 65 are the shareholders. Out of the total 251 PAPs, 159 PAPs could be covered, 37 have migrated either in search of their livelihood or after marriage to nearby places, 26 have died and 29 were not found. 2. Though land will be acquired from five revenue villages, the landowners affected are residing in 13 villages/hamlets in the surrounding areas as discussed in chapter III. 3. In terms of absolute land loss of the landowners to be affected by the project, our study has estimated that while 46 per cent of the PAPs will lose less than 0.50 acres of land, 24 per cent will lose between 0.51-1.00 acres, 13 per cent between 1.00-1.50 acres, five per cent between 1.51-2.00 acres, five per cent between 2.01-2.50 acres, two per cent between 2.51-3.00 acres and 4 per cent will lose above three acres. 4. Out of the 251 affected shareholders, we could assign RAP categories to 159 persons, viz., 26 persons losing the entire land (A), 68 persons, who after losing the land, will be left with un-economical holdings (B), 26 persons, who after losing the land, will become small farmers (C), 28 persons who will not will not fall in the category B or C, and hence have been categorized in the category D. Nine persons, after losing their homesteads and land, will be left with uneconomical holdings and these are categorized in the category B & I. Two persons who will lose their homesteads and their entire land are categorized in the category A & I.
42
5. As per R & R entitlement, 147 PAPs are entitled for LFL or RG and 12 PAPs are entitled for LFL or RG and grant for self-settlement or plot in RC + transportation and resettlement grant. 6. It terms of social groupings of the PAPs, it is established that the maximum number of OBC families (47%), followed by ST (34%), SC (18%) and General (1%) will be affected due to the land acquisition by KSTPP (Fig 3.6). 7. As regards the educational status of PAP-households, 45 per cent of the PAPs are illiterates and two per cent of the PAPs have completed their formal education up to graduation. 8. Among the PAP households, 66 per cent hold agriculture as their main occupation and eight per cent hold labour as their main occupation. 9. As 156.69 acres of land is to be acquired for the project, it is estimated that approximately 1410 q of the food grain production is likely to be affected. 10. The landlessness and marginalization of the PAP households has been established by our study. On the basis of relative land loss by the households, it is calculated that 21 per cent of them will be landless due to the land acquisition by KSTPP. 11. With regard to the alternative preferences by the PAP households we have noted that 49 per cent preferred money, 37 per cent preferred land and only one PAP has preferred hiring of vehicle. 12. In the study it is estimated that among the PAPs, 76 per cent are males and 24 per cent are females. 13. The unemployment status has been identified in the area with age, sex, education and the vocational skill. The interested unemployed people have shown the activity in which they are interested. The details for the same can be referred in Part II, Annexure No. VII. 14. The large size of the families and consequently the fragmentation of housing plots result in the family members living in a cramped manner. Many families stay under one roof with severe congestions. To add to it the sanitation aspects of the houses are very bad. 15. The various proposed CD Activities have been given in details in Part II, Annexure XVIII. 16. All adults sons in the family considered as PAPs has been shown in Part II Annexure XIX.
17. The kinship structure of the people is still strong. They take help from both the blood-related kinsmen and also marital-related ones at the time of crisis. It has been noted by us, on the basis of other studies, that after the receipt of compensation money, this pattern of relationship and social structure will be demolished because of income inequality among the relatives. The kinship ties will break and there will be none to support the elders in the family. Hence, the loss of land will increase the vulnerability of the affected families. This will be more prominent at the time of social crisis. However, to some extent the economic crisis can be tackled by the intervention of the state in the shape of proper implementation of various welfare schemes as well as by the intervention of NTPC in the form of income augmenting schemes and community development measures. 18. Since, most of the villages is single crop area, the labourers do migrate to other areas in search of jobs to earn their livelihood. 19. Mostly the womenfolk and to some extent the young men go out of the village for the call of nature. This acts as leisure activity. When that isolated place will not be available, no outlet will be there. The social taboos would be changed because of the changing social structure. To overcome the toilet problem in the villages since individual units are not possible due to lack of space, Sulabh Sauchalaya can be thought of in a decentralized manner, i.e. it can be constructed at few locations /Mahallas. 5.3 SUGGESTED RAP MEASURES Following are the Suggested RAP measures, which can be provided to the PAPs. Formation of PAPs cooperative society institutions. Giving registration charges to Landless PAPs on purchase of land As 49% PAPs want money and 37% want land. Therefore, one time negotiated settlement (inclusive of R&R benefits) as consent award under LA act is being suggested.

Employment with contracting agencies. shops. Award of petty contract. Vehicle Hiring. PCO/Internet kiosks. Newspaper vending.
Vendor permit. Courier service.
In course of our primary data collections and through out discussions with PAPs, it is noted that the people are interested in the following income augmenting schemes which can be provided as addition income generating activities. 1. a) b) c) d) e) AGRICULTURE RELATED Agriculture related occupation, like dairy, poultry, fisheries, etc. Commercial Vegetable Cultivation Horticulture Plantations Plantations for fodder development Sericulture development.
Since most of the PAPs are agriculturist or at least have got the knowledge of agriculture, these activities should be promoted using the latest agricultural techniques. Instead of imposing things on them, the ongoing activities may be pursued rigorously. The commercial vegetation may be taken up in the ash pond area by KSTPP and the maintenance contract may be awarded to some interested PAPs for augmenting their income with the support of the Sericulture Directorate of the Government of Chhattisgarh. Proper utilization of the land does not exist in these villages and therefore the productivity of land remains low. Hence, it is recommended that provision for irrigation be granted to some of the affected villages. For instance, NTPC may arrange electricity for agriculture on a priority basis.
45
5.4 POLICY RECOMMENDATION Any community development measure in the form of RAP in the faction-ridden villages has to be planned and implemented in a tactful manner. RAP should not be planned by ignoring the group interests. Instead, it should be planned after understanding the requirements of the underprivileged classes. This is necessitated because ultimately the organization / state will not be involved in the day-to-day management of the activities in the villages. When the organization / state withdraws, the activities will be influenced by the elite. The general feelings in the minds of the people that a degree may fetch a job is to he removed from their minds. Such mindset can be changed only through improving the educational standards of the people and also through their involvement and participation in the implementation of RAPs. In view of the existing R& R policy framework of NTPC, prescribing land for land as RAP, we suggest that the policy of land for land for the landless PAPs may be implemented by KSTPP with the help of the Revenue Officials. KSTPP may constitute a "Land Purchase Committee" to identify the private agriculture land available for sale in the nearby villages by private landowners. Alternatively, the committee should also try to locate the non-acquired and non-disputed government land in the nearby area, which can be reclaimed and upgraded for agricultural purposes with the financial help from NTPC. The landless PAPs, who will be interested to purchase land in lieu of their compensation amount, should be given all possible help through the LPC. Specifically, this scheme may be implemented for the PAPs of Ghorapaat who will be the worst affected PAPs within the area. Project officials should try to identify the direct and indirect necessities of the plant as well as that of the colony. In order to fulfill those needs, the PAPs should be encouraged to start those ventures on a commercial basis and to provide all those goods and services. For example, the milk and egg requirement of the project can be met locally by promoting those activities through the PAPs. Even the vehicle requirements of the project can be met through interested PAPs.
46
KSTPP may also explore the possibility and examine the feasibility of setting up an ash utilization project to prepare bricks out of fly ash for which the local labourers possess the required skill and capability. Such activity can be entrusted to a cooperative venture of the PAPs with the condition that a significant portion of such ash bricks will be utilized by the project itself. Provisions for the supply of safe drinking water, in the affected villages, may be made with the help of concerned district officials. From the Rotary and Lions clubs in the plant, some doctors may be willing to volunteer if management encourages them. All cares should be taken to provide adequate health care facilities both for the human beings as well as the animals in the affected villages. Besides taking all the required measures to reduce the pollution level, the project officials should make provisions for free distribution of medicines and free medical check-ups in regular intervals, in the affected villages. Further, to protect the villagers from possible health hazards, which may arise due to the setting up of the ash dyke, health awareness camps may be organized in the affected villages and the village health workers may be provided requisite training in this regard. The project officials should take all possible and required preventive measures to minimize the adverse impact of fly ash within the affected area, as there is a possibility that the fly ash deposited nearby, particularly at the time of harvesting, will cause an extensive damage to the crops and thereby loss to the farmers. Therefore, all necessary measures should be taken by the project officials to prevent such hazards. Promoting thick tree plantations all around the ash pond can mitigate this. The loss of land will result in the loss of production of agricultural output for the households. In order to overcome this loss, one of the possible solutions is to increase the productivity of the remaining land by providing irrigation facilities. With a view to providing irrigation facility to the farmers in the affected villages, KSTPP may explore the possibility of setting up deep bore/tube wells with the help of the district irrigation department. 5.5 VDAC AS PER NTPC POLICY
For institutionalizing the public consultants for preparation and implementation of rehabilitation schemes/RAPs, in a participative manner, NTPC shall establish VDACs for the period of formulation and implementation of RAP. The members of VDAC may include representatives of PAPs, Gram Panchayats, Block Development Officer, other representatives of State Government and NGOs, etc. Regular meetings shall be held, the records maintained and shared. The VDAC will be established immediately after initiating notifications under section 4 of LA Act and the establishment of project R & R Cell and shall continue till the closure of RAP. VDAC COMMITTEE AGAINST LAND ACQUISITION FOR KORBA ASH DYKE STAGE III AS PER NTPC POLICY Village Ghorapaat Sl.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Name of members Mr. Rem Sai (Sarpanch) Mr. Mahesh wan One person from NTPC District Administration Phone no 09827921922 ----
Village Churrikhurd Sl.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Village Dhanras Sl.No. .1 2. 3. 4. Village Jhora Sl.No. Name of members 1. Mr. Rem Sai (Sarpanch) 2. Mr. Mahesh wan 3. One person from NTPC 4. District Administration Village Baredimura Phone no 09827921922 Name of members Mr. Chhatrapal Singh (Sarpanch) Mr. Samar Singh One person from NTPC District Administration Phone no 09926752715 ---Name of members Mr. Rem Sai (Sarpanch) Mr. Mahesh wan One person from NTPC District Administration Phone no 09827921922 ----
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Sl.No. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Name of members Smt. Komal Sridhar Mr. Mangal Singh One person from NTPC District Administration
Phone no 07759-231366 ---
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Chapter - I: 1.1 Background

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Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

CHAPTER -II AREA AND PEOPLE

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

CHAPTER -III BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT AFFECTED AREA

Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Fig. 3.1. PARTICULARS OF R & R OPTION REQUIRED BY THE HOUSE HOLDS

Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

RAP ELIGIBILITY OF THE PAP

Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

A&I 02 (4) 1 (2) 03 (2)

Total 55 (100) 64 (100) 21 (100) 18 (100) 01 (100)

Churrikhurd Dhanras Jhora Baredimura Total

26 (16) Source: XIDAS field survey

Figure in the parentheses shows the percentage

Fig. 3.2. Distribution of P A P s on the basis of R A P Eligibility

0 A B C C ategory D B &I A &I

Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Source: XIDAS field survey Figure in the parentheses shows percentage

600 389 649

Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur

Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III

Table 3.4: CASTE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TOTAL POPULATION

Name of village Ghorapaat Churrikhurd Dhanras Jhora Baredimura Total

SC -100 (10) 392 (32) 64 (16) 556

ST -650 (65) 318 (26) 213 (55) 311 (48) 1492

GENERAL ------68 (17) --68 (2)

FIG.3.4. POPULATION VILLAGE AND CASTE W ISE

Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur