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Chap 1 Introduction

PL / SQL is a Procedural language used to centralize automated business needs. To handle errors more efficiently. Benefits of using PL / sq are : Integration Performance enhancements of applications Modularized program development Portability Variable declaration usage of control structures in programming.

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43 views

Chap 1 Introduction

PL / SQL is a Procedural language used to centralize automated business needs. To handle errors more efficiently. Benefits of using PL / sq are : Integration Performance enhancements of applications Modularized program development Portability Variable declaration usage of control structures in programming.

Uploaded by

Incog Nito
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Introduction to PL/SQL

SQL Star International Ltd 2007

Objectives
At the end of this session, you will be able to :

Understand the need for PL/SQL Learn the structure of a PL/SQL Block Create PL/SQL Blocks Declare variables Write Nested Blocks

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SQL Star International Ltd 2007

Need for PL/SQL


The need for a Procedural language in SQL arose :

To centralize automated business needs To handle errors more efficiently

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SQL Star International Ltd 2007

Benefits of PL/SQL
Benefits of using PL/SQL are :

Integration Performance enhancements of applications Modularized program development Portability Variable declaration Usage of control structures in programming Error handling
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SQL Star International Ltd 2007

PL/SQL Engine

PL/SQL Engine

PL/SQL Block

Procedural statements statements


SQL statements

Procedural

PL/SQL Statement Executer

SQL Statement Executer


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PL/SQL Block Structure


A basic PL/SQL block has three sections :

Declarative Section Executable Section Exception Handling Section

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PL/SQL Block Structure

(contd.)

DECLARE (declarations) BEGIN (statements) EXCEPTION (error handling) END

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PL/SQL Block Structure

(contd.)

Declarative section: All variables and constants declaration. Keyword: DECLARE Executable Section: Actual logic of the program. Keywords: BEGIN Exception section: Code for handling errors. Keyword: EXCEPTION END keyword: Ends the executable section of PL/SQL block

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Operators in PL/SQL
The operators supported in PL/SQL are :

Arithmetic Logical Relational or Comparison Exponential (**)

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SQL Function in PL/SQL


The SQL functions that can be used in PL/SQL are :

Single Row number and Character functions Datatype Conversion functions Date Functions Timestamp functions GREATEST and LEAST functions

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Variables
Named memory locations to store data temporarily. Declared in the declarative section and assigned values in the executable section. Must be declared before its usage in the program.

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Types of Variables
Variables are of two types :

PL/SQL variables Non-PL/SQL variables

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PL/SQL Variables

Have an associated datatype that specifies a storage format, constraint and a valid range of values. Syntax: identifier [CONSTANT] datatype [NOT NULL] [:= | DEFAULT expr]; Example:

DECLARE BookID CHAR(13) NOT NULL; BookName CHAR(100); noofcopies NUMBER(5) := 15;
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SQL Star International Ltd 2007

PL/SQL variables

(contd.)

Datatypes used to declare PL/SQL variables are :


Scalar Datatypes Composite Datatypes Reference Datatypes LOB Datatypes

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SQL Star International Ltd 2007

PL/SQL variables

(contd.)

Scalar Datatypes used :


CHAR Scalar Datatypes introduced VARCHAR2 in Oracle11g LONG LONG RAW BINARY_FLOAT NUMBER BINARY_INTEGER BINARY_DOUBLE PLS_INTEGER BOOLEAN DATE TIMESTAMP TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIMEZONE INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND
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Non-PL/SQL variables
Non-PL/SQL variables include :

Substitution variables: Used to pass values at runtime. Host variables (Bind variables): Used to pass runtime values from the PL/SQL block back to iSQL*Plus environment.

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Non-PL/SQL variables
Example: DECLARE

(contd.)

Substitution variables :

bookprice new_price BEGIN

NUMBER(5) := &bprice; book.bookprice%TYPE;

new_price := bookprice-10; DBMS_OUPUT.PUT_LINE('new price of the book is '|| new_price); END;

%TYPE attribute is used to declare a variable to be of the same data type as that of a previously declared variable or database column.
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Non-PL/SQL variables
Host variables :
Example

(contd.)

VARIABLE new_price NUMBER DECLARE bookprice NUMBER(5) := &bprice BEGIN :new_price := bookprice-10; END; / PRINT new_price

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Nested Blocks
Nesting of blocks :

Allowed wherever an executable statement exists Allowed even in Exception section of a program Breaks the program into Modules thereby, making maintenance easy

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Variable Scope
Variable scope is the ability to refer to a variable within the program. Variables declared in the outermost block can always be referred within their enclosed blocks.

Example:
DECLARE a NUMBER; BEGIN .... DECLARE c NUMBER; BEGIN c := a; END; END;
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SQL Star International Ltd 2007

Scope of c

Scope of a

Summary
In this session, we have discussed :

Need for Procedural language with SQL Benefits of using PL/SQL PL/SQL Block Types and Constructs PL/SQL Block Structure Operators and SQL Functions in PL/SQL Data Conversion functions Nested Blocks

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SQL Star International Ltd 2007

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