Lecture 12

DNS, DHCP, SNMP & Network Security

Server-Client Model DNS Hierarchy and Syntax DNS Server Architecture and IP Address Resolution Computer Booting and Configuration DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Network Management Software and Model SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) - MIB Object Identifier and Data Representation - SNMP Operations and Message Format Network Security - Network Attack and Security Policy - Data Encryption Standards - Packet Filter and Internet Firewall

Server-Client Model
Server - A program in a remote or local machine - Executed first and passively waits connection from clients - Accepts request from client and reply to the client Client - A program in a local machine - Executed later and actively initiates connection to server - Sends request to server and accepts reply from server Multiple servers on one computer Multiple clients on one computer Server chain: server server b c a server connects TCP/UDP to another server
server a client 1

Lecture 12

IP Phy. Interface

TCP/UDP IP Phy. Interface

TCP/UDP IP Phy. Interface

client client 2 3

TCP/UDP IP Phy. Interface

internet

Lecture 12

Address Resolution
User

Symbolic Address (www.hosei.ac.jp)

DNS

Application 1

Application k (browser)

ports

80

Domain Name System

DNS

Reverse ARP

RARP

UDP/TCP/IP IP Address (133.25.252.22) Physical Network Hardware Address (00-30-96-b0-ad-20)

Address Resolution Protocol

ARP

Hardware address used in physical network IP address used in the Internet Symbolic address (domain name) used in application or by users Address resolution - translation between different address schemes ARP or RARP: translation between IP address and hardware address DNS: translation between symbolic address (domain name) and IP address

Lecture 12

DNS Hierarchy and Syntax

TLD Top-Level Domain
com edu

...

org

au

jp

foobar

ac hosei walnut i k u-aizu mt

Label
soap almond candy peanut

tama

Host Name

judy judy.peanut.candy.foobar.com

cis cis.k.hosei.ac.jp

Each organization registers its unique name like foobar, hosei and so on, with central authority under one TLD such as com, edu, org, au, jp, Name subdivision, level, label and host name are controlled locally by organization

Lecture 12

DNS Server Hierarchy

DN: Domain Name NS: Name Server
com NS
foobar NS soap candy NS almond peanut walnut
Ichgaya NS

root NS

edu NS

...

org NS

au NS

jp NS
ac NS hosei NS u-aizu mt

i Kaganei k
NS

judy judy.peanut.candy.foobar.com 173.156.23.96

www cis.k.hosei.ac.jp 133.25.90.34

tama NS

Root NS is needed to interconnect different TLD Choosing DNS server architecture - Small organizations can use a single name server - Large organizations often use multiple name servers according to division/location Each NS keeps a table of DN-IPAddr pairs of local hosts and knows up/low NS

IP Address Resolution
NS: Name Server
com NS

Lecture 12
root NS jp NS

foobar NS Step 2

ac NS
133.25.252.22

Cache table:
www.hosei.ac.jp 133.25.252.22

Step 1 candy NS
133.25.252.22

www.hosei.ac.jp hosei NS

DNS DB www.hosei.ac.jp
133.25.252.22 .

www.hosei.ac.jp http://www.hosei.ac.jp

Step 3 R

R R R judy http://133.25.252.22:80

www www.hosei.ac.jp 133.25.252.22

DNS request is forwarded to root server, which points at next server to use Eventually, authoritative server is located and IP address is returned DNS server hierarchy traversal is called iterative resolution Servers and hosts use caching to reduce the number of DNS requests Each domain may keep many NS copies to speedup address resolution more than 13 root servers distributed all around the world DNS Types: A, NS, MX (Mail Exchange), SOA (Start OF Authority), CNAME (Canonical Name) nslookup utility: >domain_name or IP address, >set querytype=NS, A,

Lecture 12

Computer Booting and Configuration

Booting or Bootstrapping - Software system/network initialization process when computer turned on Protocol software needs specific information for operation Software employs parameters for operation on a specific hardware and network Configuration Process of supplying parameters to protocol software IP address - depends on network, must be unique on network Default router address - where to send packets aimed at remote network Subnet mask - to specify if subnet addressing is used and what the subnet is DNS server address - for DNS queries Other Server addresses printer Static (no change) and dynamic (change each time) parameters Manual configuration - sets and saves parameters in local disk Automated configuration - gets parameters from another computer connected the same network - Previous technique is BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol) - Current technique is DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) - Uses UDP for parameter transfer. How to transfer when unknowing parameters?

Lecture 12

DHCP Server And Client

DHCP client in booting computer communicates with DHCP server

DHCP Client

DHCP Discover (parameter request)

68 DHCP Message H 67 68 H 111 000
UDP header IP header 111 broadcast 000 this computer

67

DHCP Server

DHCP Client
DHCP Client

DHCP Offer (parameter reply)

68

S_IPA 111 H 67 68 H DHCP Message

IP header UDP header

67

DHCP Server
DHCP Server

DHCP Request (renew release)

68 DHCP Message H 67 68 H S_IPA C_IPA
UDP header IP header

67

Efficient use of IP Addresses

Address is assigned with a lease (1 hour default) - Client cannot use the assigned address after lease expires without renew request - Client can automatically ask for extension prior to expiration (50% lease time)

Suppose host leaves subnet? Address no longer in use; server should reassign !

Host can get IP address using DHCP, but cannot get domain name D-DHCP

Lecture 12

Message Format

DHCP

Operation code: 1-request; 2-reply, Hardware type: physical network, 1-Ethernet Hardware length: length of physical address, 6-Ethernet Hop count: the maximum number of hops the packet can travel Transaction ID: set by client and used to match a reply Client IP address: set 0 by client in the beginning Your IP address: client IP address filled by server Server IP address: filled by server Router/gateway IP address: filled by server Client hardware address: supplied by client Server name (optional 64-byte field): string Boot file name (optional 128-byte field): full path of the booting file. The client can use this path to retrieve booting information via TFTP Options: subnet mask, DNS server, printer server, lease time, etc

Lecture 12

Network Management
Responsibility of network administrator: monitor/control network hardware/software - Designs and implements efficient and robust network infrastructure - Identifies and corrects hardware/software problems as they arise Network management work is hard because networks are heterogeneous and large Types of network problems - Catastrophic * Fiber broken by backhoe * LAN switch loses power * Invalid route in router * Easier to diagnose - Intermittent or partial * NIC sends frames with bit errors occasionally * Router has one invalid entry * Harder to diagnose Some intermittent of partial failures may not be evident to user * Hardware may drop frames with data errors * Network protocols may recover from lost packet * However, network performance decreases !!

Lecture 12

Network Management Software, Model and SNMP

Network management software - Monitor operation and performance of network devices * hosts, routers, switches, bridges, - Control operations through rebooting, changing routing table entries Network management model - Network management does not have an internet or transport layer protocol - Defines application layer protocol using TCP/IP transport layer protocol - Based on client-server model; names changes * Manager == client; run by network administrator * Agent == server; runs on managed device - Manager composes requests for agent; - agent composes response and returns to manager SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) - TCP/IP network management standard - Defines all communications between manager and agent * Message formats * Interpretation of messages * Data representations

Management data transfer between manager and agent using SNMP over UDP 162 agent

Management computer ( manager ) 161 Ethernet

162

162 agent

H
agent
agent

agent R

H
agent R

Ethernet

Token Ring

H
agent

H
agent

H
agent

H
agent

R agent other network

SNMP & MIB

Management computer
Management applications

SNMP manager MIB

SNMP defines how to get and change data in MIB of a host/device MIB: Management Information Base - data related to parameters, states, called objects, in a host/router/switch

Agent
SNMP agent

Agent
SNMP agent

Agent
SNMP agent

MIB

MIB

MIB

Identify MIB Object

root
Hierarchical ASN.1 Name scheme

Lecture 12

iso: 1 org: 3 dod: 6

itu: 2 internet: 1
1.3.6.1.2.1

iso-itu: 3 mgmt: 2

mib: 1

sys: 1

if: 2

at: 3

ip: 4

icmp: 5 tcp: 6

udp: 7 egp: 8

ipForwarding: 1 ipDefaultTTL: 2

ipInReceive: 3 ipInHdrError: 4

1.3.6.1.2.1.4.3 identifier of object ipInReceive

Lecture 12

SNMP Data Representation

SNMP uses Abstract Syntax Notation.1 (ASN.1) - Platform-independent data representation standard; Strongly-typed - Can accommodate arbitrary data types General format: type length value - type: 02integer, 04 string, 05object, 40IP address
Example 1 - integer 14 (integer length is fixed to 4 bytes) 00000010 00000100 00000000 00000000 000000000 00001110 or in hexadecimal: 02 04 00 00 00 0D Example 2 - string "HI" 00000100 00000010 01001000 01001001 or in hexadecimal: 04 02 48 4A Example 3 Object Identifier 1.3.6.1 (iso.org.dod.internet) 00000101 00000100 00000001 00000011 000000110 00000001 or in hexadecimal: 05 04 01 03 06 01 Example 4 IP Address 131.21.14.8 01000000 00000100 10000011 00010101 000001110 00001000 or in hexadecimal: 40 04 83 15 0D 08

Lecture 12

SNMP Operations and Message Format

GetRequest (fetch) retrieves value of object in device MIB GetResponse (answer) sends requested value of object to manager SetRequest (store) stores new values into object in device MIB Get-next retrieves next object (for scanning)

SNMP message format

Version Community Req. ID

Err Status Err Index

Variables

- Version. 1-SNMPv1, 2-SNMPv2 - Community. password, or "public" if no password - Request ID. match a request to a response - Error status. no-error/error type in response by an agent - Error index. tell manager which variable caused error - Variables. reply manager's request from agent

Lecture 12

Network Security
The Internet is open, Routers forward packets - from any source - Somebody can get the packets transmitted for others (passive attack) - Somebody can send in packets from outside (active attack) Security Policy should consider - Computer systems, LANs, interconnection devices, ... - Data stored on servers - Messages traversing LANs - Internal or external access - Read/write versus read-only access - Network software application software security holes

Aspects of Security - System/network security - Data/information security Data accessibility - contents accessible Data integrity - contents remain unchanged Data confidentiality - contents not revealed

Lecture 12

Secure Key Encryption

Message

Encryption Function F()

E=F(M,K) insecure channel secure channel

Decryption Function F-1()

Message

K
Secure key

K
Secure key

Encryption Standards DES (Data Encryption Standard) - designed originally by IBM, and adopted by the US government in 1977 and by ANSI in1981 - 64-bit block (encryption unit) and 56-bit key - not recommended use after 1998 because it can be broken Triple-DES - three keys and three executions of DES IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm) - 128-bit block/key AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) - 128-bit block/key

Lecture 12

Public Key Encryption

Message

Encryption Function F()

E=F(M,KPub) insecure channel

Decryption G(E,KPri) Message M Function G()

KPub
Public key open to all
RSA (Rivest, Shamir, Adleman, 1978) Key Generation

KPri
Private key kept secret by owner Hard to factor n into 2 primes p and q RSA key size: 128 to 300 decimal digitals i.e., 425 to 1024 bits RSA needs more computations than DES much slower than DES

- Select p, q which are primes - Calculate n=pxq, and t(n)=(p-1)x(q-1) - Select integer e satisfied gcd(t(n), e)=1 and e<t(n) - Calculate d satisfied exd=1 mod t(n) - Public key: KU={e, n} - Private key: KR={d, n} - Plaintext: M < n - Ciphertext: C = Me (mod n) - M = Cd (mod n)

Example
-

Encryption

Decryption

Given M=19 Select two prime numbers p=7 and q=17 Calculate n=7x17=119, and t(n)=6x16=96 Select e=5 Determine d=77 since 5x77=385=4x96+1 Ciphertext C=195 (mod 119)=66 Decryption 6677 (mod 119)=19

Lecture 12

Authentication and Confidence in Digital Signature

Digital signature guarantees that message is authenticated from certain person Only sender (A) who is owner of private key could have generated original message Only recipient (B) can decrypt the message for further guarantee of confidence

Message

Encryption Function F()

Encryption Function F()

E=F(F(M,KA,Pri), KB,Pub)

KA,Pri

KB,Pub

Encryption Function F()

Encryption Function F()

G(G(E,KB,Pri), KA,Pub,) Message

KB,Pri

KA,Pub

Lecture 12

Packet Filter and Internet Firewall

Packet filter: configuring routers to drop certain packets according to IP address Suppose 192.5.48.0 is test network and 128.10.0.0 has controlling workstations - Install filter to allow packets only from 192.5.48.0 to 128.10.0.0 - Keeps potentially bad packets away from remainder of Internet Packet filter at edge of intranet can disallow unauthorized packets Called firewall that restricts external packets to just a few internal hosts

Exercise 12
1. Using nslookup utility to get IP address of www.k.hosei.ac.jp. Find out how many name servers in domain k, hosei, ac and jp, respectively. 2. A host can dynamically get an IP address by means of exchanging information with a DHCP server using TCP/IP protocols. However, the host has no IP address before getting the IP address. How does the host communicate with DHCO server when having no IP address? Furthermore, the host can only hold the issued IP address with finite lease time such as one hour. Why? What method in DHCP is used to renew the release to hold the IP address more than one hour? 3. Data of parameters and states called objects of a host/router is stored in MIB (management information database). Each object in MIB has a unique identifier represented in hierarchical ASN.1 name scheme. Explain the meaning of ipForwarding object of a router, and give its identifier. 4. SNMP uses ASN.1 to represent data of an object. Give the SNMP representations of string data SNMP and IP address 133.25.252.22 in hexadecimal format, respectively. 5. Explain why the digital signature method shown in the lecture note can guarantee both authentication and confidence.