Package I: Design build

BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE of Bridge Replacement Projects under Kombolcha RNMD ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORITY

SUPERSTRUCTURE STATICAL CALCULATIONS (15M CLEAR SPAN) 15.80M C/C SPAN (7.32M CLEAR BRIDGE WIDTH AND 10.32M TOTAL BRIDGE WIDTH) RC T-GIRDER SUPERSTRUCTURE DESIGN BY LRFD METHOD
Project: Package I: Design & Build of Bridge Replacement Projects under Kombolcha RN "CONSTRUCTION WORKS OF DESIGN AND BUILD OF BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECTS UNDER COMBOLCHA RNSMBD'S (GIMBOBER AND BERBISA BRIDGES)"

Client: Ethiopian Roads Authority

Contractor: AMIHARA ROAD WORKS ENTERPRISE
Consultant: Berhan Construction Works Consult PLC
Name of bridge: Berbisa at St. 0+355 BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE (LOCATED AT 487 KM [572192-E, 1288291-N] ALONG ADDIS ABABA-DESSIE-WOLDIYA TRUNK ROAD)
Designed By:- Gebeyehu Aragaw [PPBE/008 & PRHG/110]
Case:- STATICAL CALCULATION

General Data
Number of Spans = 2
Number of Piers = 1
Bridge Clear Span Lc = 15.00 m
Skew Angle = 0 Degrees = 0.000 Radians
Number of Design Lanes = 2
Number of Design lanes in the same direction [For Br 2
Carriageway Width including Median Cw = 7.300 m
Sidewalk + Post on both ends = Sw 1.500 m
Total Super structure width = Cw+2*Sw = 10.300 m
LHS Length of Approach Slab = 4.000 m WHY NOT AS PER THE ABUTMENT WING LENGTH
RHS Length of Approach Slab = 4.000 m WHY NOT AS PER THE ABUTMENT WING LENGTH
Thickness of Approach Slab = 0.335 m
Grade Elevation = 1574.511 m 1574.511 1574.511
REOMMENDED ELEV. BASED ON
Elevation of Deepest Bed Level = 1568.348 m 1568.348 1568.3477
GEOTECHNICAL REPORT
Elevation of Highwater Mark = 1572.135 m 1572.135 1572.135 BH-1 BH-3 (PIER) BH-2
Left Abutment Elevation of Bottom of Footing Pad= 1565.348 m 1565.348 8.8283 1565.3477 1566.610 1565.490 1566.540
Right Abutment Elevation of Bottom of Footing Pad= 1565.348 m 1565.348 8.8283 1565.3477 -0.1423
Elevation of Pier Bootom of Pier Footing = 1564.248 m 1564.248 1564.2477

Loading Specification: HL-93 of ERA BDM 2014 & AASHTO 2007 SI

Design Standard ERA BDM 2013 & AASHTO 2007 SI & AASHTO 2014

Concrete Class A fc' = fck = 3481.079136691 24.00 Mpa β1 = Stress Blo 0.85 AVOID NONβ1 = Stres 0.8500
Grade 60 Rebars fyk = 60193.66007194 415.00 Mpa FOR DIA. ≥ 20MM; ρb = 0.85*(ß1)*(fc'/fy)*(599.843/(599.843+fy))
0.0247 ### AVOID NON = FOR DIA. ≥ 0.0243 " " AT THE I MPA HBASED ON SBASED ON SE
AT THE INDICATED SPREADSHEET SECTION, FOR THE "Grade 60 Rebars fyk ="415 MPA HAS BEEN MENTIONED/ CALCULATED. HOWEVER, BASED ON SEC. 7.4 OF ERA'S BDM-2013 (PART-1), THE CORRECT "Grade 60 Rebars fyk =" IS 420MPA. HENCE, YOU NEED TO CORRECT/ AMEND ACCORDINGLY.
Grade 40 Rebars fyk = 39887.36510791 275.00 Mpa FOR DIA. < 20MM; ρb = 0.85*(ß1)*(fc'/fy)*(599.843/(599.843+fy))
0.0432 ### AVOID NON = FOR DIA. < 0.0385 " " AT THE I MPA HBASED ON SBASED ON SE
AT THE INDICATED SPREADSHEET SECTION, FOR THE "Grade 40 Rebars fyk ="275 MPA HAS BEEN MENTIONED/ CALCULATED. HOWEVER, BASED ON SEC. 7.4 OF ERA'S BDM-2013 (PART-1), THE CORRECT "Grade 40 Rebars fyk =" IS 300MPA. HENCE, YOU NEED TO CORRECT/ AMEND ACCORDINGLY.

Unit weight of Concrete, gc = 24.00 KN/m³

Density of Concrete,Wc = 2446.48 Kg/m³
𝐄_𝐂=𝟎.𝟎𝟒𝟑𝐊_𝟏 𝛄_𝐂 √(𝐟_𝐂^′ )
Concrete Modulus of Elasticity With K1= 1.00 25.49 GPa 25.491
Steel Modulus of Elasticity Es = 200.00 GPa
Calculated Modular ratio, n = 7.85 Design Modular ratio, n = 8 CALCULATED 7.000 " " AT THE I AT THEBASED ON STHE CALCUL
AT THE INDICATED S AT THE INDICATED SPREADSH
AT THE INDICATED S AT THE INDICATED SPREADSHEET SECTION, FOR THE "CALCULATED MODULAR RATIO, i.e. "n" = (ES/EC), = 8" HAS BEEN MENTIONED/ CALCULATED. HOWEVER, BASED ON SEC. 5.7.1. OF THE AASHTO LRFD BDS-2007, THE CALCULATED MODULAR RATIO, i.e. "n" = (ES/EC), SHOULD BE ROUNDED TO THE NEAREST INTEGER NUMBER. ACORDINGLY, THE CORRECT "CALCULATED MODULAR RATIO, i.e. "n" = (ES/EC), = " IS "7" HENCE, YOU NEED TO CORRECT/ AMEND ACCORDINGLY.

1.1 DETERMINATION OF SECTION FOR SUPERSTRUCTURE OK

Width of Abutment Seat [Along Longitudinal Direction 0.500 m PROVIDED 0.500 BEAM SUPP 0.400 0.342 0.450
Depth of Abutment Seat = 0.300 m 15.5
Length of Bearing Centerline from Inside Face of Left 0.250 m 1.085
Width of Girder Resting on RHS Pier/RHS Abument Seat 0.600 m 1.100 CONSIDERING ALSO THE INCREASE IN C/C GIRDER SPACING LENGTH, D= 1.20M IS RECOMMENDED
Length of Bearing Centerline from Inside Face of Right 0.300 m
Girder Clearance from Backwall Inside Face = 0.050 m
Cantilever Length of Deck Slab Beyond LHS End of Gird 0.050 m
Cantilever Length of Deck Slab Beyond RHS End of Gird 0.035 m
Total Length of the Deck Slab [End to End] = 16.135 m
Width of Backwall [Along Longitudinal Direction of Ro 0.300 m
Effective Span L = 15.550 m
Girder Depth D = 0.07(L) = 1.089 m 1.089
Take D = 1.100 m
Height of Bearing Including Cover & Base Plates (15 0.085 m Check Back here After Design
Slope of the Deck Crown = 2.50%
Depth of Backwall = 1.248 m 1.150
Cantilever length = c
C/C of Girders = a
Total Super structure width = w+2*Sw = 10.300 m 10.300
Number of Girders = 4
Treat the First Interior Girder as Exterior Girder for the Purpose of
[Type YES or NO
computing Live Load Distribution Factors where the Exterior Girder is to NO in capital Letters]
the outside of the interior edge of the Curb
2c+ 3a = 10.300 m 10.300 2c + 3a =
Assume c = 0.550a 4 0.550
2c+ 3a = 4.10a = 10.300 m 10.300 2*(0.55a) + 3*(a) =4.1a
a= 2.512 m 2.512 0.065
C/C of Girders = Use a = 2.600 m 3 2.600
Cantilever length c = 1.250 m 1.250
Minimum Clear Cover for Main Rebars of Girder = 50 mm
Spacing limit of Reinforcement = 48 mm 48.000ER SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN :-
No. of bars in one layer = 3 4.000MINAL DIAMETER OF THE BARS, 48 MM

Min. Web width without Prestress. ducts [AASHTO 5.1 0.200 m 372.000
OF THE COARSE AGGREGATE, OR 30 MM

Z
2 2
Web width (without extensions at the bottom) = 0.360 m 38 MM 38 MM

LHS Width of Extension from web, X = 0.000 m 1 1 ASSUMED WEB'S LONG. BAR DIA. = 32 MM

Y
RHS Width of Extension from web, X = 0.000 m HENCE, THE GOVERNING CLEAR DISTANCE BETWEEN PARALLEL
48 BARS
MMIN A LAYER

Height of Extension, Y = 0.000 m X X

Extension Height, Z = 0.000 m Min. 2*12*X [AASHTO [Link].1C Web]
Web width with extensions at the bottom = 0.360 m

Assume:
Slab width b_s = 1.000 m
Slab thickness Df = 0.220 m
Web thickness bw = 0.360 m
Clear span of overhang = 1.070 m
Curb thickness (inside face)= 0.220 m
Curb thickness (Extreme outside face)= 0.250 m
Curb thickness [Average] = 0.235 m
Overhang Slab thickness (Thickness at the Ext. Face of 0.260 m
Overhang Slab thickness (At the Most Extreme Left Fac 0.170 m
Distance of Deck Slab End from Midpoint of Backwall (fo 0.150 m = 150 mm
Top Cover for Slab Reinforcement = 0.050 m = 50 mm
Side Cover for Slab Reinforcement = 0.025 m = 25 mm
Bottom Cover for Slab Reinforcement = 0.025 m = 25 mm
Distance Outermost Face of Curb to the Top Main Slab R 0.200 m = 200 mm
Hook Length of the Top Main Slab Reinf. Bar S1 = 0.100 m = 100 mm
Size of Fillets = 0.100 m = 100 mm
Thickness of Wearing Surface = 0.050 m 1.1 KN/m²
0.43
Design of the Deck Slab
C/C of Supports (Girders) = 2.600 m
Clear Span + Depth of Slab = 2.460 m
Effective Span (Min. of the two), S= 2.460 m

1. Loads on the Slab

1.1 Dead Load

Slab = gC*Df = 5.28 KN/m² 5.280
Total W_DL = 5.28 KN/m² 5.280
Continuity Factor K = 0.80 Continuous Supports
M_DL =K*W_DL*S²/8 = 3.20 KNm/m 3.1952448 3.569
DYNA
Wearing Surface = 1.10 KN/m² 1.125 ONE LANE LOADED CASE MULTIP MIC ONE LANE LOADED CASE TWO LANE LOADED CASES
LE LOAD WHEN THE TWO VEHICLE WHEEL DISTANCE IS WHEN THE TWO VEHICLE WHEEL DISTANCE IS
Total W_DL_W = 1.10 KN/m² 1.125 WIDTH OF
WIDTH
PRIMARY
OF
MAXIMUM,
PRESEN PRIMARY
STRIP,
MAXIMUM,
PER
FOR
STRIP,
METER,
POSITIVE
FOR
PER POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
METER,
MOMENT
IMPAC NEGATIVE
MOMENT
MOMENTAT
MOMENT
THE DECK-SLAB
AT THE DECK-SLAB
SPANS SUPPORTS MAXIMUM NEGATIVE MOMENT
MAXIMUM POSITIVE MOMENT
1.2M FAR APART MAXIMUM MAXIMUM 2.4M FAR APART
OF SPAN-1, SPAN-2 AND SPAN- POSITIVE NEGATIVE
Continuity Factor K = 0.80 Continuous Supports CE MM MM T KNM/M KNM/M
OF SUPPORT-2 AND SUPPORT-3
3
MAXIMUM NEGATIVE MOMENT
MOMENT OF MOMENT OF
MAXIMUM POSITIVE MOMENT OF
OF SUPPORT-2 AND SUPPORT-3 SPAN-1, SPAN-2 AND SPAN-3
FACTOR FACT SPAN-1, SPAN-2 SUPPORT-2 AND
AND SPAN-3 SUPPORT-3
M_DL_W =K*W_DL_W*S²/8 = 0.67 KNm/m 0.6656760 0.761 MAXIMUM PO 35.845 1.200= 2090.000
, "m", 1.330
OR, 27.373 KNM KNM KNM KNM KNM KNM
IM, =
MAXIMUM NE -33.781 1.200 1870.000 1.330 -28.831 33.781 -35.845 36.926 -32.590 28.760 -37.303

1.2 Live Load DYNA SECOND WHEEL LOAD D 1.8200 0.0000 1.5600 2.0800 1.5600 0.7800
P_20 = 72.50 KN = ### ### TWO LANE LOADED CASESMULTIP MIC SPAN -2 SPAN -3 SPAN -1 SPAN -1 SPAN -1 SPAN -1
LE LOAD
Continuity Coefficient, K = 0.80 Continuous Supports WIDTH OF
WIDTH
PRIMARY
OF
MAXIMUM,
PRESEN PRIMARY
STRIP,
MAXIMUM,
PER
FOR
STRIP,
METER,
POSITIVE
FOR
PER POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
METER,
MOMENT
IMPAC NEGATIVE
MOMENT
MOMENT AT
MOMENT
THE DECK-SLAB
AT THE DECK-SLAB
SPANS SUPPORTS OR OR OR OR OR OR
M_LL = K*[(S+2)/32]*P_20 S is in feet ### ### CE MM MM T KNM/M KNM/M 33.7001 -35.7304 36.5439 -32.1252 28.6911 -37.2253
FACTOR FACT
M_LL = 18.25 KNm/m 18.2534449 19.086 20.581 MAXIMUM PO 37.303 1.000= 2090.000
, "m", 1.330
OR, 23.738 SECOND WHEEL LOAD D 1.5600 1.0400 1.3000 0.7800 0.0000 1.0400
Dynamic Load Allowance (33%) = 0.33 MAXIMUM NE -36.926 1.000 1870.000 IM, =
1.330 -26.263 SPAN -1 SPAN -1 SPAN -1 SPAN -1 SPAN -1 SPAN -1
M_LL + I = 24.28 KNm/m 24.2770817 25.384 27.373 27.223 0.7800 0.8000
Dead Load Factor = 1.25 -28.831 -29.995 MAXIMUM, P 27.373 KNM/M 0.7600 1.5600
Dead Load Factor for Wearing Surfac1.50 MAXIMUM, P -28.831 KNM/M
Live Load Factor = 1.75 AS PER DERIVED EQUATIONS OF TABLE A4-1 OF THE AASHTO LRFD BDS -2007
Mpos = -0. 27.223 KNM/M
1.3 Load Factor Design Mneg = 0.9 21.068 KNM/M AT (360/2)MM FR. WEB CL
Ms = M_DL + M_DL_W+ M_LL+I = 28.14 KNm/m 28.1380025 29.714 31.703 -32.804 Mneg = 1.0 29.995 KNM/M AT 0.00MM FR. WEB CL
Mu =1.25*M_DL +1.50 *M_DL_W+1.75*M_LL+I = 47.48 KNm/m 47.4774630 50.025 53.505 58.093
Previous Spec. Mu =1.33*M_DL +1.33*M_DL_W+1.33*1 57.84 KNm/m 57.8405690 60.868

 
Balanced Steel Ratio =  0.043087792208
0.003  fc'
 b 0.85 1   
 fY  0.003  fy
 E S 
0.032315844156
Using only r= 0.75rb=

MU
Depth Required, dreq = dreq  96.19 mm 
 fy 
 fy b 1  0.59 
 fc 
Use Rebars of diameter = 16 mm
davailable = 162.00 mm Ok!!!

1.4 Design of Main Reinforcement

The minimum reinforcement requirements will be calculated for the The tensile
reinforcement provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least
equal to the lesser of 1.2 times the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment
from the applicable strength load combinations.
Ig
M Cr  fr
yt
fr  0.63 fC'
fr = 3.09 MPa
Moment of Inertia Ig = 0.00089 m4
yt = dist. of extreme fiber from centroid) 0.110 m
Mcr = 24.90 KNm/m
1.2Mcr = 29.88 KNm/m
1.33M_Str = 76.93 KNm/m

esign = Max[Mu_Str, (Min 1.2Mcr,1.33*M_Str)] = 57.84 KNm/m

MU 1541.45 mm²
AS  
fy (d  (a / 2))
Area of one bar, as = 201.06 mm²

1000 a
Spacing, S = S  S  mm
130.44
AS
A Sfy
a  20.85  mm
0.85 fC' b

β1= 0.85

c =a/b1 24.53 mm
c/dprov = 0.151410181661 <0.6. fyk instead of fs can be used
es = net tensile strain = 0.003(dprov/c - 1) = 0.016813726971 >0.005 ==> Tension Controlled. Ø=0.9

Use Diameter 16 mm c/c 130 Top & Bottom

As_Provided = 1546.63 mm²

1.5 Control of Flexural Cracking of Concrete

To control flexural cracking of the concrete, tension reinforcement shall be well distributed within the maximum flexural zones.

d= 162 mm
As = 1546.63 mm2
ρ = 0.009547100182
n= 8
dc = 58 mm
bs = 1.511463844797
ge = 0.75 0.75 if Exposed to water. 1.00 otherwise.

k  2  n  ( n ) 2   n 0.322
j = 1-k/3 = 0.892715648276
From the above calculation ---- jd = 144.62 mm

Moment at service 28.14 KNm/m

fss =M/(Asjd) = 125.80 Mpa
Maximum Spacing S<= 369.17 mm ###

Therefore the Provided Concrete Section and Reinforcement is adequate

Use Diameter 16 mm C/C 130 mm

1.6 Distribution Reinforcement

Distribution Steel, As_dist = 3840

AS _ dist  1036.24 mm²
AS 67%* AS 
S
Use Rebars of diameter = 16 mm
Area of one bar, as = 201.06 mm²
Spacing of Diameter 16 mm S= 194.03 mm

Use Diameter 16 mm c/c 190 Top & Bottom

1.7 Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement

As per AASHTO Art.5.10.8-1 & Art.5.10.8-2
Provide for temperature and shrinkage reinforcement

 0.75bh 
A S _ temp 233mm 2 / m  (1000) 2
 1270 mm / m
 2(b  h)fy 

Use diameter 12 mm bars

as = 113.10 mm²
As_temp_Calc = 245.90 mm2/m
### 459.93 mm

Max. Spacing = Min (S_Calc, 3*h (Slab thickness) or 450mm)

Maximum Spacing S = 450.00 mm
Use Diameter 12 mm c/c 320 Top

Superstructure Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 1 of 120

(PPBE/008 PRHG/110)
 Package I: Design build
BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE of Bridge Replacement Projects under Kombolcha RNMD ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORITY

As_temp_provided = 353.43 mm2/m Ok!! 233<As_temp<1270 mm2/m

Design of the Overhanging Slab

b_railing

h1_rail.
2

h_post
2

h2_rail.
Wearing Wearing
Surface Surface

5 6
4

3 7

8
Overhang Slab Width Diaphragm

D_Diaph
Z

Z
11 12

9 10

Y
X X

1. DEAD LOADS AND MOMENTS

Barrier Type = 1 ==> Type 1 if Wall Type and 0 if Post & Railing Type

Wall Type Barrier Load = 7.092 KN/m

Wall Type Width b_Wall Type Barrier = 0.250 m [Along Transverse Direction] AT BOTTOM 0.4
Barrier
Dimensions Height h_Wall Type Barrier = 1.075 m
End of Barrier from the End 0.000 m

Post Size Width b_post = 200 mm [Along Transverse Direction]

Width w_post = 500 mm [Along Longitudinal Direction]
h_post = 1100 mm

Railing Size Width b_railing = 200 mm

Post &
Railing Type Aggregate Total h 700 mm
Barrier Number of Railings [with Aggregate 1
Dimensions
Weight of Each Post = 2.640 KN
Linear Load of railing = 3.360 KN/m
Post Spacing C/c = 1.600 m
End of post from the End 0.050 m
End of railing from the end 0.200 m

Length of Wearing Surface 0.000 m

Dead Load Moment about the face of the overhang OVER-HANG DEAD LOAD

No. Item Force(KN/m) Moment Arm(m) M (KNm/m) -0.484 KN/M WEARING-SURFACE

1 Post/Wall Type 7.092 0.945 6.702 5.008 KN/M SLAB-DECK

2 Railing 0.000 0.000 0.000 7.603 KN/M GIRDER BEAM

3 Overhang 5.521 0.498 2.748 5.939 KN/M WALK-WAYS

4 Curb 6.035 0.535 3.229 7.107 KN/M BRIGE RAILING WALL

M_DL Total = 12.678 25.656 KN/M DLDC = TOTAL RC STRUCTURE DEAD LOADS (WITHOUT DIAPHRAGMS)

5 Wearing Surface 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.484 KN/M DLDW = TOTAL WEARING-SURFACE DEAD LOADS

2. LIVE LOAD ON OVERHANG SLAB

2.1. DESIGN CASE I - TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL FORCES [EXTREME EVENT II]

2.1.1 BENDING MOMENT

Post is reinforced with 4Ф20 Re-bars
fy = 415.00 MPa
fc' = 24.00 MPa
D [Width of Post in Longitudinal Dire 500 mm
W [Width of Post in Transverse Direc 200 mm
Post Height = 1100 mm
h = Overhang Slab Thickness Directl 405 mm
Clear Cover = 25 mm
Rebars of diameter = 20 mm
No. of Rebars = 4
As = 1257 mm2
dpost_available = 165 mm
ФExtreme Event [Strength Reduction 1.00
gDC Extreme Event Dead Load Factor = 1.00
gLL IM CE BR PL LS Extreme Event Dead Load Factor = 0.50 Table 3.4.1-1 Load Combinations and Load Factors.

A S fy
a   51.13 mm
0.85 fC' b

B = Distance between centroids of tensile and compressive stress result 139.44 mm

E = Distance from edge of slab to centroid ofcompressive stress resulta 75.56 mm
Mp = Post Design Strength = Mr = Φfy As (d-a/2)72.717
= KNm
Pp = Post Shear Corresponding to M 66.106 KN [Assuming the Post as Cantilever]

M_LL_Case_I = Md = Mpost/[W+D]= 103.881 KNm/m A13.4.3.1-1

Concurrent T = Pp/[W+D] = 94.437 KN/m A13.4.3.1-2

Mu_Design Case I = 64.619 KNm/m

2.1.2 PUNCHING SHEAR

Vu [Factored Shear] = AsFy = 521.504 KN

Bc 2.50
Vc = 1.46 MPa
Vn = 613.595 KN
Vr = ФVn 613.595 KN

2.2. DESIGN CASE II - VERTICAL FORCES [EXTREME EVENT II]

2.1.1 BENDING MOMENT

Fv Vertical (N) Down 355.000 KN

L = Post Spacing = 1.600 m
Lv = Longitudinal distribution of vertical force Fv on top 12.200 m
Pv = Fv*L/Lv = 46.557 KN A13.4.3.1-3
X =Distance from the outside edge of the post to Outsi 1.020 m
b=Minimum (2X+W or L) 1.600 m A13.4.3.1-5
M_LL_Case_II = Md = Pv*X/b = 29.680 KNm/m A13.4.3.1-4

Mu_Design Case II = 27.518 KNm/m

2.3 DESIGN CASE III

Ф Strength I [Strength Reduction Factor] = 0.90
C = Overhang Cantilever Length to CL of Exterior Girde 1.250 m OK
P = Vehicular Loads:- ### [Link].4 Deck Overhang Load
This provision does not apply as the barrier is assumed not to be structurally continuous.
WIDTH OF B 0.400
Location of Vehicular Load From Interior Face of Railing 0.300 m 0.300
X - Distance of P from the Exterior Face of Exterior Gi 0.370 m 0.370
E = Wheel loads applied on an effective longitudinal st 1.448 m Table [Link].3-1 1.448
M_LL_Veh. =Pwheel*X/E = 18.523 KNm/m 18.523

W_P = Pedestrian Load:- ### [Link] Pedestrian Loads 20.9925

PEDESTRIAN LIVE LOAD - AS PER SEC. [Link] OF AASHTO LRFD BDS, A PEDESTRIAN LOAD OF 3.6×10–3 MPA SHALL BE APPLIED TO ALL SIDEWALKS WIDER THAN 600 MM AND CONSIDERED SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH THE VEHICULAR DESIGN LIVE LOAD.
Sw = Width of Ped. Load = Curb Width 1.500 m TOTAL WALK-WAY WIDT1.500 M
M_LL_Ped = W_P*Sw*((OverhangClr - Sw)+Sw/2) = 1.728 KNm/m 0.808 TOTAL OVERHANG LEN 1.070 M
Impact Factor, I = 0.330 0.670 M
EFFECTIVE OVERHANG LENGTH OF THE PEDESTRIAN WALK-WAY WIDTH (EXCLUDING RAILING AND POST WIDTH)= L EFF-PL =
Multiple Presence Factor [Single Lane Loade] = 1.200 0.670 MLENGTH OF THE PEDESTRIAN WALK-WAY WIDTH (EXCLUDING RAILING AND POST WIDTH)= L EFF-PL =
SKEWED EFFECTIVE OVERHANG
M_LL_Veh +I = 29.562 KNm/m 29.562 29.562 DESIGN LONGITUDINAL 1.000 M
Mu_Des._Case_III =1.25[M_DL_C] + 1.50[M_DL_W] + 1. 70.606 KNm/m
PEDESTRIAN LIVE LOA 3.600 KN/M2
3. FLEXURAL DESIGN OF THE OVERHANG SLAB PEDESTRIAN LIVE LOAD 3.600
PER METER
KN/MOF THE OVERHANG LENGTH = PLEX-PL =
*(LEFF-PL2KNM/M
MOMENT; MPL = (PLEX-PL0.8080 )/2) =
Mu_Design = Maximum [Ф_str_I* Mu_Design_Case_I, Ф_str_I*Mu_Design_Case_II, Mu_Design_Case_III]
70.606 KNm/m
[Mu_Des._Cases I & II are multiplied by Ф_str_I to get comparable Moment with Mu_Des. Case_III since their Ф_strength_reduc_factor is 1.00 while for the later it is 0.90]
 
Balanced Steel Ratio =  0.003  f ' 0.043087792208
 b 0.85 1   c 
 fY  0.003  fy
 E S 

Using maximum r= 0.75rb = 0.032315844156

MU
Depth Required, dreqd=req  106.28 
mm
 fy 
 fy b 1  0.59 
 fc 
Cover = 50.00 mm
Use Rebars of diameter = 16 mm
Depth Prov. = 0.260 m [CHECK IF CURB EXTENDS BEYOND THE EXTERIOR GIRDER]
davailable = 202.00 mm Ok!!!
Overhanging Cantilever Slab Reinforcement

MU
AS  1485.94  mm²
fy (d  (a / 2))

Area of one bar, as = 201.06 mm²

1000135.31
aS
S  mm
AS

Use Diameter 16 mm Re-bars c/c 130 mm [the same as the Interior Slab]
As_actual = 1546.63 mm²

Design of the Curb

Curb Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement

As per AASHTO Art.5.10.8-1 & Art.5.10.8-2
Provide for temperature and shrinkage reinforcement

 0.75bh 
A S _ temp 233mm 2 / m  (1000) 2
 1270 mm / m
 2(b  h)fy 

Use diameter 12 mm bars

as = 113.10 mm²
As_temp_Calc = 423.20 mm2/m
### 267.24 mm

Max. Spacing = Min (S_Calc, 3*h (Slab thickness) or 450mm)

Maximum Spacing S = 267.24 mm
Use Diameter 12 mm c/c 265 Top

As_temp_provided = 426.78 mm2/m Ok!! 233<As_temp<1270 mm2/m

Curb longitudinal Reinforcement:-

Bar C1 - Diam. of Curb Longitudinal Re-bars = 12 mm
No. of Bars at Each Curb = 12
Curb Longitudinal Re-bars = Longitudinal Re-bars Spac230 mm
Use Diameter 12 mm Re-bars c/c 230 mm

Bar C - Curb Stirrup Diam. = 12 mm

Curb Stirrup Spacing = 270 mm [Minimum Reinforcement]
Use Diameter 12 mm Re-bars c/c 270 mm

DESIGN OF GIRDERS

1. COMPUTATIONS OF DEAD LOAD

1.1 Exterior Girder Dead Load

b_railing
h1_rail.

1
h_post

2
h2_rail.

Wearing Wearing
Surface Surface

5 6
4

3 7

8
Overhang Slab Width Diaphragm
D_Diaph
Z

11 12

9 10
Y

Superstructure Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 2 of 120

(PPBE/008 PRHG/110)
X X
 b_railing

h1_rail.
2

h_post
2

h2_rail.
Wearing Wearing
Surface Surface

5 6
4

3 7

8
Overhang Slab Width Diaphragm

D_Diaph
Package I: Design build
BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE of Bridge Replacement Projects under Kombolcha RNMD ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORITY

Z
11 12

9 10

Y
X X

CONCRETE DEAD LOAD

No. Item Weight (KN/m)
1 Post/Wall 7.09
2 Railing 0.00
3 Overhang Slab 5.52
4 Curb 8.46
7 Interior Slab 7.81
8 Web stem 7.60
9 Left Rect. Web Extension 0.00
10 Right Rect. Web Extension 0.00
11 Left Triang. Web Extension 0.00
12 Right Triang. Web Extension 0.00
13 Barrier [New Jersey] = 0.00
Total W_DL_ext = 36.49

DEAD LOAD ON WEARING SURFACE

5 Wearing Surface on the Overhang 0.00
6 Interior Wearing Surface 1.16
Total W_DL_W_ext = 1.16

DIAPHRAGM LOADS
N_Span_Diaph (Number of Diaphragms at Span excludi 1

S_Diaph Distance of the Span Left Diaphragm in Span f 0.5000 L

Width of Diaphragm b = 0.250 m = 250 mm 0.250 M
Depth of Diaphragm in Span D_diaph_Span = 0.800 m = 800 mm DEPTH INCL. TOP SLAB 0.800 M
Depth of Diaphragm at Supports D_diaph_Support = 0.800 m = 800 mm DEPTH INCL. TOP SLAB 0.800 M
Distance of Side of Diaphragm from End Side of Girder 0.075 m = 75 mm
Top Cover to Diaphragm Reinforcement = 0.050 m = 50 mm
Side Cover for Diaphragm Reinforcement = 0.025 m = 25 mm
Bottom Cover for Diaphragm Reinforcement = 0.025 m = 25 mm
Hook Length of Diaphragm Stirrups = 0.100 m = 100 mm
Transverse Length of Diaphragm L _diaph= 1.120 m
Weight of Diaphragm on Exterior Girder W_diaph = 5.376 KN

1.2.1 EXTERIOR GIRDER DESIGN DEAD LOADS

Concrete Design W_DL = 36.49 KN/m ### ###

Wearing Surface Design W_DL_W = 2.86 KN/m 2.860 KN/M 1.181 KN/M
Diaphragm Diaphragm Load = 10.752 KN ### 3.898 KN

EXTERIOR GIRDER DEAD LOADES

DIAPHRAGM DEAD LOADES
(WITHOUT DIAPHRAGMS)
1.181 KN/M WEARING-SURFACEDIAPHRAG0.580 M
P_Diaph P_Diaph P_Diaph
12.822 KN/M SLAB-DECK DIAPHRAG0.250 M

W_DL 7.603 KN/M GIRDER BEAM DIAPHRAG1.120 M

8.325 KN/M WALK-WAYS P1EX=P2EX
3.898 KN 3.898 KN
7.107 KN/M BRIGE RAILING WALL
A B
-297.84735 35.857 KN/M DLDC = TOTAL RC STRUCTURE DEAD LOADS (WITHOUT DIAPHRAGMS)
1.181 KN/M DLDW = TOTAL WEARING-SURFACE DEAD LOADS
Reaction at Sup. R_DL_1 [From W_DL and Diaph.] = [(W_DL)*L/2]+((1+0. 299.84 KN 299.844 KN 284.636 KN
Reaction at Support R_DL_2 [From Wearing Surface] = (W_DL_W)*L/2] = 22.24 KN 22.237 KN 9.184 KN
284.636 KN RA = REACTION DUE TO TOTAL RC STRUCTURE DEAD LOADS (WITH DIAPHRAGMS)
Dead Load Moment and Shear 9.184 KN RA = REACTION DUE TO WEARING-SURFACE DEAD LOADS
DEAD LOADS WITHOUT WEARING SURFACE
M_DL_1 = (R_DL_1 - P_Diaph)*X -(W_DL)(X²)/2 ROUNDUP[(MAX [0,X-S_Diaph]]
V_DL_1 = (R_DL_1 - P_Diaph) - (W_DL)*x

DEAD LOADS FROM WEARING SURFACE

M_DL_2 = (R_DL_2)*X -(W_DL_W)(X²)/2 for X < 7.775 m for X = 7.775 m
V_DL_2 = (R_DL_2) - (W_DL_W)*x Shear at X, Vx=Ra-P1-DLDC*X= Shear at X= 7.775M; V=Ra-P1-DLDC*X-P2/2=
Moment at X, Mx=RaX-P1*X-DLDC*X2/2 Moment at X= 7.775M; M=RaX-P1*X-DLDC*X2/2-(P2/2*B/4)
Location of Live Load Maximum Moment = ((L/2) - 0.7 0.4539 L P1 AND P2 ARE DIAPHRAGMS AT SPAN ENDS B= WIDTH OF MIDDLE DIAPHRAGM

EXTERIOR GIRDER DEAD LOAD SHEAR & MOMENT (SERVICE LOADS) UNFACTORED EXTERIOR GIRDER DEAD LOAD SHEARS AND MOMENTS
VDC SHEAR MDW
DEAD LOAD EXCLUDING WEARING DEAD LOAD FROM WEARING MDC RC VDW SHEAR
X/L X [m] X RC WEARIN
SURFACE SURFACE STRUCTUR WEARING-
STRUCTUR G-
ES SURFACE
ES SURFACE
VDL_1 (KN) MDL_1 (KNm) VDL_2 (KN) MDL_2 (KNm) M KN KN-M KN KN-M

0.000 0.000 289.092 0.000 22.237 0.000 0.000 280.739 0.000 9.184 0.000
0.100 1.555 232.349 405.420 17.789 31.120 1.555 224.981 393.197 7.347 12.853
0.200 3.110 175.606 722.605 13.342 55.324 3.110 169.223 699.690 5.511 22.850
0.300 4.665 118.862 951.554 8.895 72.613 4.665 113.465 919.479 3.674 29.991
0.400 6.220 62.119 1092.267 4.447 82.987 6.220 57.707 1052.565 1.837 34.276
0.454 7.058 31.528 1131.520 2.050 85.710 7.058 27.646 1088.342 0.847 35.400
0.500 7.775 5.376 1144.744 0.000 86.444 7.775 0.000 1098.825 0.000 35.704

1.2 Interior Girder Dead Loads

Wearing
Surface

3
Diaphragm Diaphragm
D_Diaph

D_Diaph
Z

Z
6 7

4 5
Y

X X
CONCRERE DEAD LOAD
No. Item Weight (KN/m)
1 Slab 13.73
3 Web 7.60
4 Left Rect. Web Extension 0.00
5 Right Rect. Web Extension 0.00
6 Left Triang. Web Extension 0.00
7 Right Triang. Web Extension 0.00
W_DL_int = 21.331 KN/m 21.331 KN

DEAD LOAD ON WEARING SURFACE

2 Wearing Surface 2.860 KN/m 2.860 KN/M 2.925 KN/M
THE CALCULATION USES 22
Total W_DL_W_ext = 2.860 KN/m 2.860 KN/M 2.925 KN/M AS-PER THAS-PERCOMMENTS/
CORRKN/M3,REMARKS/ RECOMMENDATIONS
INSTEAD OF 22.5 KN/M3,
FOR THE WEARING SURFACE
WEARING SUR ### ### THE CALCU ### 2.925 KN/M UNIT-WEIGHT HENCE, THE HENCE, THE CALCULATION OUGHT TO BE UPDATED/ REVISED ACCORDINGLY.
CALCULATION OUGHT TO BE
DIAPHRAGM LOADS UPDATED/ REVISED
Width of Diaphragm b = 0.250 m = 250 mm 0.250 M ACCORDINGLY.

L _diaph= 2.240 m = 2240 mm 2.240 M THE CALCULATION USES 0.8 M,

INSTEAD OF 0.58 M, FOR THE
DIAPHRAGM DEPTH HENCE, THE
W_diaph = 10.752 KN 10.752 KN 7.795 KN THE CALCU10.752 KN 7.795 KN HENCE, THE CALCULATION OUGHT TO BE UPDATED/ REVISED ACCORDINGLY.
CALCULATION OUGHT TO BE
UPDATED/ REVISED
DIAPHRAGM DEPTH 0.800 M 0.580 M ACCORDINGLY.
1.3 INTERIOR GIRDER DESIGN DEAD LOAD

THE CALCULATION USES 22

Concrete Design W_DL = 21.33 KN/m ### KN/M3, INSTEAD OF 22.5 KN/M3,
FOR THE WEARING SURFACE
Wearing Surface Design W_DL_W = 2.86 KN/m 2.860 KN 2.925 KN/M THE CALCU ### 2.925 KN/M UNIT-WEIGHT HENCE, THE HENCE, THE CALCULATION OUGHT TO BE UPDATED/ REVISED ACCORDINGLY.
THE CALCULATION
CALCULATION USESTO
OUGHT 0.8 M,
BE
INSTEAD OF 0.58
UPDATED/ M, FOR THE
REVISED
DIAPHRAGM DEPTH HENCE, THE
ACCORDINGLY.
Diaphragm Diaphragm Load = 10.75 KN 10.752 KN 7.795 KN THE CALCU10.752 KN 7.795 KN HENCE, THE CALCULATION OUGHT TO BE UPDATED/ REVISED ACCORDINGLY.
CALCULATION OUGHT TO BE
UPDATED/ REVISED
ACCORDINGLY.
INTERIOR GIRDER DEAD LOADES
DIAPHRAGM DEAD LOADES
(WITHOUT DIAPHRAGMS)
P_Diaph P_Diaph P_Diaph 2.925 KN/M WEARING-SURFACEDIAPHRAG0.580 M
13.728 KN/M SLAB-DECK DIAPHRAG0.250 M
W_DL
7.603 KN/M GIRDER BEAM DIAPHRAG2.240 M
21.331 KN/M P1IN=P2IN7.795
DLDC = TOTAL RC STRUCTURE DEAD KN 7.795
LOADS (WITHOUT KN
DIAPHRAGMS)

A B
2.925 KN/M DLDW = TOTAL WEARING-SURFACE DEAD LOADS
THE RESULT DIFFERENCE IS DUE
TO THE ABOVE COMMENTS
THE RESULT DIFFERENCE IS DUE
GIVEN FOR THE EXTERIOR
TO THE ABOVE COMMENTS
GIRDER DEAD LOAD
Reaction at Support R_DL_1 [From W_DL and Diaph.] = [(W_DL)*L/2]+(181.98 KN 181.978 KN 177.543 KN THE RESUL ### ### GIVEN FOR THE EXTERIOR HENCE, THE CALCULATION OUGHT TO BE UPDATED/ REVISED ACCORDINGLY.
CALCULATIONS. HENCE, THE
GIRDER DEAD LOAD
Reaction at Support R_DL_2 [From Wearing Surface] = (W_DL_W)*L/2]2 2.24 KN 22.237 KN 22.742 KN THE RESUL22.237 KN 22.742 KN CALCULATION OUGHT TO BE HENCE, THE CALCULATION OUGHT TO BE UPDATED/ REVISED ACCORDINGLY.
CALCULATIONS. HENCE, THE
UPDATED/ REVISED
CALCULATION OUGHT TO BE
ACCORDINGLY.
Dead Load Moment and Shear 177.543 KN UPDATED/ REVISED
RA = REACTION DUE TO TOTAL RC STRUCTURE DEAD LOADS (WITH DIAPHRAGMS)
ACCORDINGLY.
DEAD LOADS WITHOUT WEARING SURFACE 22.742 KN RA = REACTION DUE TO WEARING-SURFACE DEAD LOADS
M_DL_1 = (R_DL_1 - P_Diaph)*X -(W_DL)(X²)/2 ROUNDUP[(MAX [0,X-S_Diaph]]
V_DL_1 = (R_DL_1 - P_Diaph) - (W_DL)*x

DEAD LOADS FROM WEARING SURFACE for X < 7.775 m for X = 7.775 m
M_DL_2 = (R_DL_2)*X -(W_DL_W)(X²)/2 Shear at X, Vx=Ra-P1-DLDC*X= Shear at X= 7.775M; V=Ra-P1-DLDC*X-P2/2=
V_DL_2 = (R_DL_2) - (W_DL_W)*x Moment at X, Mx=RaX-P1*X-DLDC*X2/2 Moment at X= 7.775M; M=RaX-P1*X-DLDC*X2/2-(P2/2*B/4)
P1 AND P2 ARE DIAPHRAGMS AT SPAN ENDS B= WIDTH OF MIDDLE DIAPHRAGM
Location of Live Load Maximum Moment = ((L/2) - 0.7 0.4539 L

INTERIOR DEAD LOAD SHEAR & MOMENT (SERVICE LOADS) UNFACTORED INTERIOR GIRDER DEAD LOAD SHEARS AND MOMENTS
VDC SHEAR VDW
DEAD LOAD EXCLUDING WEARING DEAD LOAD FROM WEARING MDC RC MDW
X/L X [m] RC SHEAR
SURFACE SURFACE STRUCTUR WEARING-
STRUCTURE WEARING-
ES SURFACE
S SURFACE
VDL_1 (KN) MDL_1 (KNm) VDL_2 (KN) MDL_2 (KNm) KN KN-M KN KN-M

0.000 0.000 171.226 0.000 22.237 0.000 169.748 0.000 22.742 0.000

0.100 1.555 138.056 240.467 17.789 31.120 136.578 238.168 18.194 31.827

0.200 3.110 104.886 429.354 13.342 55.324 103.408 424.757 13.645 56.582

0.300 4.665 71.716 566.662 8.895 72.613 70.238 559.766 9.097 74.264

0.400 6.220 38.546 652.391 4.447 82.987 37.068 643.196 4.548 84.873

0.454 7.058 20.663 677.210 2.050 85.710 19.185 666.775 2.096 87.658

0.500 7.775 5.376 686.541 0.000 86.444 0.000 674.802 0.000 88.409

2. COMPUTATIONS OF LIVE LOAD FORCE EFFECTS

2.1 GIRDER SECTION PROPERTIES AND PARAMETERS

APPLICABILITY RANGE FOR:- APPLICABILITY RANGE FOR:-
Check the range of applicability of the Parameters. FOR INTERIOR GIRDERS FOR EXTERIOR GIRDERS
FOR SHEAR
I. Center to Center of Girder Spacing - S (1.1m - 4.9m)
FOR MOMENT DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION FOR MOMENT DISTRIBUTION FACTOR FOR SHEAR DISTRIBUTION FACTOR
FACTOR
S= 2.60 m OK!! 1,100MM ≤ S ≤ 4,900MM 1,100MMFACTOR
≤ S ≤ 4,900MM -300 ≤ de ≤ 1,700 -300 ≤ de ≤ 1,700
6,000MM ≤ L ≤
110MM ≤ TS ≤ 300MM 73,000MM
II. Thickness of the Deck Slab - ts (110mm - 300mm) 6,000MM ≤ L ≤ 73,000MM 110MM ≤ TS ≤ 300MM
Df = ts= 220 mm OK!! NB ≥ 4 NB ≥ 4
4x109 ≤ KG ≤ 3x1012
The Deck Slab and Girder are made of the same
material.
n= 1 1
MOMENT DISTRIBUTION FACTOR FOR INTERIOR
MOMENT DISTRIBUTION FACTOR FOR EXTERIOR GIRDERS
GIRDERS
I= 0.02044416 ### ### ONE LANE LOADED TWO LANE LOADED ONE LANE LOADED TWO LANE LOADED
GIM-2LN = (0.075)+
A= 0.3168 m2 = 316800 mm2 ### GIM-1LN = GEM = LEVER RULE = GEM-2LN = e*GIM-2LN =
[(S/2900)^0.6]*[(S/L) LEVER RULE (MOMENTS ABOUT THE ASSUMED
(0.06)+[(S/4300)^0.4]*[(S/L)
eg= 0.550 m = 550 mm ### ^0.2]*[(KG/(L*(TS^3))) HINGE "RLS-2") = RLS-1 = [(P1)*(LWL-1ST)+(P2)*(LWL- GEM-2LN = 0.759 LANES/ BEAM
^0.3]*[(KG/(L*(TS^3)))^0.1] =
^0.1] = 2ND)]/[S] =
Kg = 0.1163 m4 ### 1.16E+11 GIM-1LN = 0.5216LANES/ BEAM GIM-2LN =0.7072
LANES/ BEAM RLS-1 = 0.750 LANES/ BEAM GIM-2LN = 0.707 LANES/ BEAM
S= 2600 MM S= 2600 MM GEM = (m1LN)*(RLS-10.900
)= LANES/ BEAM e=0.77+(de/2800) =
L= 15550 MM L= 15550 MM P1 = P 2 = 0.5 LANES e= 1.074
X-AXIS SECTION PROPERTIES OF THE GIRDERS DISTANCE OF FIRST LINE OF WHEEL FROM
TS = 220 MM TS = 220 MM de = (WOH-DK) + (BEWEB-H)/2 - WRL=
SECOND LEFT SUPPORT = LWL-1ST =
SINCE de =
X-AXIS MOMENT OF INERTIA & AREA KG = 1.16E+11 KG = ### LWL-1ST = 2850 MM de = 850 MM
850MM > -300MM
Centroid (From DISTANCE OF SECOND LINE OF WHEEL FROM AND ALSO <
ITEM WIDTH THICKNESS Extreme Top AREA A A*Cgi 0.9653
[(KG/L*(TS^3))^0.1] 0.9653
[(KG/L*(TS^3))^0.1]
Fibers of Deck) Cgi SECOND LEFT SUPPORT = LWL-2ND = 1700MM, THE
CALCULATED de
TOP FLANGE 2.600 0.220 0.110 0.572 0.063 m= 1.2 LWL-2ND = 1050.00 MM
IS OK!
WEB 0.360 0.880 0.660 0.317 0.209 m= 1.2
BOTTOM
FLANGE 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

TOTAL = 0.8888 0.272008

SHEAR DISTRIBUTION FACTOR FOR INTERIOR
SHEAR DISTRIBUTION FACTOR FOR EXTERIOR GIRDERS
GIRDERS
I Total (Moment of Cg. Centroid of
ITEM (Moment A* [(Cgi-Cg.)]2 Inertia) It ONE LANE LOADED TWO LANE LOADED ONE LANE LOADED TWO LANE LOADED
of Inertia) the Whole Girder
(from Top of the 0.306 GISH-2LN =
TOP FLANGE 0.002 0.022 0.024 Deck Slab) = GISH-1LN = 0.36+[S/7600]= 0.2+[S/3600]-[(S/1070 GESH = LEVER RULE = GESH-2LN = e*GISH-2LN =
LANE LEVER RULE (MOMENTS ABOUT THE ASSUMED
WEB 0.020 0.040 0.060 Cg. Centroid GISH-0)^2.0 ]=
GISH-1LN = 0.7021LANES/ BEAM 0.8632 S/ HINGE "RLS-2") = RLS-1 = [(P1)*(LWL-1ST)+(P2)*(LWL- GESH-2LN = 0.762 LANES/ BEAM
[From 2LN =
Bottom of the 0.794 BEAM 2ND)]/[S] =
BOTTOM
FLANGE 0.000 0.000 0.000 Web] S= 2600 MM S= 2600 MM RLS-1 = 0.750 LANES/ BEAM GISH-2LN = 0.863 LANES/ BEAM
GESH =
TOTAL 0.023 0.062 0.084 eg = Distance from m= 1.2 (m1LN)*(RLS 0.900 LANES/ BEAM e=0.6+(de/3000) =
Centroid of Web
to Centroid of 0.550 -1) =
Total Moment of Inertia Ixx
= ### 0.0844 m4 Deck Slab P1 = P 2 = 0.5 LANES e= 0.883
DISTANCE OF FIRST LINE OF WHEEL FROM
de = (WOH-DK) + (BEWEB-H)/2 - WRL=
SECOND LEFT SUPPORT = LWL-1ST =
Y-AXIS SECTION PROPERTIES OF THE GIRDERS LWL-1ST = 2850 MM de = 850 MM
Y-AXIS MOMENT OF INERTIA & AREA
DISTANCE OF SECOND LINE OF WHEEL FROM
SECOND LEFT SUPPORT = LWL-2ND =
Centroid
WIDTH (Along Y- THICKNESS (Along (Distance
ITEM From Y- AREA A*Cgi SINCE de = 850MM > -300MM AND ALSO < 1700MM,
Axis) X-Axis) LWL-2ND = 1050.00 MM
Axis) Cgi THE CALCULATED de IS OK!
TOP FLANGE 0.220 2.600 0.000 0.572 0.000 m= 1.2
WEB 0.880 0.360 0.000 0.317 0.000
BOTTOM
FLANGE 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

TOTAL 0.8888 0
I Total
ITEM (Moment A* [(Cgi-Cg.)]2
of Inertia) It Cg. Centroid of
TOP FLANGE 0.322 0.000 0.322 the Whole Girder 0.000
=
WEB 0.003 0.000 0.003
BOTTOM
FLANGE 0.000 0.000 0.000
eg = Distance from
Centroid of Web
TOTAL 0.326 0.000 0.326 to Centroid of 0.000
Total Moment of Inertia Iyy Deck Slab
= ### 0.3256 m4

2.2 SKEWNESS CORRECTION FACTOR

2.2.1 SHEAR SKEWNESS CORRECTION FACTOR

Superstructure Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 3 of 120

(PPBE/008 PRHG/110)
 Package I: Design build
BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE of Bridge Replacement Projects under Kombolcha RNMD ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORITY

0.3
 Lt3 
CFShear 1.0  0.20 s  1 tan   For the Skew Angle of the Bridge
 K g 

2.2.2. MOMENT SKEWNESS CORRECTION FACTOR

C1= 0.091025993305

1  ) 1 .5 
CFMoment 1.0  c 1 (tan For the Skew Angle of the Bridge

Take CF_Moment = 1 [Conservative]

2.3 INTERIOR GIRDERS

I. Distribution Factors for Live Load Moment (Interior Girder)

A. One design lane loaded (for moment Interior girder)

ONE LANE LGIM-1LN = (0.06)+[(S/4300)^0.4]*[(S/L)^0.3]*[(KG/(L*(TS^3)))^0.1] =

Girder Web Spacing (C/C of Girder Webs) = S (in mm) = 2600 mm

Effective Span length of the Bridge (in mm) = L = 15550 mm
Thickness of Deck Slab ts = 220 mm
g_interior_moment = 0.522
g_Interior_Moment_Single_Lane = 0.522 0.522

B. Two or More design lane loaded (for interior girders)

TWO LANE GIM-2LN = (0.075)+[(S/2900)^0.6]*[(S/L)^0.2]*[(KG/(L*(TS^3)))^0.1] =

Girder Web Spacing (C/C of Girder Webs) = S (in mm) = 2600 mm

Effective Span length of the Bridge (in mm) = L = 15550 mm
Thickness of Deck Slab ts = 220 mm
g_interior_moment = 0.707
g_Interior_Moment_Two or More_Lane = 0.707 0.707

II. Distribution Factors for Live Load Shear (for interior girders)

A. One design lane loaded (for interior girders)

ONE LANE LGISH-1LN = 0.36+[S/7600]=

Girder Web Spacing (C/C of Girder Webs) = S (in mm) = 2600 mm

Effective Span length of the Bridge (in mm) = L = 15550 mm
g_interior_shear = 0.702
g_Interior_Shear_Single_Lane = 0.702 0.702

B. Two or More design lane loaded (for interior girders)

TWO LANE GISH-2LN = 0.2+[S/3600]-[(S/10700)^2.0 ]=

Girder Web Spacing (C/C of Girder Webs) = S (in mm) = 2600 mm

Effective Span length of the Bridge (in mm) = L = 15550 mm
g_interior_shear = 0.863
g_Interior_Shear_Two or more_Lanes = 0.863 0.863

2.4 EXTERIOR GIRDERS

I) Distribution Factors for Live Load Moment (Exterior girder)

Depending on the Superstructure Geometry, the first interior girder can

be treated as External girder for the purpose of Live Load Distribtion
Factor [Conservative Assumption];
C (Cantilever Length from Cline of Exterior Girder) = 1.250 m [only for the
puropose of
Curb width Provided = 1.500 m computing Girder
Distribution
Take Curb Width [Assumed] = 1.500 m Factors]

de = Length [Extreme Edge of curb to CLine of Exterior Girder - Width of -250 mm

Check Range applicability: -300≤ de ≤ 1700
de = -250 mm OK!! de is within the applicability range

A. One design lane loaded (for moment Exterior girder)

ONE LANE LLEVER RULE (MOMENTS ABOUT THE ASSUMED HINGE "RLS-2") = RLS-1 = [(P1)*(LWL-1ST)+(P2)*(LWL-2ND)]/[S] =

Applying the lever arm rule:

Distance of first line of wheel from the face of curb = 0.600 m
Girder Web Spacing (C/C of Girder Webs) = S (in mm) = 2.600 m
Total Overhang= Center of Ext. Girder - Extreme End= C 1.250 m
Curb width - Distance of post from edge of curb = 1.450 m
Transverse Spacing of Wheels = 1.800 m
Distance of the wheel nearest to the interior girder from int. girder = -0.050 m -VE means the Wheel load
furthest from the curb is to the
g_Exterior_moment = 0.336538461538 right of the first interior girder
Multiple presence factor (one lane loaded) [Only when using the Lever 1.200
g_Exterior_Moment_Single_Lane (Multiplied) = 0.404 0.900

B. Two or More Design lane loaded (for moment Exterior girder)

de = -250 mm OK!! de is within the applicability range

Applying the lever arm rule: TWO LANE GEM-2LN = e*GIM-2LN =

Distance of first line of wheel from the face of curb = 0.600 m

Girder Web Spacing (C/C of Girder Webs) = S (in mm) = 2.600 m

Total Overhang= Center of Ext. Girder - Extreme End= C 1.250 m

Curb width - Distance of post from edge of curb = 1.450 m

Transverse Spacing of Wheels = 1.800 m

Distance of the wheel nearest to the interior girder from int. girder = -0.050 m -VE means the Wheel load
furthest from the curb is to the
g_Exterior_moment = 0.336538461538 right of the first interior girder

Multiple presence factor (Two lanes loaded) [Only when using the Lever1

g_Exterior_Moment_Two or more lanes (Multiplied) = 0.336538461538

e= 0.680714285714

g_Exterior_Moment_Multiple_Lane) = e*DF_Int_Girder = 0.481389781173

Design g_Exterior_Moment_Multiple_Lane (Multiplied) = 0.481389781173 0.759

II. Distribution Factors for Live Load Shear (Exterior Girders)

A. One design lane loaded (Exterior girder)

ONE LANE LGESH = LEVER RULE =

Applying the lever arm rule:

Distance of first line of wheel from the face of curb = 0.600 m
Girder Web Spacing (C/C of Girder Webs) = S (in m) = 2.600 m
Total Overhang= Center of Ext. Girder - Extreme End= C 1.250 m
Curb width-Distance of post from edge of curb = 1.450 m
Transverse Spacing of Wheels = 1.800 m
Distance of the wheel nearest to the interior girder from int. girder = -0.050 m -VE means the Wheel load
furthest from the curb is to the
g_Exterior_Shear_Single_Lane = 0.337 right of the first interior girder
Multiple presence factor (one lane loaded) [Only when using the Lever 1.200
g_Exterior_Shear_Single_Lane (Multiplied) = 0.404 0.900

B. Two or More design lane loaded (Exterior girder)

de = -250 mm OK!! de is within the applicability range TWO LANE GESH-2LN = e*GISH-2LN =

Applying the lever arm rule:

Distance of first line of wheel from the face of curb = 0.600 m

Girder Web Spacing (C/C of Girder Webs) = S (in m) = 2.600 m

Total Overhang= Center of Ext. Girder - Extreme End= C 1.250 m

Curb width - Distance of post from edge of curb = 1.450 m

Transverse Spacing of Wheels = 1.800 m

Distance of the wheel nearest to the interior girder from int. girder = -0.050 m -VE means the Wheel load
furthest from the curb is to the
g_Exterior_Shear_Two or more lanes loaded = 0.336538461538 right of the first interior girder

Multiple presence factor (Two lanes loaded) [Only when using the Lever1

g_Exterior_Shear_Two or more_Lanes (Multiplied) = 0.336538461538

e = 0.516666666667

g_Exterior_Shear = e*g_interior_Shear = 0.446

Design g_Exterior_Shear_Multiple_Lane (Multiplied) = 0.446 0.762

III. Exterior Girder Minimum Distribution Factors for Live Load Moment & Shear (Ext

Minimum Distribution Factors for Rigid body Rotation

Min. Distance of Wheel Load from C0.60 m 0.600

Transverse Spacing of Wheel Loads =1.80 m 1.800
Lane Width = 3.50 m

N_b (No. of Girders) 4 4.000

Xext = 3.90 m 3.900
X1 = Xext = 3.90 m 3.900
X2 = 1.30 m 1.300
X3 = 0.00 m

X4 = 0.00 m

X5 = 0.00 m

X6 = 0.00 m

S =X_i^2 = 33.8 33.800

A. One design lane loaded (Exterior girder)

N_L_Loaded = 1 1.000
e1 = 2.15 m 3.250
Xext* Sei 8.39 12.675
Multiple Presence Factor m1 = 1.2 1.200
Minimum DF (Multiplied by m1) = 0.597692307692 0.750

B. Two design lane loaded (Exterior girder)

N_L_Loaded = 2 2.000
e1 = 2.15 m 3.250
e2 = 0.00 m 0.250
Xext* Sei 8.39 13.650

Superstructure Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 4 of 120

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Multiple Presence Factor m2 = 1 1.000

Minimum DF (Multiplied by m2) = 0 Equation does not apply 0.904

C. Three design lane loaded (Exterior girder)

N_L_Loaded = 3

e1 = 2.15 m

e2 = 0.00 m

e3 = 0.00 m

Xext* Sei 8.39

Multiple Presence Factor m3 = 0.85

Minimum DF (Multiplied by m3) = 0 Equation does not apply

2. COMPUTATIONS OF LIVE LOAD FORCE EFFECTS

2.5 DESIGN DISTRIBUTION FACTORS OF LIVE LOADS 2.3 INTERIOR GIRDERS

DF_Moment = 0.598 [including Skew Correction Factor if any) 0.904 I. DISTRIBUTION FACTORS FOR LIVE LOAD MOMENT (INTERIOR GIRDER)
EXTERIOR GIRDER
DF_Shear = 0.598 [including Skew Correction Factor if any) 0.904 ONE LANE TWO LANE L ONE LANTWO LANE LOADED

0.522 0.707 0.522 0.707

DF_Moment = 0.707 [including Skew Correction Factor if any) 0.707 II. DISTRIBUTION FACTORS FOR LIVE LOAD SHEAR (FOR INTERIOR GIRDERS) AS PER THE ABOVE
INTERIOR GIRDER GIVEN
DF_Shear = 0.863 [including Skew Correction Factor if any) 0.863 0.702 0.863 0.702 0.863 AS PER THE SPREADSHEET
RECOMMENDATIONS
2.4 EXTERIOR GIRDERS ONE LANE
TWOLOADED
LANE
ONE AND
LOADED
LANE ASSUMPTIONS
LOADED
TWO LANE LOADED
IM = 33% I. DISTRIBUTION FACTORS FOR LIVE LOAD MOMENI. DISTRIBUTION FACTORS FOR LIVE LO
Impact factor I = 1+IM/100 = 1.33 0.404 0.337 0.900 0.759 0.404 0.337 0.900 0.759
II. DISTRIBUTION FACTORS FOR LIVE LOAD SHEARIII. EXTERIOR GIRDER
II. DISTRIBUTION MINIMUM
FACTORS FOR LIVE LO
0.404 0.446 0.900 0.762 DISTRIBUTION
0.404 0.446 FACTORS
0.900 FOR LIVE
0.762LOAD
MOMENT & SHEAR (EXTERIOR GIRDERS)
2.6 DESIGN VEHICLES & LOADS III. EXTERIOR GIRDER MINIMUM DISTRIBUTION FAOR ADDITIONAL CHECK FOR RIGIDLY
CONNECTED GIRDERS (i.e. AS PER SEC
0.598 0.000 0.750 0.904 0.598 0.000
[Link].2D OF THE0.750
AASHTO 0.904
BDS-2007/
2.6.1 HL-93 DF MAX-MOMENT = 0.707 0.707
MAXIMUM DISTRIBUTION FACTORS OF
INTERIOR 2010)
THE EXTERIOR GIRDER
HL-93 Design Axle load W= (unfactored lane loading with
145.00 KN/Lane dynamic GIRDER DF MAX-SHEAR = 0.863 0.863
load allowance but not DF MAX-MOMENT = DF MAX-MOMENT =
Design Total LL+IM = 192.85 KN/Lane multipliedcomputed
by the Distribution factors
above) EXTERIOR DF MAX-MOMENT = 0.598 0.904 0.598 0.904
GIRDER DF MAX-SHEAR = 0.598 0.904 DF MAX-SHEAR = DF MAX-SHEAR =
2.6.2 Design Tandem/Military Loading 0.598 0.904
Design Military Axle load W= 110.00 KN/Lane (unfactored lane loading with
dynamic load allowance but not
multiplied by the Distribution factors
Design Total LL+IM = 146.30 KN/Lane computed above)

2.6.3 Lane load

Lane load = 9.30 KN/Lane
Lane width 3.00 m

2.7 Influence Lines for Live Load

2.7.1 HL-93 Loading

CASE-1 MOMENT AND SHEAR AT REAR WHEEL POSITION ( TRUCK MOVING TO

Longitudinal Spacing of Wheels = 4.300 m
Transverse Spacing of Wheels = 1.800 m

P P

P/4
4.300 4.300

A B

X1
X2
X3
L [SPAN]
HL-93 TRUCK MOVING TO THE RIGHT
CASE-2 MOMENT AND SHEAR AT REAR WHEEL POSITION ( TRUCK MOVING TO T

P P

P/4
4.300 4.300

A B
X1
X2
X3
L [SPAN]

HL-93 TRUCK MOVING TO THE LEFT

I. HL-93 Moment Influence Line

Truck Moving to the Right

Exterior CORRECTED
X/L Moment Coefficients Interior Girder
Girder COMPUTATIONS
P P P/4 Total M (KNm) M (KNm) X M INT M EXT M INT M EXT

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00000 0.00 0.00

0.100 1.400 0.970 0.135 2.504 341.479 288.609 2.499 340.845 288.073 340.845 435.632 0.00465 0.63 0.54

0.200 2.488 1.628 0.192 4.308 587.526 496.561 4.301 586.623 495.798 586.623 749.759 0.00662 0.90 0.76

0.300 3.266 1.976 0.171 5.412 738.141 623.857 5.406 737.335 623.176 737.335 942.383 0.00591 0.81 0.68

0.400 3.732 2.012 0.073 5.817 793.324 670.496 5.814 792.981 670.206 792.981 1013.503 0.00252 0.34 0.29

0.454 3.854 1.903 0.000 5.757 785.158 663.594

0.500 3.888 1.738 0.000 5.625 767.139 648.365 5.625 767.139 648.365 767.139 980.475 0.00000 0.00 0.00

Truck Moving to the Left

Exterior CORRECTED
X/L Moment Coefficients Interior Girder
Girder COMPUTATIONS
P P P/4 Total M (KNm) M (KNm) Mx M INT M EXT M INT M EXT

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00000 0.00 0.00

0.100 1.400 0.970 0.000 2.369 323.085 273.063 2.369 323.085 273.063 323.085 412.933 0.00000 0.00 0.00

0.200 2.488 1.628 0.000 4.116 561.341 474.431 4.116 561.341 474.431 561.341 717.447 0.00000 0.00 0.00

0.300 3.266 1.976 0.064 5.305 723.480 611.466 5.303 723.180 611.212 723.180 924.291 0.00220 0.30 0.25

0.400 3.732 2.012 0.288 6.032 822.646 695.278 6.022 821.292 694.134 821.292 1049.687 0.00993 1.35 1.14

0.454 3.854 1.903 0.377 6.134 836.515 707.000

0.500 3.888 1.738 0.434 6.059 826.379 698.434 6.044 824.337 696.707 824.337 1053.579 0.01498 2.04 1.73

II. HL-93 Shear Influence Line

Truck Moving to the Right

Exterior CORRECTED
X/L Shear Coefficients Interior Girder
Girder COMPUTATIONS
P P P/4 Total V (KN) V (KN) Vx V INT V EXT V INT V EXT

0.000 1.000 0.723 0.112 1.835 305.496 211.535 1.831 304.855 211.091 304.855 319.218 0.00385 0.64 0.44

0.100 0.900 0.623 0.087 1.610 268.042 185.601 1.607 267.544 185.256 267.544 280.149 0.00299 0.50 0.34

0.200 0.800 0.523 0.062 1.385 230.587 159.666 1.383 230.233 159.421 230.233 241.080 0.00213 0.35 0.25

0.300 0.700 0.423 0.037 1.160 193.133 133.731 1.159 192.922 133.585 192.922 202.011 0.00127 0.21 0.15

0.400 0.600 0.323 0.012 0.935 155.678 107.797 0.935 155.611 107.750 155.611 162.943 0.00040 0.07 0.05

0.454 0.546 0.270 0.000 0.816 135.776 94.016

0.500 0.500 0.223 0.000 0.723 120.432 83.391 0.723 120.432 83.391 120.432 126.106 0.00000 0.00 0.00

Truck Moving to the Left

Exterior CORRECTED
X/L Shear Coefficients Interior Girder
Girder COMPUTATIONS
P P P/4 Total V (KN) V (KN) Vx V INT V EXT V INT V EXT

0.000 1.000 0.723 0.000 1.723 286.896 198.656 1.723 286.896 198.656 286.896 300.413 0.00000 0.00 0.00

0.100 0.900 0.623 0.000 1.523 253.603 175.603 1.523 253.603 175.603 253.603 265.552 0.00000 0.00 0.00

0.200 0.800 0.523 0.000 1.323 220.310 152.550 1.323 220.310 152.550 220.310 230.690 0.00000 0.00 0.00

0.300 0.700 0.423 -0.006 1.118 186.041 128.821 1.118 186.074 128.844 186.074 194.841 -0.00020 -0.03 -0.02

0.400 0.600 0.323 -0.031 0.893 148.586 102.886 0.894 148.764 103.009 148.764 155.773 -0.00106 -0.18 -0.12

0.454 0.546 0.270 -0.044 0.771 128.394 88.904

0.500 0.500 0.223 -0.056 0.668 111.132 76.951 0.670 111.453 77.173 111.453 116.704 -0.00193 -0.32 -0.22

2.7.2 Design Tandem/Military Loading

Influence Lines for Live Load [Design Tandem/Military Loading]
Longitudinal Spacing of Wheels = 1.200 m

P P

a*S (Span)
1.200

A B

X1
X2
S [SPAN]
MILITARY TANDEM LOADING

TANDEM MILITARY LOADING MOMENT & SHEAR INFLUENCE LINES

Interior Girder Exterior Girder CORRECTED COMPUTATIONS

X X1 X2 Vtandem Factor Mtandem Factor
VTandem [KN] MTandem [KNm] VTandem [KN]MTandem [KNm] Vx Mx V INT M INT V EXT M EXT V INT M INT V EXT M EXT

0.000 15.550 14.350 1.923 0.000 242.821 0.000 168.137 0.000 1.923 0.000 242.842 0.000 168.152 0.000 242.842 0.000 254.283 0.000 -0.00017 0.00000 0.02152 0.00000 0.01490 0.00000

1.555 13.995 12.795 1.723 2.679 217.564 277.172 150.648 234.258 1.723 2.679 217.585 277.172 150.663 ### 217.585 277.172 227.837 354.251 -0.00017 0.00000 0.02152 0.00000 0.01490 0.00000

3.110 12.440 11.240 1.523 4.736 192.307 489.991 133.160 414.127 1.523 4.736 192.329 489.991 133.175 ### 192.329 489.991 201.390 626.254 -0.00017 0.00000 0.02152 0.00000 0.01490 0.00000

4.665 10.885 9.685 1.323 6.171 167.051 638.457 115.671 539.607 1.323 6.171 167.072 638.457 115.686 ### 167.072 638.457 174.944 816.008 -0.00017 0.00000 0.02152 0.00000 0.01490 0.00000

6.220 9.330 8.130 1.123 6.984 141.794 722.571 98.183 610.698 1.123 6.984 141.816 722.571 98.198 ### 141.816 722.571 148.497 923.513 -0.00017 0.00000 0.02152 0.00000 0.01490 0.00000

7.058 8.492 7.292 1.015 7.164 128.178 741.219 88.754 626.459

7.775 7.775 6.575 0.923 7.175 116.538 742.332 80.694 627.399 0.923 7.175 116.559 742.332 80.709 ### 116.559 742.332 122.051 948.770 -0.00017 0.00000 0.02152 0.00000 0.01490 0.00000

2.7.3 Lane Load LNEX-MOM= 5.559 KN/M LNEX-SH= 5.559 KN/M

LNIN-MOM= 6.577 KN/M LNIN-SH= 8.028 KN/M

Lane Load Shear & Moments at different points LANE LOAD SHEAR AND MOMENTS AT DIFFERENT SPAN POINTS

Point (X/L) X [m] V_Lane [KN] M_Lane [KNm] V INT M INT V EXT M EXT X V-INT M-INT V-EXT M-EXT RA EXT-MOM = 43.218 KN RA EXT-SH = 43.218 KN
0.000 0.000 36.154 0.000 36.154 0.000 36.154 0.000 M KN KNM KN KNM RA INT-MOM = 51.135 KN RA INT-SH = 62.414 KN
0.100 1.555 28.923 50.597 28.923 50.597 28.923 50.597 0.000 62.414 0.000 43.218 0.000

0.200 3.110 21.692 89.951 21.692 89.951 21.692 89.951 1.555 49.931 71.563 34.574 60.483

0.300 4.665 14.462 118.060 14.462 118.060 14.462 118.060 3.110 37.449 127.223 25.931 107.525

0.400 6.220 7.231 134.926 7.231 134.926 7.231 134.926 4.665 24.966 166.980 17.287 141.127

0.454 7.058 3.332 139.354 3.332 139.354 3.332 139.354 6.220 12.483 190.835 8.644 161.288

0.500 7.775 0.000 140.548 0.000 140.548 0.000 140.548 7.775 0.000 198.786 0.000 168.009

2.7.4 SUMMARY OF MAXIMUM LIVE LOAD SHEAR & MOMENT

INTERIOR GIRDER INTERIOR GIRDER Design Design INTERIOR GIRDER

Live Live
X Design Live Load VA [KN] VA [KN] Mo [KNm] Mo [KNm] VA [KN] VA [KN]
VA [KN] VA [KN] Mo [KNm] Mo [KNm] Design Live Load Load Load Mo [KNm] Mo [KNm] Design Live Load Design Live Load
Moment MLL [HL-93 + [Tandem [HL-93 + [Tandem + X [M] [HL-93 + [Tandem +
[HL-93 + Lane] [Tandem + Lane] [HL-93 + Lane] [Tandem + Lane] Shear VLL [KN] Shear Moment [HL-93 + Lane] [Tandem + Lane] Shear VLL [KN] Moment MLL [KNm]
[m] [KNm] Lane] + Lane] Lane] Lane] Lane] Lane]
VLL MLL
0.000 341.650 278.974 0.000 0.000 341.650 0.000 341.008 278.996 0.000 0.000 [KN]
341.008 [KNm]
0.000 0.000 367.269 305.256 0.000 0.000 367.269 0.000
1.555 296.965 246.487 392.076 327.769 296.965 392.076 296.467 246.508 391.442 327.769 296.467 391.442 1.555 317.475 267.517 412.408 348.735 317.475 412.408
3.110 252.279 214.000 677.477 579.941 252.279 677.477 251.925 214.021 676.574 579.941 251.925 676.574 3.110 267.681 229.777 713.846 617.214 267.681 713.846
4.665 207.594 181.512 856.201 756.517 207.594 856.201 207.383 181.534 855.395 756.517 207.383 855.395 4.665 217.888 192.038 904.316 805.438 217.888 904.316
6.220 162.909 149.025 957.572 857.497 162.909 957.572 162.842 149.046 956.217 857.497 162.842 956.217 6.220 168.094 154.299 1012.126 913.406 168.094 1012.126
7.058 139.108 131.510 975.868 880.573 139.108 975.868 7.775 120.432 116.559 1023.123 941.118 120.432 1023.123
7.775 120.432 116.538 966.927 882.880 120.432 966.927 120.432 116.559 964.884 882.880 120.432 964.884 HL-93+LANE LOADING GOVERNS!! HL-93+LANE LOADING GOVERNS!!
HL-93 + LANE LOADING HAS GOVERNED !!

Superstructure Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 5 of 120

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EXTERIOR GIRDER EXTERIOR GIRDER EXTERIOR GIRDER

Design Design
X Design Live Load VA [KN] Mo [KNm] Mo [KNm] Live Live VA [KN]
VA [KN] VA [KN] Mo [KNm] Mo [KNm] Design Live Load VA [KN] VA [KN] Mo [KNm] Mo [KNm] Design Live Load Design Live Load
Moment MLL [Tandem + [HL-93 + [Tandem + Load Load X [M] [Tandem +
[HL-93 + Lane] [Tandem + Lane] [HL-93 + Lane] [Tandem + Lane] Shear VLL [KN] [HL-93 + Lane] [HL-93 + Lane] [HL-93 + Lane] [Tandem + Lane] Shear VLL [KN] Moment MLL [KNm]
[m] [KNm] Lane] Lane] Lane] Shear Moment Lane]
VLL [KN] MLL [KNm]
0.000 247.689 204.291 0.000 0.000 247.689 0.000 247.245 204.305 0.000 0.000 247.245 0.000 0.000 362.435 297.501 0.000 0.000 362.435 0.000
0.000 214.524 179.571 339.206 284.855 214.524 339.206 214.179 179.586 338.670 284.855 214.179 338.670 1.555 314.723 262.411 496.115 414.734 314.723 496.115
0.000 181.358 154.852 586.512 504.078 181.358 586.512 181.113 154.867 585.749 504.078 181.113 585.749 3.110 267.011 227.321 857.285 733.780 267.011 857.285
0.000 148.193 130.133 741.917 657.667 148.193 741.917 148.047 130.148 741.236 657.667 148.047 741.236 4.665 219.298 192.231 1083.511 957.135 219.298 1083.511
0.000 115.028 105.414 830.204 745.623 115.028 830.204 114.981 105.429 829.059 745.623 114.981 829.059 6.220 171.586 157.141 1210.975 1084.801 171.586 1210.975
0.000 97.348 92.087 846.353 765.812 97.348 846.353 7.775 126.106 122.051 1221.588 1116.778 126.106 1221.588
0.000 83.391 80.694 838.981 767.947 83.391 838.981 83.391 80.709 837.255 767.947 83.391 837.255 HL-93+LANE LOADING GOVERNS!! HL-93+LANE LOADING GOVERNS!!
HL-93 + LANE LOADING HAS GOVERNED !!

LOAD FACTORS AS-PER SEC 3.3 AND TABLE 3.2 TO TABLE 3.3 OF ERA BDM OR AS-PER SEC 3.4 AND TABLE
2.7.5 Load Factors 3.4.1-1 TO TABLE 3.4.1-2 OF AASHTO LRFDSERVIC
BDS
STRENGT STRENGT SERVICE- FATIGUE FATIGUE
E-II
Load Factor of Dead Load = 1.250 LOAD FACTOR DESCRIPTIONS/ NAMES H-I (MAX. H-I (MIN. II (MAX. (MAX. (MIN.
(MIN.
VALUE) VALUE) VALUE) VALUE) VALUE)
LFDC = LOAD FACTOR OF DEAD LOAD OF VALUE)
Load Factor of Wearing Surface Load1.500 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND NON- 1.25 0.90 1.00 ─ ─ ─
STRUCTURAL ATTACHMENTS =
Load Factor of Live Load = 1.750 LFDW = LOAD FACTOR OF DEAD LOAD OF
WEARING SURFACES AND UTILITIES =
1.50 0.65 1.00 ─ ─ ─
LFLL = LOAD FACTOR OF VEHICULAR LIVE
LOAD =
1.75 ─ 1.30 ─ 0.75 ─

2.7.6 SERVICE LOAD SHEAR & MOMENT LFPL = LOAD FACTOR OF PEDESTRIAN LIVE
LOAD =
1.75 ─ 1.30 ─ 0.75 ─

DESIGN SERVICE LOAD SHEAR & MOMENT DESIGN SERVICE LOAD SHEARS AND MOMENTS OF SERVICE-II LOAD COMBINATION CASE
DESIGN LOAD DESIGN SERVICE-II SHEARS
Interior Girder Exterior Girder Design Load Effects INTERIOR GIRDER EXTERIOR GIRDER X INTERIOR GIRDER EXTERIOR GIRDER
Point (X/L) X [m] EFFECTS AND MOMENTS
VS [KN] MS [KNm] VS [KN] MS [KNm] VS [KN] MS [KNm] V M V M V M M V M V M V M
0.000 0.000 535.112 0.000 559.018 0.000 559.018 0.000 534.471 0.000 558.573 0.000 558.573 0.000 0.000 669.939 0.000 761.089 0.000 761.089 0.000
0.100 1.555 452.810 663.663 464.662 775.746 464.662 775.746 452.312 663.029 464.317 775.210 464.317 775.210 1.555 567.489 806.125 641.468 1050.999 641.468 1050.999
0.200 3.110 370.507 1162.156 370.306 1364.441 370.507 1364.441 370.153 1161.253 370.060 ### 370.153 ### 3.110 465.039 1409.339 521.847 1837.010 521.847 1837.010
0.300 4.665 288.205 1495.477 275.950 1766.084 288.205 1766.084 287.994 1494.671 275.804 ### 287.994 ### 4.665 362.588 1809.640 402.226 2358.034 402.226 2358.034
0.400 6.220 205.903 1692.950 181.594 2005.457 205.903 2005.457 205.835 1691.595 181.547 ### 205.835 ### 6.220 260.138 2043.832 282.606 2661.108 282.606 2661.108
0.454 7.058 161.821 1738.788 130.926 2063.584 161.821 2063.584 7.775 156.562 2093.271 163.938 2722.593 163.938 2722.593

0.500 7.775 125.808 1739.912 88.767 2070.170 125.808 2070.170 125.808 1737.869 88.767 ### 125.808 ###

2.7.7 FACTORED DEAD AND LIVE LOAD SHEAR & MOMENTS

FACTORED LOAD SHEAR & MOMENT DESIGN FACTORED LOAD SHEARS AND MOMENTS OF STRENGTH-I LOAD COMBINATION CASE
DESIGN STRENGTH-I SHEARS AND
Interior Girder Exterior Girder Design Load Effects Predicted INTERIOR GIRDER EXTERIOR GIRDER DESIGN LOAD EFFECTS
Predicted X INTERIOR GIRDER EXTERIOR GIRDER
Point (X/L) X [m] MOMENTS
VU [KN] MU [KNm] VU [KN] MU [KNm] VU [KN] MU [KNm] MU [KNm] MU, FROM
MU [KNm] V M V M V M M V M V M V M
[From [From TRENDLINE [KNM]
0.000 0.000 845.274 0.000 828.176 0.000 845.274 0.000 6.942
Trendline] 844.152 0.000 827.398 0.000 844.152 0.000 Trendline]
6.942 0.000 889.018 0.000 998.961 0.000 998.961 0.000 10.160
0.100 1.555 718.942 1033.397 692.536 1147.066 718.942 1147.066 1137.557 718.071 1032.287 691.933 ### 718.071 ### 1137.565 1.555 753.594 1067.165 843.012 1378.976 843.012 1378.976 1365.194
0.200 3.110 592.609 1805.264 556.897 2012.638 592.609 2012.638 2004.624 591.989 1803.684 556.467 ### 591.989 ### 2004.643 3.110 618.170 1865.050 687.063 2409.136 687.063 2409.136 2397.392
0.300 4.665 466.277 2315.600 421.258 2596.717 466.277 2596.717 2608.144 465.908 2314.190 421.002 ### 465.908 ### 2608.175 4.665 482.746 2393.655 531.114 3090.479 531.114 3090.479 3106.756
0.400 6.220 339.945 2615.720 285.618 2942.670 339.945 2942.670 2948.117 339.827 2613.349 285.537 ### 339.827 ### 2948.162 6.220 347.321 2702.524 375.165 3486.326 375.165 3486.326 3493.283
0.454 7.058 272.344 2682.847 212.844 3024.084 272.344 3024.084 3022.062 3022.114 7.775 210.756 2766.581 220.686 3564.865 220.686 3564.865 3556.976

0.500 7.775 217.476 2679.965 152.654 3028.814 217.476 3028.814 3024.543 217.476 2676.390 152.654 ### 217.476 ### 3024.603

[Link] Derivation of Moment Equation by using Quadratic Regression MU [KNm] MU [KNM]

X [m] MU [KNm] X [M] MU [KNM]
3500 4000

3000 3500
Derivation of Moment Equation by using Quadratic Regression f(x) = − 54.496386520352 x² + 811.825305609183 x + 6.94202419811866 0.000 0.000 f(x) = − 66.7563380489024 x² + 975.212762548696 x + 10.1603455528839
R² = 0.999917513701583
0.000 0.000
R² = 0.999951813663613
2500 3000
X² (M)(x) X³ (M)(X²) X4 1.555 1147.066 1.555 1378.976
2500
2000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.110 2012.638 3.110 2409.136
2000
1500
2.418 1783.688 3.760 2773.635 5.847 4.665 2596.717 1500
4.665 3090.479
1000
9.672 6259.306 30.080 19466.440 93.550 6.220 2942.670 1000 6.220 3486.326
500
21.762 12113.685 101.521 56510.341 473.594 7.058 3024.084 500 7.775 3564.865
0 0
38.688 18303.410 240.642 113847.210 1496.792 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7.775 3028.814 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

49.820 21344.990 351.647 150660.058 2482.039

60.451 23549.030 470.004 183093.712 3654.278

K =ΣM = 14751.99 P =ΣX³ = 1197.65

M =ΣX = 30.38 T= ΣMX² = 526351.40

N =ΣX² = 182.81 Y =ΣX4 8206.10

J =ΣMx = 83354.11

M =aX² +bX +C

T  NC  Pb ((JY  TP)  (YM  PN) *CC) ((KP  JN)(NY  P²)  (JY  TP)(MP  N²))
a b
Y NY  P² ((7P  NM)(NY  P²)  (YM  PN)(MP  N²))

a = -54.4963865204 b = 811.8253056092 c = 6.94202419812

Moment Equation M = -54.4963865204 X² + 811.8253056092 X + 6.94202419812

3. FLEXURAL DESIGN OF THE GIRDERS

Effective Flange width is the minimum of

L/4 = 3.888 m
b_w+12*D_f = 3.000 m
C/C of Girders = 2.600 m

Take Flange width b_f = 2.600 m

Strength Limit State Mu_max = 3028.81 KNm
Using F = 32 mm Main bars and
Max. Size of aggregates = 19 mm
Minimum Clear space between bars will be the maximum of
1.5 F = 48 mm or
1.5* [Link] Aggregates = 28.5 mm or
1.5" (1.5 Inches) = 38.1 mm
Minimum Clear Space [Max 1.5F,1.5*D_agg, 1.5 Inches)= 48 mm

Minimum Clear cover to Rebars = 1.5 38.1 mm

Use bottom clear cover = 42 mm
Vertical Clear Space = Min. 1 inch = 25.4 mm
Take C/C Spacing between Layers = 70 mm
Take C/C Bars in a single layer = 110 mm
Cover up to first row C/C bars = 70 mm
Use Side Cover C/C bars = 70 mm
Clear Bottom Cover adopted = 42 mm

3.1 CHECK IF THE GIRDER IS T-BEAM OR RECTANGULAR BEAM

Try 12 ###
No. of Bars in the rest of all Layers = 3
aS = 804.25 mm²
As = 9650.97 mm²

GIRDER REINFORCEMENT DETAIL

Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4
Centroid upto
Current Layer
Item No. of Bars Cover =Col 2* Col 3

Layer 1 = 3 70 210 70.00

Layer 2 = 3 140 420 105.00

Layer 3 = 3 210 630 140.00

Layer 4 = 3 280 840 175.00

Layer 5 = 0 0 0 175.00

Layer 6 = 0 0 0 175.00

Layer 7 = 0 0 0 175.00

Layer 8 = 0 0 0 175.00

Layer 9 = 0 0 0 175.00

Layer 10= 0 0 0 175.00

Layer 11= 0 0 0 175.00

Layer 12= 0 0 0 175.00

TOTAL NO. 12 2100

Centroid of Re-bars from Bottopm Ỹ = 175.00 mm

Effective Depth d = 925.00 mm

Trial r =As/bd = 0.004012878433

For rebar Ø> 20 mm
β1 = 0.85

 f'  599.483 
Balanced Steel Ratio = b 0.851 C 0.024690682484
 
 f  (599.483 f 
 y  y

rmax =0.75rb = 0.018518011863 Trial r<rmax ===>Ok

Check if the
Girder can be
considered T- A S fy
Beam or a  75.51
 mm
Rectangular 0.85 fC' b
Beam
a < Slab Thickness ===>Rectangular Beam. No T-Beam Analysis is Required
==>b = b_f

3.2 DETERMINATION OF REQUIRED REINFORCEMENTS

MU
AS  9118.44 mm² 
fy (d  (a / 2))

No. of Bars Requir 11.33784522772

Provide 12 ###
As prov. = 9650.97 mm2

c =a/b1 88.84 mm
c/dprov = 0.096040631475 <0.6. fyk instead of fs can be used
es = net tensile strain = 0.003(dprov/c - 1) = 0.028236779204 >0.005 ==> Tension Controlled. Ø=0.9

ρmax= 0.75ρb = 0.018518011863

ρprov. = As/bd = 0.004012878433 OK!!
Design Strength = Mr = Φfy As (d-a/2) = 3198.19 KNm Ok!! Provided Capacity Mr > Mu

Flange Width b_f = 2.600 m

D= 1.100 m
Ỹ= 175.000 mm
d= 925.000 mm
b_w = 0.360 m

Number of Bars in group G 4

Number of Bars in group G1 2
Number of Bars in group G2 3
Number of Bars in group G3 3
Number of Bars in group G4 0
Number of Bars in group G5 0
Number of Bars in group G6 0

Note: All Bars of Type G can be placed in maximum three layers.

Bars in Group G1 can be placed only either in the first, second or third layer and can not be placed beyond the third layer.
Bars in groups G1 to G6 can be placed only in one layer.
And except the first, second and third layer, all other layers contain bars of a single type.

No. of bars Bar Group Layer As (mm²) Ỹ (mm) d (mm) a (mm) M=Φfy As (d-a/2)

4 G 2 3216.99 87.50 1012.50 25.17 1201.44

6 G1 2 4825.49 105.00 995.00 37.76 1759.28

9 G2 3 7238.23 140.00 960.00 56.63 2518.79

12 G3 4 9650.97 175.00 925.00 75.51 3198.19

No Bars in this layer No Bars No Bars No Bars No Bars No Bars No Bars No Bars

No Bars in this layer No Bars No Bars No Bars No Bars No Bars No Bars No Bars

No Bars in this layer No Bars No Bars No Bars No Bars No Bars No Bars No Bars

3.3 Development of Flexural Reinforcement

Article [Link].1 Development of Flexural Reinforcement

L_ext is the maximum of L_ext is the maximum of L_ext is the maximum of
Span here is Span of the Girder Span Span here is Span of the Deck Slab Span here is Span of the Deck Slab
Φ = 32 mm Φ = 16 mm Φ = 12 mm
Ab = 804.25 mm2 Ab = 201.06 mm2 Ab = ###
15Φ = 480 mm or 15Φ = 240 mm or 15Φ = 180 mm or
n/20 =L/20 = 778 mm or Span/20 =L/20 = 123 mm or Span/20 =L/20 = 123 mm or
d = 1012.50 mm or d = 162.00 mm or d = ###

0.02 A b fy 0.02 A b fy 0.02 A b fy

ld  1362.58
 mm ld  225.73
 mm ld  
126.97 mm
fC' fC' fC'
but not less 300 mm or but not less than 300 mm or but not less than ###

ld 0.06b fy796.80
 mm l d 0.06  b f264.00
y 
mm
l d 0.06  b198.00
fy  mm

Superstructure Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 6 of 120

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where Ab is in mm² and fy and f'c are in Mpa where Ab is in mm² and fy and f'c are in Mpa where Ab is in mm² and fy and f'c are in Mpa
In all cases if ld<L_ext, provide d_effective In all cases if ld<L_ext, provide d_effective In all cases if ld<L_ext, provide d_effective
L_Ext= 1362.58 mm L_Ext= 300.00 mm L_Ext= 300.00 mm
### ### ###

3.4 Re- Bars Curtailment

Distance of Girder Face from Face of Backwall = 0.050 m
ide Cover to Longitudinal Girder Reinforcement = 0.050 m
End to End Length of Girder L_Girder = 16.050 m
Girder Re-bar Bar G L_hook = 0.64 m
Splice Length for main Reinforcement
The length of lap for tension lap splices shall not be less than either 300mm or the 1.3 times the development length
Uncut Full Length of a single re-bar 12.000 m
Lap splices for F32mm bars = 1.771 m
COMPUTED LAP
LENGTH Lap splices for F16mm bars = 0.343 m
Lap splices for F12mm bars = 0.300 m
Take L_Lap for Diameter 32 = 1.800 m
DESIGN LAP
LENGTH Take L_Lap for Diameter 16 = 0.400 m
Take L_Lap for Diameter 12 = 0.300 m

12Ø

12Ø
2.5m Ø+12Ø 2.5m Ø+12Ø
###

M =aX² +bX +C = -54.4963865204 ### 6.94202419812

BAR TYPE Length X (Automated) X (Manual Input) Computed Length Design Length
Half Design Length

Bars GL =L_Girder- (2*Cover)-(2*5Φ)+(2*L_hook) = 0.000 m 0.000 m 16.910 m 16.910 m 8.455 m

Bars G1 L= 2*(0.5*Lc/c -x)+2*L_Ext 1.655 m 1.450 m 15.950 m 15.950 m 7.975 m

Bars G2 L= 2*(0.5*Lc/c -x)+2*L_Ext 2.619 m 2.550 m 13.750 m 13.750 m 6.875 m

Bars G3 L= 2*(0.5*Lc/c -x)+2*L_Ext 4.385 m 4.200 m 10.450 m 10.450 m 5.225 m

Bars G4 L= 2*(0.5*Lc/c -x)+2*L_Ext No Bars 0.000 m No Bars No Bars No Bars

Bars G5 L= 2*(0.5*Lc/c -x)+2*L_Ext No Bars 0.000 m No Bars No Bars No Bars

Bars G6 L= 2*(0.5*Lc/c -x)+2*L_Ext No Bars 0.000 m No Bars No Bars No Bars

3.5 Longitudinal Skin Reinforcement

deff = 1012.50 mm (Near the Support). At mid-span, deff is smaller due to more re-bars there.

As_Girder = 9650.97 mm2

Use Skin Reinforcement Diameter 16 mm Re-bars

As_bar = 201.06 mm2

Maximum As_Skin <= (As_Girder/1.2)mm2/m = ###

Mimimum As_Skin =(de-760)mm2/m = 252.50 mm2/m 2

Maximum Spacing of Skin reinforcement = Min (de/6, 300mm) = 168.75 mm

Required Spacing of Skin reinforcement = 797.00 mm

### 160 mm

Check adequacy of As_skin Reinf. ### ### Ok!!

3.6 Shear Reinforcement

Shear Strength of Concrete Vc is given by:

### 2 ### 226.19 mm2 Stirrup L_hook = 100 mm

DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS FOR THE GIRDERS

X (m) 0.000 1.555 3.110 4.665 6.220 7.058 7.775

Mu (KNm) 0.000 1147.066 2012.638 2596.717 2942.670 3024.084 3028.814

Vu (KN) 770.125 718.942 592.609 466.277 339.945 272.344 217.476

Flange
Width (mm) 2600.000 2600.000 2600.000 2600.000 2600.000 2600.000 2600.000

bv (mm) 360.000 360.000 360.000 360.000 360.000 360.000 360.000

deff. (mm) 1012.500 1012.500 960.000 925.000 925.000 925.000 925.000

r 0.001222028823 0.001222028823 0.00289993168 0.004012878433 0.004012878433 0.004012878433 0.0040129

a (mm) 25.171 25.171 56.634 75.512 75.512 75.512 75.512

dv (mm) 999.915 999.915 931.683 887.244 887.244 887.244 887.244

b 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

F 0.900 0.900 0.900 0.900 0.900 0.900 0.900

nstress = 2.377 2.219 1.963 1.622 1.183 0.947
(Mpa) 0.757
Vc
(Nominal) 292.738 292.738 272.762 259.752 259.752 259.752 259.752
(KN)
FVC 263.464 263.464 245.486 233.777 233.777 233.777 233.777
Design
Shear Vs 506.661 455.478 347.123 232.500 106.168 38.567 0.000
(KN)
Diam.
Stirrup (mm) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
(Two Legs)

Smax (mm) 424.941 424.941 424.941 424.941 424.941 424.941 424.941

Scalc (mm) 110.485 122.900 150.259 213.638 424.941 424.941 424.941

Sprovided
(mm) 100.000 120.000 140.000 200.000 310.000 310.000 310.000

Shear Reinforcement Stirrup Spacing at Different Points

1 Space at 50 mm = 50 mm

17 Space at 100 mm = 1700 mm

13 Space at 120 mm = 1560 mm

11 Space at 140 mm = 1540 mm

8 Space at 200 mm = 1600 mm

5 Space at 310 mm = 1550 mm

55 Total = = 8000 mm

3.9 Serviceability Requirements (Service Limit States)

3.9.1 Control of Flexural Cracking of Concrete

To control flexural cracking of the concrete, tension reinforcement shall be well

distributed within the maximum flexural zones. To prevent this kind of cracking, the
calculated stress in the reinforcement at service load ,fs, in MPa shall not exceed the
value computed by ,

(dCA)1Eq(9.14)
ZfS----------- /3

fsmax = 0.*6fyk = 249.0 MPa

Where :Z = crack width parameter in N/mm Zmax = 30000.0 N/mm

depth of concrete measured from extreme tension fiber to center of

dc = bar ; for calculation purpose, the thickness of clear cover used to
compute dc shall not be taken greater than 50mm.
area of concrete having the same centroid as the principal tension
A = renforcement and bounded by the surfaces of the cross-section and a
straigth line parallel to the neutral axis, divided by the number of bar.
A =2*Ŷ*bw/[Link] Bars = 10500.00 mm2

Asteel = 9650.97 mm2

n= 8

ρ = 0.004012878433

d= 925.00 mm

dc = 66.00 mm

bs = 1.091185

ge = 0.75 0.75 if Exposed to water. 1.00 otherwise.

2
Assuming Beam 1 D_ f
acts as T-Beam n   
under Service 2  d 0.223702498513

k 
Limit State, kd D_ f
becomes: n   
 d 
kd = 206.92 mm
NOT OK. BEAM IS RECTANGULAR BEAM

Assuming Beam Acts as Rectangular Beam k  2  n  ( n ) 2 0.223311653599

 n 
kd = 206.563 mm

OK. RECTANGULAR BEAM AS ASSUMED

j = 1-k/3 = 0.925562782134
From the above calculation ---- jd = 856.15 mm

The moment at service load is

M_Service I. = Ms = 2070.17 kNm

M
fS  MPa
250.5  Not Ok! Stress Limit Exceeded
A S jd
Maximum Spacing S<= 205.43 mm >= 110 mm. OK!!

Therefore the Provided Concrete Section and Reinforcement is adequate

Check Z = 22172 N/mm
Z< Zmax = 30,000 N/mm. OK!!! The Provided Reinforcemnts and Concrete Section is Adequate

3.9.2 Fatigue Stress Limits

Fatigue Stress Limit f_f = 144.79-0.33fmin+55.12(r/h)
r/h = 0.3

Service Mmax = 2070.17 KNm

Service Mmin = 1231.19 KNm
d= 925.00 mm
As = 9650.97 mm²
r = 0.004012878433
n= 8.00
j = 1-k/3 = 0.925562782134
M
fS  
A S jd
fsmax = 250.55 Mpa
fsmin = 149.01 Mpa
Fatigue Stress Limit f_f = 112.15 Mpa
fsmax - fsmin = 101.54 MPa < f_f = 112.15 MPa OK!!

3.9.3 DEFLECTION

[Link] SECTION PROPERTIES

[Link].1 GROSS MOMENT OF INERTIA

a= 2.600 m
D_f = 0.220 m
L_Diaphragm = 1.120 m 4
b_w = 0.360 m
X= 0.000 m
Y= 0.000 m
Z= 0.000 m 3
D= 1.100 m
Dweb = (D_Total - D_f) = 0.880 m

First Moment of Area

Centroid (m)
Item Area (m²) measured Area* Centroid
Z

(m³) 2
from Bottom 2
BASIC BEAM

1 0 0 0 1 1
Y

2 0 0 0
X X
3 0.3168 0.44 0.139392

Total 0.3168 0.44 0.139392

DECK SLAB

4 0.572 0.99 0.56628

Total 0.8888 0.705672

Centroid Ŷ from eg (Centroid Deck -

0.7939603960396 0.55
Bottom = Centroid Beam)=

Gross Moment of Inertia

Superstructure Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 7 of 120

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BASIC BEAM (WEB ONLY)

Item Area (m²) Yi (m) Icg(m4) d =Ŷ -Yi (m) Ad²(m4) I_tot (m4)

1 0 0 0 0.79396039604 0 0

2 0 0 0 0.79396039604 0 0

3 0.3168 0.44 0.02044416 0.35396039604 0.03969122635 0.0601354

TOTAL = 0.0601354

DECK SLAB

4 0.572 0.99 0.002307066667 -0.19603960396 0.021982833056 0.0242899

Gross moment of Inertia Ig = 0.084425286073 m4

Ig = 8.44E+10 mm4

[Link].2 CRACKED SECTION MOMENT OF INERTIA

n= 8.00
r = 0.004012878433
d= 925.00 mm
k = 0.223311653599
kd = 206.56 mm
SECTION ACTS AS RECTANGULAR BEAM

CRACKED MOMENT OF INERTIA

Item Area (m²) Yi (m) Icg(m4) d =kd -Yi (m) Ad²(m4) I_tot (m4)

Flange 0.537064526907 0.10328163979 0.001909639822 0.10328163979 0.005728919467 0.0076386

Web 0 0 0 0 0 0

Steel 0.077207781055 0.925 0 -0.71843672042 0.039850898202 0.0398509

Steel Area must be multiplied by "n", the modular

ratio to convert it to equivalent concrete area Icr = 0.047489457491 m4

Icr = 4.75E+10 mm4

Ig
M Cr  fr
yt
fr  0.63 fC'
fr = 3.09 N/mm²

Mcr = ### 328.19 KNm

Ma = M_DC + M_DW = 1231.19 KNm ==> For Deflection & Camber

Ma = M_DC + M_DW + M_LL+I = 2070.17 KNm ==> For Live Load Deflection Computation

3
M    M  3
Ie   cr  Ig   1  cr   Icr  Ig
    Ma  
 Ma    

Ie = 4.82E+10 mm4 = 0.04819 m4 ==> For Deflection & Camber

Ie = 4.76E+10 mm4 = 0.04764 m4 ==> For Live Load Deflection Computation

Ie<Ig, Section Provided is adequate

[Link] DEFLECTION

[Link].1 Dead Load Deflection

P_Diaph P_Diaph P_Diaph

W_DL

A X [Variable] B
a b

Dead Load: W= 36.49 KN/m = 36490.80 N/m

Diaphragm Load: P = 10.752 KN = 10752.00 N
NDiaph [No. of Diaphragms in Span Excluding at Supports] = 1
Effective Span Length L = 15.550 m
Concrete E = 25.49 GPa = 2.55E+10 N/m²
I = Ie = 4.82E+10 mm4 = 0.04819 m4 ==> For Deflection & Camber

"∆" _"DL" " [MidSpan]=" "WX" /"24EI" ["L" ^"3" "−" 〖 "2LX" 〗 ^"2" "+"
At Mid-Span at L/2

"X" ^"3" ]" + " "N" _"Diaph." "P" /"EI" [("3a" "L" ^"2" "−4" "a"
^"3" )/"48" ]
X= 7.775 m [Location where the Deflection is desired]
a= 7.775 m [Distance of a Concentrated Load P from Left Support]
b = Lspan - a = 7.775 m [Distance of a Concentrated Load P from Right Support]

Deflection at Midspan Ds = DDL+NDiaph*DDiaph 0.02330 m = 23.30 mm

At Quarter Points at L/4

"∆" _"DL" " [at disance X from Left Support] =" "WX" /"24EI" ["L" ^"3" "−" 〖 "2LX" 〗 ^"2" "+" "X" ^"3" ]

"∆" _("D" 𝐢𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐦) " [at disance X from Left Support] =" ("P" 𝐛𝐗)/𝟔𝐋"EI"
[For X<a<L]
[𝐋^𝟐−𝐗^𝟐−𝐛^𝟐 ]

"∆" _("D" 𝐢𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐦) " [at disance X from Left Support] =" "P" /"EI" [("−b" "X" ^"3" )/"6L" [For ("X−a" )^"3" /"6" "+" ("bx[" "L" ^"2" "−" "b" ^"2" "]" )/"6L" ]
"+" a<X<L]

X= 3.888 m [Location where the Deflection is desired]

Deflection at L/4 Due to W (Unif. Dist. Load)= DDL 0.01611 m = 16.11 mm

Deflection at L/4 a= 7.775 m [Distance of a Concentrated Load P from Left Support]

due to First
P_Diaph. In Span b = Lspan - a = 7.775 m [Distance of a Concentrated Load P from Right Support]
= Ddiaph_1 Ddiaph_1 0.00034 m = 0.34 mm

Deflection at L/4 a= 7.775 m [Distance of a Concentrated Load P from Left Support]

due to 2nd (if
any) P_Diaph. In b = Lspan - a = 7.775 m [Distance of a Concentrated Load P from Right Support]
Span = Ddiaph_2 Ddiaph_2 0.00000 m = 0.00 mm

Total Deflection at L/4 Ds = DDL+DDiaph1+DDiaph2 0.01646 m = 16.46 mm

[Link].2 Camber & Long Term Deflection

 1.2A 's 
 Long  s  3   1.6 S
 Ast 
Where A 'S is the Compressio n Reinforcement

As' = 0.00 mm² (Neglect for Conservative Estimate)

As = 9650.97 mm²
Total As = 9650.97 mm²
Dlong = 69.9 mm
Camber at MidSpan = 0.899% ###
Camber at Quarter Points = 49.4 mm

[Link].3 Live Load Deflection

P P

P/4

A B

4.300 4.300

a b

Load a b X
P/4 3.475 m 12.075 m 7.775 m
P 7.775 m 7.775 m 7.775 m
P 12.075 m 3.475 m 7.775 m

I = Ie = 4.76E+10 mm4 = 0.04764 m4 ==> For Live Load Deflection Computation

P  3aL2  4 a3 
Deflection at Midspan  Due to P / 4 ,  1    2DFM (1  IM)
EI  192 
PL3
Deflection at Midspan  Due to P at Mid  Span ,  2  2DFM (1  IM)
48EI
P  3bL2  4b 3 
Deflection at Midspan  Due to P after Mid  Span ,  3    2DFM (1  IM)
EI  48 
Due to P/4 D1 = 1.376 mm

Due to P at Mid Span D2 = 8.798 mm

Due to the rear P after Mid-Span D3 = 5.505 mm

Total Live Load D = D1+D2+D3 = 15.680 mm

Allowable Live Load Deflection Dall = L/800 = 19.438 mm

Live Load Deflection is below the maximum allowable, Ok!!

[Link] ROTATION

[Link].1 DEAD LOAD ROTATION

𝐑𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐆𝐢𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝛉𝐀=𝐖𝐋𝟑/𝟐𝟒𝐄𝐈

Rotation at Left Support due to Girder Dead Load ѲA_DL = ###

Pab
Rotation Due Diaphragm Loads  A  [L  b]
6EIL
Load a b X
P_Diaph. [Left Support] 0 15.55 7.775
First Interior P_Diaph. In Span 7.775 7.78 7.775
Second Interior P_Diaph. In Span 0 0 7.775
P_Diaph. [Right Support] 15.55 0 7.775

Due to P_Diaph. [Left Support] QA1 = ###

First Interior P_Diaph. In Span QA2 = ###
Second if Any Interior P_Diaph. In Span QA3 = ###
Due to P_Diaph. [Right Support] QA4 = ###
Total Rotation Due to Diaphragm Loads QA_LL = QA1+QA2+QA3+QA4 = ###

Total Rotation Due to Girder and Diaphragm Dead Loads = ###

[Link].2 LIVE LOAD ROTATION

P P

P/4

A B

4.300 4.300

a b

Load a b X
P/4 3.475 12.075 7.775
P 7.775 7.775 7.775
P 12.075 3.475 7.775

Pab
Live Load Rotation at Left Support  A  [L  b]
6EIL

Due to P/4 QA1 = 0.00035 radians

Due to P at Mid Span QA2 = 0.00170 radians

Due to the Rear P after Mid-Span QA3 = 0.00096 radians

Total Live Load Rotation QA_LL = QA1+QA2+QA3 = 0.00301 radians

Superstructure Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 8 of 120

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Superstructure Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 9 of 120

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 Package I: Design build
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ELASTOMERIC BEARING DESIGN FOR (15M CLEAR SPAN)

I. Load on the Bearings

Service Limit State Dead Load = DL_Serv = 322.08 KN
Service Limit State Live Load with Impact = LL_Serv = 341.65 KN
L_Total = Total Service Limit State Load per bearing = 663.73 KN

II. Bearing Pad Configuration:

Required Area of Bearing Pad = 94818.5918391 mm2

Pad Length (in the Bridge Longitudinal Direction) = Lpad = 300 mm

Pad Width (in the Bridge Transverse Direction) = Wpad = 320 mm
Provided Area of Bearing Pad = 96,000.0 mm2
Adequacy of Provided Area of Bearing Pad = OK!!
Elastomer Top & Bottom Cover Thickness h_rcover = 5 mm
Elastomer Side Edges Cover Thickness h_rEdge cover (Minimum 6mm) = 6 mm
Number of Steel Reinforcement Layers = N_Stlayers = 4
Steel reinforcement Thickness = h_reinf= 3 mm
Number of Internal Elastomer Layers = N_Stlayers-1 = N_Int. [Link] 3
Elastomer Internal Layer Thickness h_rinternal= 11 mm
Total Thickness of the Bearing excluding the Plates = 55 mm

Thickness of Top Plate = 15 mm

Thickness of Base Plate = 15 mm
Total Thickness of the Bearing Pad including the Plates = 85 mm

Bearing Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 10 of 120

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Bearing Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 11 of 120

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III. Material Properties

Elastomer Hardness Durometer = 60
Elastomer Shear Modulus = G = 1.07 MPa
For Durometer 60 Elastomer Creep Deflection at 25 Years divided by the instantaneous
0.35
deflection= Cd=
Steel Reinforcement Yield Strength = Fy = 300.00 MPa

IV. Design Method

Method A bearing Design will be used.

(This method is conservative than Method B but Method B requires additional testing and quality control.)

V. Compute Shape Factor

For steel reinforced Elastomer bearing,

1. All interior layers of Elastomer need to have the same thickness)

2. The thickness of the cover layers shall not exceed 70% of thickness of internal layers.

0.7*hinternal = 7.7 mm

h_rcover = 5.0 mm

OK! 0.7*h_internal > Cover Thickness h_rcover

For rectangular bearing without holes, Shape Factor is:

L* W
Si 
2 * h _ ri * (L  W)

Bearing Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 12 of 120

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 Package I: Design build
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L* W
Si 
2 * h _ ri * (L  W)
Shape factor for Cover layers = Scov = 15.48

Shape factor for Internal layers = Sint = 7.04 Not Ok!! Bearing is not Efficient

For Efficient Bearing, Shape Factor S shall be between 10 - 12.

VI. Check Compressive Stress

Compressive Stress check limits at Service Limit State is:

Criteria:- sS £ 7.00 MPa and sS £ 1.0*G*S

These stress limits may be increased by 10 percent where shear deformation is prevented

Compressive stress is checked at the total reaction at the abutments for Service Limit State divided by Pad area.

sS = (DL_Serv. + LL_Serv.)/Area of Bearing6.91

= MPa
1.0*G*Sint = 7.53 MPa

OK!!!! Comp. Stress is < 7Mpa and <1.0*G*Sint

Bearing Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 13 of 120

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VII. Check Shear Deformation

AASHTO Table [Link]-1

Maximum Temperature Tmax = 47 oC

Minimum Temperature Tmin = 7 oC

Temperature Range (Between Max and Min. Temperatures) = DT= 40 oC

Coef. of Thermal Expansion = ε = 10.8 × 10− 6 mm/mm/ C) o 0.0000108 (mm/mm/oC)

Length of Superstructure under Thermal Stress = Total Length of Girder 16050 mm

Width of Superstructure under Thermal Stress = Superstructure Width = 10300 mm

Thickness of the Elastomer excluding the steel laminates = hrt. = 43 mm

Shear deformation of the elastomer at service limit state in the longitudinal direction of the bridge

Δsz = ε*0.75*ΔT*Lspan = 5.20 mm

Shear deformation of the elastomer at service limit state in the Transverse direction of the bridge

Δsx = ε*0.75*ΔT*Wbridge = 3.34 mm

Ds = max. total shear deformation of the elastomer at service limit state =

 S  sx 2  sz 2

Bearing Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 14 of 120

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 S  sx 2  sz 2
Ds = 6.18 mm

AASHTO specifications suggest a 50% maximum shear strain limit. Therefore, the pad elastomer
material (steel plate thickness not included) total thickness must be twice the expected thermal
movement at the bearing.

hrtMin = Minimum Allowable Total Elastomer Height = 2*Ds

h_rtMin = 12.36 mm
OK!!!! Elastomer Thickness hrt > h_rMin

VIII. Check Rotation

Since Design Method A was chosen, combined compression and rotation does not
need to be checked. The rotation check ensures that no point in the bearing S14.[Link]
undergoes net uplift and is as follows:

2
L    sx 
 S 0.5G * S ri  Pad   
 h ri   [(NInt. [Link]  Rounddown (2h rCover / h ri ,0)] 

sS = (DL_Serv. + LL_Serv.)/Area of Bearing = 6.91 MPa

Dead Load Rotation at Left Support ѲA_DL = 0.004786 Radians

Bearing Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 15 of 120

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Live Load Rotation QA_LL = QA1+QA2+QA3 = 0.003007 Radians

For spans over approximately 30.5m, it is good engineering practice to include an additional 0.005 radians of rotation
about both pad axes to account for construction tolerances.

Rotation for Construction Tolerances [Link]. = 0.00000 Radians

Total Rotation QSX = 0.00779 Radians

2
 LPad    sx 
sS = 6.91 MPa > 0.5G * Sri     5.58 MPa
 hri   [(NInt. [Link]  Rounddown (2hrCover / hri ,0)] 

Ok! Bearing Safe against Rotation!!

VIII. Bearing Pad Slip Check

DsMax_Allow. = (0.2  Gr) ) (DL) h
[Max.
rt Allowable total shear deformation Service Limit State]
 SMax 
G0 ABearing
Where Gr = Roadway Gradient on the Bridge

Gr = 0 [Bridge is with zero Gradient.]

Go = Elastomer Shear Modulus G = 1.07 MPa

DsMax_Allow. = 26.97 mm > Ds = 6.18 mm

Ok! Bearing Pad Slip Check!!

IX. Check Compressive Deflection

Instantaneous Compressive Strain for 60 Durometer reinforced bearings using a compressive
stress shown here below;
αs= 6.91 MPa

Bearing Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 16 of 120

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 Package I: Design build
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Shape factor Sint = 7.0381232

eint = 0.045 m/m [From the Graph Above]

Thickness of the Elastomer excluding the steel laminates = h_rt = 43 mm

Instantaneous deflection = dinst= D_Elast.*eint 1.935 mm

Creep = dcreep=Cd*dinst 0.677 mm

Total Deflection = dtotal= dinst+dcreep = 2.612 mm

dint_1_layer=eint*h_rinternal≤0.07h_rinternal = 0.495 mm

0.07*h_rinternal = 0.770 mm

OK!!!! dint_1_layer<0.07h_rinternal

X. Check Stability
Total Thickness of Pad shall not exceed minimum of (Lpad/3 or Wpad/3)

Lpad/3 = ###

Wpad/3 = ###

Minimum of the two = ### mm > D_Total = 85 mm

OK!!!!!!

XI. Check Reinforcement

Bearing Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 17 of 120

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3hmax  S
hreinf 
Fy

hmax = Max (h_rinternal, h_rcover) = 11 mm

αs= 6.91 MPa

h_reinf. = 3 mm > 3*hmax*ss/Fy = 0.761 mm

OK!!!!!!

Bearing Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 18 of 120

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 Package I: Design build
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Berbisa at St. 0+355 Expansion Bearing Masonry Abutment Statical Calculations 1. MASONRY ABUTMENT - SUMMARY OF LOAD EFFECTS ABOUT TOE OF MASONRY

Project: Package I: Design & Build of Bridge Replacement Projects under Kombolcha RNMD
Client: Ethiopian Roads Authority 1.1 VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [SUPER & SUBSTRUCTURE WITHOUT BACKFILL LOADS]
Consultant: Berhan Construction Works Consult PLC
Name of bridge: Berbisa at St. 0+355 VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS (STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS) LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS
DESCRIPTIO MOMENT
Designed By:- Gebeyehu Aragaw [PPBE/008 & PRHG/110] ITEM
N
LOAD (KN) MOMENT ARM (M)
(KNM)
STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I

LOADS WITHOUT APPLYING LOAD FACTORS γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin
DEAD LOAD
1. General Data DL_C SUPERSTRUC 123.65 1.455 179.92 154.56 111.28 154.56 111.28 154.56 111.28 154.56 111.28 123.65 123.65 224.90 161.93 224.90 161.93 224.90 161.93 224.90 161.93 179.92 179.92
DEADTURE
LOAD
Total Number of Spans = 2 DL_W LIVE LOAD
WEARING 9.17 1.455 13.34 13.75 5.96 13.75 5.96 13.75 5.96 13.75 5.96 9.17 9.17 20.01 8.67 20.01 8.67 20.01 8.67 20.01 8.67 13.34 13.34
WITH
SURFACE
IMPACT &
Bridge Clear Span Lc = 15.00 m LL
LANE LOAD
140.89 1.455 205.01 246.55 246.55 0.00 0.00 190.20 190.20 70.44 70.44 140.89 140.89 358.77 358.77 0.00 0.00 276.76 276.76 102.50 102.50 205.01 205.01
DEAD LOAD
WITHOUT
Roadway width w = 7.30 m S1 ABUTMENT
IMPACT 3.60 1.455 5.24 4.50 3.24 4.50 3.24 4.50 3.24 4.50 3.24 3.60 3.60 6.55 4.71 6.55 4.71 6.55 4.71 6.55 4.71 5.24 5.24
DEADSEAT
LOAD
Sidewalk + Post on both ends = Curb_width 1.50 m B1 OF 8.98 1.855 16.66 11.23 8.08 11.23 8.08 11.23 8.08 11.23 8.08 8.98 8.98 20.83 15.00 20.83 15.00 20.83 15.00 20.83 15.00 16.66 16.66
BACKWALL
MASONRY
Loading Specification: HL-93 of ERA BDM 2014 & AASHTO 2007 SI A1 ABUTMENT 282.34 2.969 838.32 352.92 254.10 352.92 254.10 352.92 254.10 352.92 254.10 282.34 282.34 1047.90 754.49 1047.90 754.49 1047.90 754.49 1047.90 754.49 838.32 838.32
DEAD
MASONRYLOAD
Design Standard ERA BDM 2013 & AASHTO 2007 SI & AASHTO 2014 A2 ABUTMENT 156.19 1.605 250.70 195.23 140.57 195.23 140.57 195.23 140.57 195.23 140.57 156.19 156.19 313.37 225.63 313.37 225.63 313.37 225.63 313.37 225.63 250.70 250.70
DEAD
MASONRYLOAD
Concrete Class A fc' = fck = 3481.07913669065 24.00 Mpa A3 ABUTMENT 117.64 0.803 94.51 147.05 105.88 147.05 105.88 147.05 105.88 147.05 105.88 117.64 117.64 118.14 85.06 118.14 85.06 118.14 85.06 118.14 85.06 94.51 94.51
DEAD LOAD
FOOTING
Grade 60 Rebars fyk = 60193.6600719424 415.00 Mpa F1 PAD DEAD 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LOAD
FOOTING
Grade 40 Rebars fyk = 39887.3651079137 275.00 Mpa F2 PAD DEAD 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LOAD
FOOTING
F3 PAD DEAD 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LOAD
FOOTING
Concrete Modulus of Elasticity Ec = 25.49 Gpa F4 PAD DEAD 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LOAD
FOOTING
Steel Modulus of Elasticity Es = 200.00 Gpa F5 PAD DEAD 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LOAD
Modular ratio, n = 8.00 TOTAL 842.45 0.000 1603.71 1125.79 875.66 879.24 629.11 1069.44 819.31 949.69 699.55 842.45 842.45 2110.48 1614.26 1751.72 1255.50 2028.48 1532.26 1854.22 1358.00 1603.71 1603.71

Unit weight of Concrete, gc = 24.00 KN/m³ 1.2 VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [BACKFILL EARTH LOADS ONLY]
Unit weight of Masonry, gmasonry = 27.00 KN/m³

Unit weight of Rockfill, grockfill = 23.00 KN/m³ VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [BACKFILL EARTH LOADS ONLY] LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS

Unit weight of Granular Backfill, ggranular backfill = 19.22 KN/m³ VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS (STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS) STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I
Moment
Item Description Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin
(KNm)
LIVE LOAD
Allowable Bearing Capacity of foundation q_all = 380.00 KN/m² G1
SURCHARGE
33.35 3.451 115.12 58.37 58.37 0.00 0.00 45.03 45.03 16.68 16.68 33.35 33.35 201.45 201.45 0.00 0.00 155.41 155.41 57.56 57.56 115.12 115.12
GRANULAR
Ultimate Bearing Capacity of foundation q_ult = 2*q_all [Assumed] = 760.00 KN/m² G2 MATERIAL 0.00 3.933 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BACKFILL
GRANULAR
Type of Foundation [Soil=0, Rock=1] 0 SOIL G3 MATERIAL 0.00 5.047 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BACKFILL
GRANULAR
G4 MATERIAL 69.35 3.451 239.34 93.62 69.35 93.62 69.35 93.62 69.35 93.62 69.35 69.35 69.35 323.11 239.34 323.11 239.34 323.11 239.34 323.11 239.34 239.34 239.34
BACKFILL
GRANULAR
G5 MATERIAL 94.77 4.002 379.24 127.93 94.77 127.93 94.77 127.93 94.77 127.93 94.77 94.77 94.77 511.97 379.24 511.97 379.24 511.97 379.24 511.97 379.24 379.24 379.24
BACKFILL
GRANULAR
2. RELEVANT SUPERSTRUCTURE DATA G6 MATERIAL 29.12 2.739 79.77 39.32 29.12 39.32 29.12 39.32 29.12 39.32 29.12 29.12 29.12 107.69 79.77 107.69 79.77 107.69 79.77 107.69 79.77 79.77 79.77
BACKFILL
Width of Abutment Seat = 0.500 m R1 ROCKFILL 0.00 5.047 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Effective Span L = 15.550 m R2 ROCKFILL 92.25 3.933 362.87 124.54 92.25 124.54 92.25 124.54 92.25 124.54 92.25 92.25 92.25 489.87 362.87 489.87 362.87 489.87 362.87 489.87 362.87 362.87 362.87
Girder Depth D 1.100 m R3 ROCKFILL 0.00 5.097 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cantilever length [From Extreme End - Center of Exterior Girder] = C= TOTAL 318.85 1176.33 443.78 343.86 385.41 285.49 430.44 330.52 402.09 302.17 318.85 318.85 1634.09 1262.67 1432.64 1061.22 1588.05 1216.62 1490.20 1118.77 1176.33 1176.33
C/C of Girders = a=
Total Super structure width = w+2*Sw = 10.300 m 1.3 LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS [BRAKING, TEMPERATURE ETC LOADS]
Number of Girders = 4
2c + 3 10.300 m LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS [BRAKING, TEMPERATURE ETC LOADS] LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS

Assume c = 0.55 a LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS (DESTABILIZING FORCES & MOMENTS) STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I
Moment
0.55 *(2a)+3a = 4.10a = 10.300 m Item Description Load (KN/m) Moment Arm (m)
(KNm/m) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin
Braking Force
a= 2.512 m BR (For Two 0.00 7.616 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lanes)
Loads Due To
C/C of Girders Use a = 2.600 m TU Temperature 7.00 7.616 53.34 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 0.00 0.00 7.00 7.00 26.67 26.67 26.67 26.67 26.67 26.67 0.00 0.00 53.34 53.34
Change
Loads Due to
c= 1.250 m FR
Friction
27.37 7.616 208.45 27.37 27.37 27.37 27.37 27.37 27.37 27.37 27.37 27.37 27.37 208.45 208.45 208.45 208.45 208.45 208.45 208.45 208.45 208.45 208.45
Longitudinal
W_Superstr._Lo Wind Load on
Girder c/c Spacing = 2.600 m ng. Superstructur
0.00 7.616 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Longitudinal
W_Vehicle_Lon Winde atLoad
600 on
Deck Overhang Length = L_ovrhng 1.070 m g. Vehicle at
0.00 7.616 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Longitudinal
600
Span Length = 15.550 m W_Substr._Long Wind Load on 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Substructure
at 600
Post & Railing (Parapet) Height = 1.100 m TOTAL 34.37 261.79 30.87 30.87 30.87 30.87 30.87 30.87 27.37 27.37 34.37 34.37 235.12 235.12 235.12 235.12 235.12 235.12 208.45 208.45 261.79 261.79
Deck Overhang Thickness [Average Thickness] = 0.215 m
Curb Thickness [Average Thickness] = 0.235 m 1.4 ACTIVE LATERAL EARTH LOADS & MOMENTS (WITH Z1 HEIGHT)
Girder Depth = 1.100 m
Girder Bottom Total Web width = b_web = 0.360 m I. LATERAL LOADS OF THE EARTH (BACKFILL) LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS

Bearing Type (Fixed = 1 or Expansion = 0) 0 DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS (With Z1 Height) STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I
Moment
Bearing Height Including the Base & Sole Plates = 0.085 m Item Description
Live Load Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin
Surcharge from (KNm)
Top of
Superstructure Depth H_SUPER (Including Curb & Post) 2.435 m P_LS_1 Embankment
Lateral Earth up to 13.66 6.478 88.48 23.90 23.90 0.00 0.00 18.44 18.44 6.83 6.83 13.66 13.66 154.84 154.84 0.00 0.00 119.44 119.44 44.24 44.24 88.48 88.48
4m Depth
Pressure from Top
(Granular
of Embankment
P_A_1 [Live Load up 45.53 5.812 264.58 68.29 40.97 68.29 40.97 68.29 40.97 68.29 40.97 45.53 45.53 396.86 238.12 396.86 238.12 396.86 238.12 396.86 238.12 264.58 264.58
toMaterial)
4m Depth
Surcharge up to
4m(Granular
Depth as
Weight of the
3. ABUTMENT GEOMETRIC DATA P_LS_2 Material)
Surcharge]
Granular from
Material 11.53 2.239 25.82 20.18 20.18 0.00 0.00 15.57 15.57 5.77 5.77 11.53 11.53 45.19 45.19 0.00 0.00 34.86 34.86 12.91 12.91 25.82 25.82
up4mtoDepth
4m Depthup toas
Top of Footing
Surcharge] Pad
from
P_A_2 (with Ka_Rock
4m Depth up Fill)
to 76.89 2.239 172.16 115.33 69.20 115.33 69.20 115.33 69.20 115.33 69.20 76.89 76.89 258.24 154.94 258.24 154.94 258.24 154.94 258.24 154.94 172.16 172.16
G1 - LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE Lateral
Top Earth
of Footing
Pressure
Pad (withfrom 4m
Ka_Rock
P_A_3 Depth up to Top of
Fill) 43.04 1.493 64.25 64.56 38.74 64.56 38.74 64.56 38.74 64.56 38.74 43.04 43.04 96.37 57.82 96.37 57.82 96.37 57.82 96.37 57.82 64.25 64.25
Footing Pad (Rock
WL (Wind Load on Vehicle) Fill Material)
TOTAL 190.64 615.28 292.26 192.99 248.17 148.90 282.18 182.91 260.77 161.50 190.64 190.64 951.50 650.91 751.47 450.88 905.78 605.19 808.62 508.03 615.28 615.28

1.80m
X1 DECKSLAB
G2 B2
Top Width of Abutment 0.800 1.5 PASSIVE PRESSURE LATERAL EARTH LOADS
G4 B1 SUPERSTRUCTURE LOADS
DL_C , DL_W & LL
S2 X2 (HEEL SIDE FOOTING 0.300

B1
Longitudinal Forces
G3 G6
(Wind, Breaking Force X3 = 2.892 I. PASSIVE PRESSURE LATERAL LOADS OF THE EARTH (BACKFILL) LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS

4.00m
LEVEL A
Temperature etc.
G5

S1
P1 TOP WIDTH OF ABUTME 0.800 STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I

Z1
S1 Passive
Moment
X5 = 1.205 Item Pressure at Load (KN)
Description Moment Arm (m) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin
H2 Toe Side (It (KNm)
R2 can be
H1 X6 (TOE SIDE FOOTING 0.300 P_P_1 25.43 0.233 5.93 38.14 22.89 38.14 22.89 38.14 22.89 38.14 22.89 25.43 25.43 8.90 5.34 8.90 5.34 8.90 5.34 8.90 5.34 5.93 5.93
ignored for

Y1 = H (Total Height)
A2 a

Z2
A1 1
X7 [TOTAL CONCRETE F 5.498 TOTAL
conservative 25.43 5.93 38.14 22.89 38.14 22.89 38.14 22.89 38.14 22.89 25.43 25.43 8.90 5.34 8.90 5.34 8.90 5.34 8.90 5.34 5.93 5.93
P2 1 design

Y5 = H_Abut
R1
A3 X8 [MASONRY TOTAL B 4.898

1.6 SEISMIC EFFECTS SUMMARY - LOADS & MOMENTS

X2 X3 X4 X5 X6

X8 F4 I. SEISMIC LATERAL LOADS LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS

R3 F3 DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS (With Z1 Height) STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I
F1 F5

Y3
F2 Moment

Y2
Y4
Item Description Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin
(KNm)
Seismic
X7 EQ_1 Lateral Earth 25.22 5.087 128.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.22 25.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 128.31 128.31 0.00 0.00
Seismic
TYPICAL ABUTMENT SECTION EQ_2
Loads
Inertial
Seismic
Lateral 50.55 4.404 222.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50.55 50.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 222.62 222.62 0.00 0.00
Inertial
Forces on
EQ_3 Lateral
Dead Loads 19.13 5.776 110.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.13 19.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 110.50 110.50 0.00 0.00
Forces on
Grade Elevation = 1574.511 m 1574.511 TOTAL
Backfill 94.90 461.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 94.90 94.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 461.42 461.42 0.00 0.00
Elevation of Deepest Bed Level = 1568.348 m 1568.348

FIXED END LHS Abutment Elevation of Bottom of Footing Pad= 1565.348 m FREE END LHS Abutment E 8.828 1565.348 2. SUMMARY OF LOAD EFFECTS ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD
FREE END RHS Abutment Elevation of Bottom of Footing Pad= 1565.348 m 8.828 1565.348

Slope of the Deck Crown = 2.50% 2.1 VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [SUPER & SUBSTRUCTURE WITHOUT BACKFILL LOADS]
Top Width of Wingwall = 300 mm

Effective Abutment Width [Girder Loads Pressure spreading at 45 0 through Seat] = 9.700 m 8.76 [Conservative Eff. Abut. Width] VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS (STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS) LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS
MOMENT
Girder Depth = 1100 mm ITEM DESCRIPTION LOAD (KN) MOMENT ARM (M)
(KNM)
STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I

Max [Top Slab Thickness/Approach Slab Thickness] = 335 mm LOADS WITHOUT APPLYING LOAD FACTORS γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin
DEAD LOAD
Thickness of Wearing Surface = 50 mm DL_C SUPERSTRUC 123.65 1.755 217.02 154.56 111.28 154.56 111.28 154.56 111.28 154.56 111.28 123.65 123.65 271.27 195.32 271.27 195.32 271.27 195.32 271.27 195.32 217.02 217.02
DEADTURELOAD
Depth of Abutment Seat S1 = 300 mm DL_W LIVE LOAD
WEARING 9.17 1.755 16.09 13.75 5.96 13.75 5.96 13.75 5.96 13.75 5.96 9.17 9.17 24.14 10.46 24.14 10.46 24.14 10.46 24.14 10.46 16.09 16.09
WITH
SURFACE
IMPACT &
Width of Abutment Seat S2 = 500 mm LL
LANE LOAD
140.89 1.755 247.27 246.55 246.55 0.00 0.00 190.20 190.20 70.44 70.44 140.89 140.89 432.73 432.73 0.00 0.00 333.82 333.82 123.64 123.64 247.27 247.27
DEAD
WITHOUTLOAD
Depth of Backwall B1 = 1248 mm S1 ABUTMENT
IMPACT 3.60 1.755 6.32 4.50 3.24 4.50 3.24 4.50 3.24 4.50 3.24 3.60 3.60 7.90 5.69 7.90 5.69 7.90 5.69 7.90 5.69 6.32 6.32
DEADSEATLOAD
Width of Backwall B2 = 300 mm B1 OF 8.98 2.155 19.36 11.23 8.08 11.23 8.08 11.23 8.08 11.23 8.08 8.98 8.98 24.20 17.42 24.20 17.42 24.20 17.42 24.20 17.42 19.36 19.36
BACKWALL
MASONRY
Top Width of Wingwall = 300 mm A1 ABUTMENT 282.34 3.269 923.02 352.92 254.10 352.92 254.10 352.92 254.10 352.92 254.10 282.34 282.34 1153.78 830.72 1153.78 830.72 1153.78 830.72 1153.78 830.72 923.02 923.02
DEAD
MASONRY LOAD
Bearing Height Including the Base & Sole Plates = 85 mm A2 ABUTMENT 156.19 1.905 297.55 195.23 140.57 195.23 140.57 195.23 140.57 195.23 140.57 156.19 156.19 371.94 267.80 371.94 267.80 371.94 267.80 371.94 267.80 297.55 297.55
DEAD
MASONRY LOAD
Level beyond which rock fill has to be used = 4000 mm A3 ABUTMENT 117.64 1.103 129.81 147.05 105.88 147.05 105.88 147.05 105.88 147.05 105.88 117.64 117.64 162.26 116.83 162.26 116.83 162.26 116.83 162.26 116.83 129.81 129.81
DEAD LOAD
FOOTING
Depth of Soil/Rock On the Passive Side [Bed Elev. - Found. Elev] = 3000 mm F1 PAD DEAD 0.00 5.297 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LOAD
FOOTING
Adopted Depth of Soil/Rock On the Passive Side or Depth of Shear Key = 1000 mm F2 PAD DEAD 2.16 5.347 11.55 2.70 1.94 2.70 1.94 2.70 1.94 2.70 1.94 2.16 2.16 14.44 10.40 14.44 10.40 14.44 10.40 14.44 10.40 11.55 11.55
LOAD
FOOTING
Z1 [Top of Embankment - Top of Footing pad] = 8478 mm F3 PAD DEAD 35.26 2.749 96.92 44.08 31.74 44.08 31.74 44.08 31.74 44.08 31.74 35.26 35.26 121.16 87.23 121.16 87.23 121.16 87.23 121.16 87.23 96.92 96.92
LOAD
FOOTING
Z2 [Top of Embankment - Bottom of Footing pad] = 8778 mm F5 PAD DEAD 2.16 0.150 0.32 2.70 1.94 2.70 1.94 2.70 1.94 2.70 1.94 2.16 2.16 0.41 0.29 0.41 0.29 0.41 0.29 0.41 0.29 0.32 0.32
LOAD
FOOTING
F4 PAD DEAD 0.00 0.200 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LOAD
ABUTMENT & WINGWALL DIMENSIONS TOTAL 882.03 1965.25 1175.27 911.29 928.72 664.74 1118.92 854.93 999.16 735.18 882.03 882.03 2584.22 1974.88 2151.49 1542.15 2485.31 1875.97 2275.12 1665.79 1965.25 1965.25

HORIZONTAL VERTICAL ABUTMENT BATTER SLOPE

Y1
H1 [ON ACTIVE SIDE]
Top Width of Abutment X1= 800 mm 8478 mm 0.400 ?V:H
[Top of Backwall - 1V:?H
Y2 =of
Top For Masonry
Ftng Pad] =
Abutment Constant H2 [ON PASSIVE SIDE]
X2 (HEEL SIDE FOOTING LENGTH) = 300 mm
Footing Pad Depth Y2
300 mm
1V:?H
0.1666666667 6.000 2.2 VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [BACKFILL EARTH LOADS ONLY]
Y3 ==For
Y3 Masonry
= Y4 Ok!! Masonry
X3 = 2892 mm Abutment Constant 300 mm Eccentricity is Within 303.93 KPa
Footing Pad Depth Y2
Y4 ==For the Kern
Y3 Masonry
= Y4
Abutment Constant
TOP WIDTH OF ABUTMENT X4 = 800 mm
Footing Pad Depth Y2
300 mm WINGWALL BATTER SLOPE VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [BACKFILL EARTH LOADS ONLY] LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS
= Y3 = Y4
Masonry Abutment H3 [ON ACTIVE SIDE]
X5 = 1205 mm
Height Y5 =
7231 mm
1V:H3
0.4 VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS (STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS) STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I

X8 [MASONRY TOTAL H4 [ON PASSIVE SIDE] Moment

X6 (TOE SIDE FOOTING LENGTH) = 300 mm 4897 mm 0.1 Item Description Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin
BOTTOM WIDTH] 1V:H4 (KNm)
LHS WINGWALL RHS WINGWALL LIVE LOAD
X7 [TOTAL CONCRETE FOOTING WIDTH] 5497 mm 5000 mm 5000 mm G1 36.81 3.901 143.62 64.42 64.42 0.00 0.00 49.70 49.70 18.41 18.41 36.81 36.81 251.34 251.34 0.00 0.00 193.89 193.89 71.81 71.81 143.62 143.62
LENGTH LENGTH SURCHARGE
GRANULAR
LHS Elevation of OGL at Face of Abutment RHS Elevation of OGL at Face of Abutment G2 MATERIAL 0.00 4.433 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BACKFILL
GRANULAR
LHS Elevation of OGL at End Wingwall RHS Elevation of OGL at End Wingwall G3 MATERIAL 23.06 5.347 123.33 31.14 23.06 31.14 23.06 31.14 23.06 31.14 23.06 23.06 23.06 166.50 123.33 166.50 123.33 166.50 123.33 166.50 123.33 123.33 123.33
BACKFILL
GRANULAR
G4 MATERIAL 69.35 3.751 260.15 93.62 69.35 93.62 69.35 93.62 69.35 93.62 69.35 69.35 69.35 351.20 260.15 351.20 260.15 351.20 260.15 351.20 260.15 260.15 260.15
BACKFILL
GRANULAR
SOIL PROPERTY COEFFICIENTS G5 MATERIAL 94.77 4.302 407.67 127.93 94.77 127.93 94.77 127.93 94.77 127.93 94.77 94.77 94.77 550.35 407.67 550.35 407.67 550.35 407.67 550.35 407.67 407.67 407.67
BACKFILL
Coefficient of Friction GRANULAR
Soil Type Resistance Factor F_t G6 MATERIAL 29.12 3.039 88.51 39.32 29.12 39.32 29.12 39.32 29.12 39.32 29.12 29.12 29.12 119.49 88.51 119.49 88.51 119.49 88.51 119.49 88.51 88.51 88.51
F_f (Degree) BACKFILL
Clay 0.850 22 R1 ROCKFILL 22.29 5.347 119.21 30.09 22.29 30.09 22.29 30.09 22.29 30.09 22.29 22.29 22.29 160.93 119.21 160.93 119.21 160.93 119.21 160.93 119.21 119.21 119.21

Sand 0.800 25 R2 ROCKFILL 92.25 4.233 390.54 124.54 92.25 124.54 92.25 124.54 92.25 124.54 92.25 92.25 92.25 527.23 390.54 527.23 390.54 527.23 390.54 527.23 390.54 390.54 390.54

Gravel 0.900 38 R3 ROCKFILL 0.00 5.397 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

TOTAL 367.66 1533.03 511.07 395.27 446.65 330.85 496.34 380.55 465.05 349.26 367.66 367.66 2127.04 1640.74 1875.70 1389.41 2069.59 1583.30 1947.51 1461.22 1533.03 1533.03

Height of Surcharge Live Load Heq = 0.600 m

2.3 LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS [BRAKING, TEMPERATURE ETC LOADS]

3.1 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE - UNDER STATIC LOADING CASE:-

Granular Backfill Ø [Upto 4m from Top] = 37.00 Degree = 0.6458 Radians Coulomb equation is known to become 37.000 0.646 LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS [BRAKING, TEMPERATURE ETC LOADS] LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS
unconservative when d exceeds 15 degrees (as
d_Granular - friction angle between fill and wall = 24.67 Degrees = 0.4305 Radians compared to log spiral methods where a 24.667 0.431 LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS (DESTABILIZING FORCES & MOMENTS) STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I
nonlinear failure surface is used; NAVFAC
Design Manual 7.02, 1986). Therefore, d Moment
Rockfill Ø= 50.00 Degree = 0.8727 Radians 50.000 0.873 Item Description Load (KN/m) Moment Arm (m)
(KNm/m) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin
should be limited to about 15 degrees. It is Braking Force
d_Rockfill - friction angle between fill and wall = 33.33 Degrees = 0.5818 Radians assumed here that d=2*f/3. 33.333 0.582 BR (For Two 0.00 7.916 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LoadsLanes)
Due To
β - Slope of Backfill = 0.00 Degrees = 0.0000 Radians 0.000 0.000 TU Temperature 7.00 7.916 55.44 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 0.00 0.00 7.00 7.00 27.72 27.72 27.72 27.72 27.72 27.72 0.00 0.00 55.44 55.44
Change
Loads Due to
Q - angle of Active Side wall to the horizontal 68.20 Degrees = 1.1903 Radians 68.199 1.190 FR
Friction
27.37 7.916 216.66 27.37 27.37 27.37 27.37 27.37 27.37 27.37 27.37 27.37 27.37 216.66 216.66 216.66 216.66 216.66 216.66 216.66 216.66 216.66 216.66
Longitudinal
W_Superstr._Lo Wind Load on
G Granular Fill = 3.649 3.649 ng. Superstructur
0.00 7.916 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Longitudinal
W_Vehicle_Lon Wind e atLoad
600 on
Active KA_Granular Fill = 0.430 Vertical component of 0.430 g. Vehicle at
0.00 7.916 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
KA conservatively Longitudinal
600
Horizontal Active KA_Granular Fill = 0.296 ignored. 0.296 0.312 W_Substr._Long Wind Load on 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Substructure
at 600
21.801 TOTAL 34.37 272.10 30.87 30.87 30.87 30.87 30.87 30.87 27.37 27.37 34.37 34.37 244.38 244.38 244.38 244.38 244.38 244.38 216.66 216.66 272.10 272.10

G Rock Fill = 4.828 4.828

Active KA_Rock Fill = 0.326 Vertical component of 0.326 2.4 ACTIVE LATERAL EARTH LOADS & MOMENTS (WITH Z2 HEIGHT)
KA conservatively
Horizontal Active KA_Rock Fill = 0.187 ignored. 0.187 0.268

I. LATERAL LOADS OF THE EARTH (BACKFILL) LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS

Passive Kp = 5.400 [From Fig. [Link]-1 AASHTO 2007 SI] 5.400 DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS (With Z2 Height) STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I

Moment
Item Description Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin
Live Load (KNm)
Surcharge from
Top of
Base soil under the Footing Pad = Sand Geotechnical Report ==> Dark grey, medium dense to dense, silty Sand with gravels and pebbles P_LS_1 Embankment up to
Lateral Earth
13.66 6.778 92.57 23.90 23.90 0.00 0.00 18.44 18.44 6.83 6.83 13.66 13.66 162.01 162.01 0.00 0.00 124.98 124.98 46.29 46.29 92.57 92.57
4m Depth
Pressure from Top
(Granular
of Embankment
Load up
Material)
Coefficient of Friction Ø_f = 25.00 Degree = 0.4363 Radians P_A_1 [Live
to 4m Depth
Surcharge up to
45.53 6.112 278.23 68.29 40.97 68.29 40.97 68.29 40.97 68.29 40.97 45.53 45.53 417.35 250.41 417.35 250.41 417.35 250.41 417.35 250.41 278.23 278.23
4m(Granular
Depth as
Material)
Surcharge]
P_LS_2 [Weight offrom
the 12.31 2.389 29.40 21.53 21.53 0.00 0.00 16.61 16.61 6.15 6.15 12.31 12.31 51.45 51.45 0.00 0.00 39.69 39.69 14.70 14.70 29.40 29.40
4m Depth
Granular up to
Material
Bottom
up to 4mofDepth
Footing
as
Pad (with Ka_Rock
Surcharge] from
Strength Limit States Resistance Factor F_t= 0.800 Service & Extreme Event Limit States Resistance Factor F_t= 1.000 P_A_2 4m Fill) up to
Depth
Lateral Earth
82.04 2.389 196.00 123.05 73.83 123.05 73.83 123.05 73.83 123.05 73.83 82.04 82.04 293.99 176.40 293.99 176.40 293.99 176.40 293.99 176.40 196.00 196.00
Bottom
Pressureoffrom
Footing
4m
PadDepth
(with upKa_Rock
to
Str. Limit States Coef. of Friction b/n Base Soil & Found. = 0.373 & Extreme Event Limit States Coef. of Friction b/n Base Soil & Found. = 0.466 P_A_3 BottomFill)
of Footing 49.00 1.593 78.04 73.50 44.10 73.50 44.10 73.50 44.10 73.50 44.10 49.00 49.00 117.07 70.24 117.07 70.24 117.07 70.24 117.07 70.24 78.04 78.04
Pad (Rock Fill
Material)
TOTAL 202.52 674.25 310.27 204.34 264.84 158.90 299.89 193.95 277.82 171.88 202.52 202.52 1041.86 710.50 828.41 497.04 993.07 661.71 889.39 558.03 674.25 674.25

3.2 SEISMIC DYNAMIC LOADING CASE - LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE

Using Mononobe-Okabe pseudo-static approach:- 2.5 PASSIVE PRESSURE LATERAL EARTH LOADS

The Project Area lies at the periphery of Seismic Zone 4 of Ethiopia as per EBCS-1995 and ERA Bridge Design Manual with 0.07 < A ≤0.10. I. PASSIVE PRESSURE LATERAL LOADS OF THE EARTH (BACKFILL) LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS
From the Seismic Map & and location of the Bridges being at the periphery of Zone 4, the Seismic Acceleration Coefficient A can not be
greater than 0.08 as determined by linear interpolation which puts the location in Seismic Zone 1 of AASHTO 3.10.4 Seismic Performance
Zones. Hence Seismic Design is not required.
STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I
However, the Acceleration Coefficient specified in ERA BDM is for a 100 year Return Period whereas AASHTO specifies a 475 year Design
Return Period Earthquake. So, it is assumed here that the Bridges location suffers a 475 year Return Period Seismic Acceleration Coefficient A Passive Moment
of 0.12. Item Description
Pressure at Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin
(KNm)
Toe Side (It
can be
A - Seismic Acceleration Coeff. = 0.12 Assumed value as described above 0.1 P_P_1 51.89 0.333 17.30 77.84 46.70 77.84 46.70 77.84 46.70 77.84 46.70 51.89 51.89 25.95 15.57 25.95 15.57 25.95 15.57 25.95 15.57 17.30 17.30
ignored for
a
ImportanceCategory (Classification) = Essential Essential TOTAL conservative 51.89 17.30 77.84 46.70 77.84 46.70 77.84 46.70 77.84 46.70 51.89 51.89 25.95 15.57 25.95 15.57 25.95 15.57 25.95 15.57 17.30 17.30
design
Seismic Performance Zone = Zone 2 Zone-2 (AS-PER AASHTO'S) AND Zone-4 (AS-PER ERA'S)

Site Effects - Soil Profile = Type II Type-III 2.6 SEISMIC EFFECTS SUMMARY - LOADS & MOMENTS

S - Site Coefficient = 1.20 1.5

R - Response Modification Factors = 0.80 Superstr. to Abutment Connection 0.8 I. SEISMIC LATERAL LOADS LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS

Kh = Horizontal acceleration coefficient = 0.5*A = 0.06 kh = horizontal acceleration coefficient 0.05 DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS (With Z2 Height) STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I

Moment
Kv = Vertical acceleration coefficient 0 kv = vertical acceleration coefficient (d 0.00 Item Description Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin
(KNm)
Seismic
EQ_1 Lateral Earth
Seismic 25.22 5.267 132.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.22 25.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 132.85 132.85 0.00 0.00
Loads
Inertial
Granular Backfill Ø [Upto 4m from Top] = 37.00 Degree = 0.6458 Radians φ = angle of friction of s 0.646 37.000 EQ_2 Lateral
Seismic 52.92 4.500 238.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 52.92 52.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 238.14 238.14 0.00 0.00
Forces on
Inertial
d_Granular - friction angle between fill and wall = 24.67 Degrees = 0.4305 Radians δ = angle of friction be 0.431 24.667 EQ_3 Dead Loads
Lateral 22.06 5.931 130.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.06 22.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 130.83 130.83 0.00 0.00
Forces on
Rockfill Ø= 50.00 Degree = 0.8727 Radians φ = angle of friction of s 0.873 50.000 TOTAL Backfill 100.20 501.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.20 100.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 501.82 501.82 0.00 0.00

d_Rockfill - friction angle between fill and wall = 33.33 Degrees = 0.5818 Radians δ = angle of friction be 0.582 33.333

i - Slope of Backfill = 0.00 Degrees = 0.0000 Radians i = backfill slope angle ( 0.000 0.000

b - angle of Batter of Active Side wall to the Vertical = 21.80 Degrees = 0.3805 Radians β = slope of wall to the 0.381 21.801

Q = arctan (kh /(1–kv )) = 3.43 Degrees = 0.0599 Radians θ = arc tan (kh /(1–kv)) 0.050 2.862

Active KAE_Granular Fill = 0.478 0.469 107.4184228

Horizontal Active KAE_Granular Fill = 0.329 0.323 1.700848607

Active KAE_Rockfill = 0.373 0.364

Horizontal Active KAE_Rock Fill = 0.213 0.208

AASHTO Passive KPE = 5.036

Eurocode Passive KPE = 7.897 Assumes passive side wall friction angle = 0.00

I. ANALYSIS OF LOADS

1. SUPERSTRUCTURE DEAD LOAD EFFECTS

I. SUPERSTRUCTURE DEAD LOADS WITHOUT WEARING SURFACE

Girder Dead Load Reactions on the Abutments per Bearing = 299.84 KN ### ###
Total Girder Dead Load = 1199.38 KN ### ###
DEAD LOAD PER LINEAR METER OF THE ABUTMENT 123.65 KN/m ### ###

II. WEARING SURFACE DEAD LOADS FROM THE SUPERSTRUCTURE

Girder Wearing Surface Dead Load Reactions on the Abutments per Bearing = 22.24 KN 22.237 KN 15.963 KN
Total Girder Dead Load = 88.95 KN 88.946 KN 63.852 KN
WEARING SURFACE DEAD LOAD PER LINEAR METER OF THE ABUTMENT 9.17 KN/m 9.170 KN 6.583 KN

2. SUPERSTRUCTURE LIVE LOAD EFFECTS

I. LIVE LOADS FROM SUPERSTRUCTURE V INT V EXT

Girder HL-93 Truck Load Reactions on the Abutments (With Impact) per Bearing = 305.50 KN ### 305.496 36.154 211.535 36.154
Impact Factor for Live Load 33.00%
Girder HL-93 Truck Load Reactions on the Abutments (Without Impact) per Bearing = 229.70 KN ###
Girder Lane Load Reactions on the Abutments per Bearing = 36.15 KN 36.154 KN
Girder Live Load with Impact & Lane Load Reaction Without Impact per Bearing = 341.65 KN ###
Total Girder Live Loads = 1366.60 KN ###
LIVE LOAD PER LINEAR METER OF THE ABUTMENT WITH IMPACT 140.89 KN/m ###

Abutment Design Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 19 of 120

(PPBE/008 PRHG/110)
 Package I: Design build
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Center to Center Distance of Girders = 2.60 m

Total Carriageway Width without Curbs = 7.30 m
Total Bridge Deck width = 10.30 m

2.1 DESIGN HL-93 VEHICLE

Front Tandem Axle Load = 35.00 KN
Middle Tandem Axle Load = 145.00 KN
Rear Tandem Axle Load = 145.00 KN

2.2 DESIGN MILITARY LOADING

Front Tandem Axle Load = 110.00 KN
Rear Tandem Axle Load = 110.00 KN

2.3 LANE LOADING

Lane Load = 9.31 KN/m
Width of Lane Load = Width_LL = 3.00 m

3. BRAKING FORCE
Horizontal Load: (Braking Force)
Since both LHS & RHS abutments are free with expansion bearings, the entire longitudinal braking force is resisted by the Piers.

The braking force per lane is the greater of:

→ 25% Percent of the axle weights of the design truck or tandem
→ 5% Percent of the axle weights of the design truck plus lane load
→ 5% percent of the axle weights of the design tandem plus lane load
The total braking force is computed based on the number of design lanes in the same direction. Also, braking forces are not increased for dynamic load
S3.[Link]
allowance.

The Specifications state that the braking force is applied at a distance of 1800 millimeters above the roadway surface. However, since the bearings are assumed
incapable of transmitting longitudinal moment, the braking force will be applied at the bearing elevation. This force may be applied in either horizontal direction S3.6.4
(back or ahead station) to cause the maximum force effects. Additionally, the total braking force is typically assumed equally distributed among the bearings:

Number of Design lanes in the same direction [For Braking Force Comp.] 2 [Conservative]

BRKtruck 25% Axle Loads = 81.25 KN

BRKtandem 25% Axle Loads = 55.00 KN
BRKtruck+Lane 5% = 30.73 KN
BRKtand+Lane 5% = 25.48 KN
BRAKING FORCE = 81.25 KN [SINGLE LANE LOADED]

BRAKING FORCE PER BEARING = 20.31 KN [SINGLE LANE LOADED] 40.625 KN

4. WINDLOADS

4.1 WINDLOAD FROM SUPERSTRUCTURE

Prior to calculating the wind load on the superstructure, the structure must be checked for aeroelastic instability. If the span length to width or depth ratio is
S3.8.3
greater than 30, the structure is considered wind-sensitive and design wind loads should be based on wind tunnel studies.

Lspan = 15.550 m
Total Width = 10.300 m
Depth= Hsuper - Hparapet 1.335 m

Lspan/Width = 1.51 OK!!

Lspan/Depth = 11.65 OK!!
Since the span length to width and depth ratios are both less than 30, the structure does not need to be investigated for aeroelastic instability.

To compute the wind load on the superstructure, the area of the superstructure exposed to the wind must be defined. For this example, the exposed area is the
S3.8.1.1
total superstructure depth multiplied by length tributary to the Abutment.

The superstructure depth includes the total depth from the top of the barrier to the bottom of the girder. Included in this depth is any haunch and/or depth due
to the deck cross-slope. Once the total depth is known, the wind area can be calculated and the wind pressure applied.

Hsuper = 2.435 m

The wind load on the abutment from the superstructure will be from one-half of one span length or:

LwindT= 7.775 m

The wind load on the abutment from the superstructure will be from one-half of one span length or:

LwindL= 15.550 m

Awsuper = 18.93 m2
AwsuperL = 37.86 m2

Since the superstructure is less than 10m above low ground level, the design wind velocity, VB, does not have to be adjusted. Therefore: S3.8.1.1

VDZ =VB = 160.00 Km/hr

From this, the design wind pressure is equal to the base wind pressure: S3.[Link]

2
V 
PD PB DZ 
 
 VB 

WindTotal = 0.0024Mpa*Hsuper
WindTotal = 5.84 N/mm

Also, the minimum transverse normal wind loading on girders must be greater than or equal to 4.4 N/mm S3.[Link]

WindTotal = 5.84 N/mm Ok!! Wind Loading is greater than 4.4 N/mm

The wind load from the superstructure acting on the Abutment depends on the angle of wind direction, or attack angle of the wind. The
attack angle is taken as measured from a line Perpendicular to the girder longitudinal axis. The base wind pressures for the STable [Link].2-1
superstructure for various attack angles are given in STable [Link].2-1.

As with the superstructure wind load, the longitudinal wind load on vehicles is not resisted by the abutment at the free end due to expansion bearings. But for
Abutments which have fixed bearings like single span bridges, the longitudinal wind load on vehicles and the superstructure are resisted at the fixed ends.

HORIZONTAL ABUTMENT DESIGN WINDLOADS ON SUPERSTRUCTURE

WIND ATTACK ANGLE BASE WIND PRESSURES (MPA) TRANSVERSE AXIS

LONGITUDINAL AXIS
WS [KN]
WL[KN]
DEGREES TRANSVERSE LONGTUDINAL

0 0.002399999 0.000000000 45.44 0.00

15 0.002100000 0.000299999 39.76 11.36

30 0.001999998 0.000600002 37.86 22.72

45 0.001599997 0.000799998 30.29 30.29

60 0.000800003 0.000900001 15.15 34.08

The total longitudinal wind load shown above for a given attack angle is assumed to be divided equally among the bearings. In addition, the load at each bearing
is assumed to be applied at the top of the bearing above the Abutment Seat. These assumptions are consistent with those used in determining the bearing
forces due to the longitudinal braking force.

The transverse wind loads shown in the Table above for a given attack angle are also assumed to be equally divided among the bearings and applied at the top
of each bearing. However, the transverse load also applies a moment to the Abutment Seat. This moment, which acts about the centerline of the Abutment
seat, induces vertical loads at the bearings. The computations for these vertical forces with an attack angle of zero are presented below.

Mtransverse = WS*Hsuper/2
Igirders = 33.8 m (Sum of Squares of Distances of the bearings from the center of the carriageway)
Rws1=-1*Rws4 = Mtransverse*Lb/Igirders
Rws3=-1*Rws2 = Mtransverse*Lb/Igirders Lb = distance of the girder bearing from center of girder
Lb1=Lb4 = 3.900 m
Lb2=Lb3 = 1.300 m
Hsuper = 2.435 m

VERTICAL REACTIONS FROM TRANSVERSE WINDLOAD ON SUPERSTRUCTURE (KN)

WINDATTACK ANGLE (DEGREES) & WINDLOAD (KN)

BEARINGS 0 15 30 45 60

45.44 39.76 37.86 30.29 15.15

1 6.38 5.59 5.32 4.26 2.13

2 2.13 1.86 1.77 1.42 0.71

3 -2.13 -1.86 -1.77 -1.42 -0.71

4 -6.38 -5.59 -5.32 -4.26 -2.13

* The negative sign here only indicates the direction of the forces is UPWARDS.

4.2 VERTICAL WINDLOAD ON SUPERSTRUCTURE

The vertical (upward) wind load is calculated by multiplying 0.00096 MPa vertical wind pressure by the out-to-out bridge deck width. It is applied at the
windward quarter-point of the deck only for limit states that do not include wind on live load. Also, the wind attack angle must be zero degrees for the vertical
wind load to apply.

Total Deck Width = 10.300 m

LwindT = 7.775 m
WSvertical = 9.6X10^-4 *(Total Deck Width)*LwindT = 76.879 KN

This load causes a moment about the Abutment centerline. The value of this moment is:
Mwind_Vertical = Wsvert*(Total Deck Width/4) = 197.964 KNm

Rws_vertical_1 = (-WSvert/No. of Girders)+(Mwind_Vertical*Lbr/Igirders) 3.622 KN

* The negative sign
Rws_vertical_2 = (-WSvert/No. of Girders)+(Mwind_Vertical*Lbr/Igirders) -11.606 KN here only indicates the
Rws_vertical_3 = (-WSvert/No. of Girders)-(Mwind_Vertical*Lbr/Igirders) -26.834 KN direction of the forces
is UPWARDS.
Rws_vertical_4 = (-WSvert/No. of Girders)-(Mwind_Vertical*Lbr/Igirders) -42.062 KN

4.3 WINDLOAD ON VEHICLES

The representation of wind pressure acting on vehicular traffic is given by the Specifications as a uniformly distributed load. Based on the skew angle, this load
can act transversely, or both transversely and longitudinally. Furthermore, this load is to be applied at a distance of 1800 millimeters above the roadway
surface.

The magnitude of this load with a wind attack angle of zero is 1.46 N/mm. For wind attack angles other than zero, STable [Link]-1 gives values for the
longitudinal and transverse components. For the transverse and longitudinal loadings, the total force in each respective direction is calculated by multiplying the
appropriate component by the length of structure tributary to the Abutment.

LwindT = 7.775 m LwindL = 15.550 m

HORIZONTAL DESIGN VEHICULAR WINDLOADS

UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED VEHICULAR WINDLOAD

TRANSVERSE AXIS WS LONGITUDINAL AXIS
WIND ATTACK ANGLE (Degrees)
LONGITUDINAL [KN] WL [KN]
TRANSVERSE DIRECTION [KN/m]
DIRECTION [KN/m]
0 1.460001094 0.000000000 11.35 0.00

15 1.279992345 0.179995079 9.95 2.80

30 1.199994532 0.349997266 9.33 5.44

45 0.960001094 0.469993985 7.46 7.31

60 0.500000000 0.550005468 3.89 8.55

In the same manner as the wind load from the superstructure, the total transverse and longitudinal load is equally distributed to each bearing and applied at the
the top of the bearing. In addition, the transverse load acting 1800mm above the roadway applies a moment to the Abutment Seat. This moment induces
vertical reactions at the bearings. The values of these vertical reactions for a zero degree attack angle are given below. The computations for these reactions are
not shown but are carried out as shown in the subsection “Wind Load from Superstructure.” The only difference is that the moment arm used for calculating the
moment is equal to (Hsuper - Hpar + 1800mm).

As with the superstructure wind load, the longitudinal wind load on vehicles is not resisted by the abutment at the free end due to expansion bearings. But for
Abutments which have fixed bearings like single span bridges, the longitudinal wind load on vehicles and the superstructure are resisted at the fixed ends.

Mtransverse_vehicular =Wstrans_vehicular*(Hsuper-Hpara+1.8m)
Hsuper-Hparapet+1.8m = 3.135 m

VERTICAL REACTIONS FROM TRANSVERSE WINDLOAD ON VEHICLE (KN)

WINDATTACK ANGLE (DEGREES) & WINDLOAD (KN)

Wind Attack Angle (Degrees) 0 15 30 45 60

Wind Load [KN] 11.35 9.95 9.33 7.46 3.89

Bearing 1 Load (KN) 4.11 3.60 3.37 2.70 1.41

Bearing 2 Load (KN) 1.37 1.20 1.12 0.90 0.47

Bearing 3 Load (KN) -1.37 -1.20 -1.12 -0.90 -0.47

Bearing 4 Load (KN) -4.11 -3.60 -3.37 -2.70 -1.41

4.4 WINDLOAD ON SUBSTRUCTURE

The Specifications state that the wind loads acting directly on substructure units shall be calculated from a base wind pressure of 0.0019 MPa. It is interpreted
herein that this pressure should be applied to the projected area of the Abutment that is normal to the wind direction. This is illustrated in the Figure below. The
resulting force is then the product of 0.0019 MPa and the projected area. For nonzero wind attack angles, this force is resolved into components applied to the
front and end elevations of the Abutment, respectively. These loads act simultaneously with the superstructure wind loads.

Base Wind Pressure for Substructure = 0.0019 MPa

Abutment Top Width = 0.800 m
Abutment Bottom Width = 4.897 m
Area_Abut_Transverse = 3.92 m2 [Abutment Transverse Face]

DESIGN WIND LOAD APPLIED DIRECTLTY TO THE ABUTMENT SUBSTRUCTURE

WIND ATTACK ANGLE EXPOSED AREA OF ABUTMENT TOTAL WIND LOAD TRANSVERSE FORCE LONGTUD. FORCE

DEGREES m2 KN KN KN

0 3.92 7.44 7.44 0.00

15 3.92 7.44 7.19 1.93

30 3.92 7.44 6.45 3.72

45 3.92 7.44 5.26 5.26

60 3.92 7.44 3.72 6.45

5. TEMPERATURE LOADS

In general, uniform thermal expansion and contraction of the superstructure can impose longitudinal forces on the substructure units. These forces can arise
from restraint of free movement at the bearings. Additionally, the physical locations and number of substructure units can cause or influence these forces.
S3.12.2
STable
It is considered good practice to include an approximate thermal loading even when theory indicates the absence of any such force. This force acts in the
[Link]-1
longitudinal direction of the bridge (either back or ahead station) and is equally divided among the bearings. Also, the forces at each bearing from this load will
be applied at the top of the bearings above the Abutment Seat.

5.1 EXPANSION BEARING TEMPERATURE LOAD

In the longitudinal direction, parallel to the centerline of the bridge, the superstructure is not rigidly restrained, but free to slide on
elastomeric bearings. There is a sliding friction force transferred through the bearings to the abutment equal to the friction force on the
bearing pad. For an elastomeric bearing, it is assumed that the friction coefficient is 0.2.

m= Coeff. of Friction Sole Plate with elastomeric bearing = 0.100

Longit. Friction Loads From Reaction forces at the abutment:-

The sliding friction force must be
considered additive to earthquake effects
- Friction by Superstructure Dead Load DC = ### (seismic earth pressure, inertia of
abutment wall, etc.). While it is true that
- Friction by Superstructure Wearing Surface Load DW = ### these forces will sometimes act in
opposite directions, it would be
- Friction by Superstructure Live Load LL (Incl. Impact & Lane Load) = ### unconservative to assume that these
effects will always be out-of-phase with
each other.
Total Longit. Friction Loads at Expansion Bearings = ###

5.2 FIXED BEARING RESTRAINED AT BOTH ENDS

Maximum Temperature Tmax = 35.0 oC

Abutment Design Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 20 of 120

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Minimum Temperature Tmin = 5.0 oC

Temperature Range [T_Max -T_Min] = DT= 30.0 oC

Coef. of Thermal Expansion = ε = 10.8 × 10− 6 mm/mm/

0.00001080
o
C) (mm/mm Per Deg. Celsius)

Length of Superstructure under Thermal Stress = Total Length of Girder = 16050 mm

Thickness of the Elastomer excluding the steel laminates = hrt. = 43 mm

Shear deformation of the elastomer at service limit state in the longitudinal direction of the bridge

Δsz_T= ε*0.75*ΔT*Lspan = 3.90 mm

Additional Presumptive Strain for Shrinkage and Creep (AZDOT Design Guide) = 0.0002

Δsz_sh+cr = Strain_sh+cr*Lspan = 3.21 mm

Total Strain = Δsz = Δsz_T + Δsz_sh+cr = 7.11 mm

 SZ
Longitudinal Thermal Force on a Fixed Bearing restrained at both Ends TU G * A Bearing  Per Girder/Bearing
16.985 KN
h rt

6. EARTHQUAKE LOADS

Both the Left and Right Abutments are furnished with Expansion Bearings and they are designed not to be part of the Earthquake Resisting System (ERS). The
Piers are designed to resist the Earthquake Force Effects. However, the Abutments are designed to withstand Lateral Earth Pressures induced by Seismic Loads &
Substructure Inertia.

The connection between the Abutment and the Superstructure must be designed to resist the Superstructure tributary weight at the abutment multiplied by
[A*S] in each horizontally restrained direction. In the unrestrained direction, the connection must be designed to withstand the sliding friction force in the
bearings.

6.1 SUPPORT WIDTH ADEQUACY

The empirical seat width shall be taken as:

Percent of N (Minimum Abutment Seat Width) = 100%

N (Minimum Abutment Seat Width) = 0.275 m

OK!!! Support Width
W (Provided Abutment Seat Width) = 0.500 m
is adequate.

Clearance Required between end of Girders and Backwall = 10*A inches = 30.48 mm
OK!!! Clearance is
Provided Clearance between end of Girders and Backwall = 50.00 mm
adequate.

6.2 TRANSVERSE [RESTRAINED DIRECTION] SEISMIC CONNECTION FORCE

A [Seismic Acceleration Coefficient] = 0.120

S [Site Coefficient] = 1.200

R - Response Modification Factors = 0.800

m= Coefficient of Friction between Bearing Base Plates & Concrete = 0.550 Conservative

Superstructure Dead Load DC per Bearing = 299.84 KN

Superstructure Wearing Surface Load DW per Bearing = 22.24 KN

Superstructure Live Load LL (Incl. Impact & Lane Lod) per Bearing = 341.65 KN

gEQ Percentage of Live Load considered for Seismic Design = 50%

No. of Bearings on the Abutment = 4

[50% of the Live
Loads are
Case I - 'Total Transverse Seismic Force = (A*S*(DC+DW+0.5LL)*No. of Gird)/R = 354.89 KN assumed to be
present during a
seismic event.
0.2*Tributary
Case II - 'Total Transverse Seismic Force = (0.2*(DC+DW+LL)*No. of Gird)/R = 663.73 KN
Dead & Live Loads

Total Resisting Friction Force [The Bearing plates sliding on each other offer a lot more OK!!! Resistance is
1460.21 KN
resistance] = adequate.

STEP II: DESIGN LOADS FORCE EFFECTS

1. VERTICAL LOADS

VERTICAL REACTIONS FROM TRANSVERSE WINDLOAD ON SUPERSTRUCTURE (KN)

WINDATTACK ANGLE (DEGREES) & WINDLOAD (KN)

BEARINGS 0 15 30 45 60

45.44 39.76 37.86 30.29 15.15

1 6.38 5.59 5.32 4.26 2.13

2 2.13 1.86 1.77 1.42 0.71

3 -2.13 -1.86 -1.77 -1.42 -0.71

4 -6.38 -5.59 -5.32 -4.26 -2.13

VERTICAL REACTIONS FROM TRANSVERSE WINDLOAD ON VEHICLE (KN)

WINDATTACK ANGLE (DEGREES) & WINDLOAD (KN)

BEARINGS 0 15 30 45 60

11.35 9.95 9.33 7.46 3.89

1 4.11 3.60 3.37 2.70 1.41

2 1.37 1.20 1.12 0.90 0.47

3 -1.37 -1.20 -1.12 -0.90 -0.47

4 -4.11 -3.60 -3.37 -2.70 -1.41

REACTION DUE TO VERTICAL WIND LOAD ON SUPERSTRUCTURE

BEARING VARIABLE NAME REACTION (KN)

1 RWSvert1 3.62

2 RWSvert2 -11.61

3 RWSvert3 -26.83

4 RWSvert4 -42.06

2. HORIZONTAL LOADS

2.1 LONGITUDINAL HORIZONTAL LOADS

LONGITUDINAL HORIZONTAL LOADS DUE TO FRICTION, CREEP & SHRINKAGE ON BEARINGS

DUE TO FRICTION, CREEP & SHRINKAGE

BEARING
VARIABLE NAME REACTION (KN)

1 FRbrg 66.373

2 FRbrg 66.373

3 FRbrg 66.373

4 FRbrg 66.373

LONGITUDINAL HORIZONTAL LOADS DUE TO BREAKING & TEMPERATURE LOAD

DUE TO TEMPERATURE LOAD [FOR FIXED
DUE TO BRAKING LOAD [FOR FIXED BEARINGS]
BEARINGS]
BEARING
VARIABLE NAME REACTION (KN) VARIABLE NAME REACTION (KN)

1 BRKbrg 20.313 TU1 16.98

2 BRKbrg 20.313 TU2 16.98

3 BRKbrg 20.313 TU3 16.98

4 BRKbrg 20.313 TU4 16.98

Since the Abutment is free and unrestrained, longitudinal forces due to Breaking Force & Temperature are not considered.

LONGITUDINAL HORIZONTAL LOADS DUE TO WINDLOAD ON SUPERSTRUCTURE

WIND ATTACK ANGLE & TOTAL LOAD

BEARING 0 15 30 45 60

0.00 11.36 22.72 30.29 34.08

1 0.00 2.84 5.68 7.57 8.52

2 0.00 2.84 5.68 7.57 8.52

3 0.00 2.84 5.68 7.57 8.52

4 0.00 2.84 5.68 7.57 8.52

LONGITUDINAL HORIZONTAL LOADS DUE TO WINDLOAD ON VEHICLE

WIND ATTACK ANGLE & TOTAL LOAD

BEARING 0 15 30 45 60

0.00 2.80 5.44 7.31 8.55

1 0.00 0.70 1.36 1.83 2.14

2 0.00 0.70 1.36 1.83 2.14

3 0.00 0.70 1.36 1.83 2.14

4 0.00 0.70 1.36 1.83 2.14

LONGITUDINAL HORIZONTAL WIND LOADS APPLIED DIRECTLY TO THE ABUTMENT (KN)

WIND ATTACK ANGLE (DEGREES)

0 15.00 30.00 45.00 60.00

0.00 1.93 3.72 5.26 6.45

2.2 TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL LOADS

TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL LOADS DUE TO WINDLOAD ON SUPERSTRUCTURE

WIND ATTACK ANGLE & TOTAL LOAD

BEARING 0 15 30 45 60

45.44 39.76 37.86 30.29 15.15

1 11.36 9.94 9.47 7.57 3.79

2 11.36 9.94 9.47 7.57 3.79

3 11.36 9.94 9.47 7.57 3.79

4 11.36 9.94 9.47 7.57 3.79

TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL LOADS DUE TO WINDLOAD ON VEHICLE

WIND ATTACK ANGLE & TOTAL LOAD

BEARING 0 15 30 45 60

11.35 9.95 9.33 7.46 3.89

1 2.84 2.49 2.33 1.87 0.97

2 2.84 2.49 2.33 1.87 0.97

3 2.84 2.49 2.33 1.87 0.97

4 2.84 2.49 2.33 1.87 0.97

TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL WIND LOADS APPLIED DIRECTLY TO THE ABUTMENT (KN)

WIND ATTACK ANGLE (DEGREES)

0 15.00 30.00 45.00 60.00

7.44 7.19 6.45 5.26 3.72

3.1 UNFACTORED DESIGN LOADS EFFECTS ABOUT TOE OF MASONRY ABUTMENT

TOE OF MASONRY - VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [SUPER & SUBSTRUCTURE WITHOUT BACKFILL LOADS]

VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS (STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS)

Moment Arm of Moment from Vertical
Item Description Vertical Load (KN)
Vertical Loads (m) Loads (KNm)

DL_C DEAD LOAD SUPERSTRUCTURE 123.647 1.455 179.923 1.455 1.755

DL_W DEAD LOAD WEARING SURFACE 9.170 1.455 13.343 1.455 1.755

LIVE LOAD WITH IMPACT & LANE LOAD

LL
WITHOUT IMPACT
140.886 1.455 205.009 1.455 1.755

S1 DEAD LOAD ABUTMENT SEAT 3.600 1.455 5.238 1.455 1.755

B1 DEAD LOAD OF BACKWALL 8.982 1.855 16.663 1.855 2.155

A1 MASONRY ABUTMENT DEAD LOAD 282.336 2.969 838.324 2.969 3.269

A2 MASONRY ABUTMENT DEAD LOAD 156.185 1.605 250.698 1.605 1.905

A3 MASONRY ABUTMENT DEAD LOAD 117.640 0.803 94.515 0.803 1.103

F1 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

F2 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5.348

F3 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.749

F4 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

F5 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.150

TOTAL 842.447 1603.712 1603.712

TOE OF MASONRY - VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [BACKFILL EARTH LOADS ONLY] G1 - LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE

WL (Wind Load on Vehicle)

VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS (STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS)
Moment Arm of Moment from Vertical
1.80m

Item Description Load (KN) X1 DECKSLAB

Vertical Loads (m) Loads (KNm) B2
G2
G1 LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE 33.35 3.451 115.12 33.355 3.451 3.901 0.450 G4 B1 SUPERSTRUCTURE LOADS
DL_C , DL_W & LL
S2
B1

G2 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.00 3.933 0.00 Longitudinal Forces

G3 (Wind, Breaking Force
4.00m

G6
LEVEL A

Temperature etc.
G5
G3 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.00 5.047 0.00 0.000 23.064 5.048 5.348 0.300
P1
S1
Z1

S1
G4 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 69.35 3.451 239.34 69.379 3.451 3.751 0.300
H2
R2
G5 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 94.77 4.002 379.24 H1
Y1 = H (Total Height)

A2
Z2

A1 1

G6 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 29.12 2.739 79.77 P2 R1

Y5 = H_Abut

1
A3
R1 ROCKFILL 0.00 5.047 0.00

R2 ROCKFILL 92.25 3.933 362.87 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6

X8 F4
R3 ROCKFILL 0.00 5.097 0.00
R3 F3
F1 F5
TOTAL 318.85 1176.33 1176.332
Y3

F2
Y2
Y4

X7
TYPICAL ABUTMENT SECTION
TOE OF MASONRY - LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS [BRAKING, TEMPERATURE ETC LOADS]

LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS (DESTABILIZING FORCES & MOMENTS)

Moment
Item Description Remarks Load (KN/m) Moment Arm (m)
(KNm/m)

BR Braking Force (For Two Lanes) 0.000 7.616 0.000 8.37628866 DUE TO BRAKING LOAD [FOR FIXED BEARINGS]
It will be noted here
that loads applied due
to braking and
temperature can act Gebeyehu Aragaw
Abutment Design either ahead or back Page 21 of 120
(PPBE/008 PRHG/110)
station. Also, wind
loads can act on either
side of the structure
and with positive or
negative skew angles.
 Package I: Design build
BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE of Bridge Replacement Projects under Kombolcha RNMD ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORITY

It will be noted here

that loads applied due
TU Loads Due To Temperature Change
to braking and 7.004 7.616 53.342 7.004119952 DUE TO TEMPERATURE LOAD [FOR FIXED BEARINGS]
temperature can act
either ahead or back
FR Loads Due to Friction 27.370 7.616 208.447 27.37031517 DUE TO FRICTION, CREEP & SHRINKAGE
station. Also, wind
loads can act on either
W_Superstr._Long. Longitudinal Wind Load on side of the structure 0.000 7.616 0.000
Superstructure at 600 and with positive or
negative skew angles.
Longitudinal Wind Load on Vehicle at
W_Vehicle_Long.
600 0.000 7.616 0.000

Use Zero
Longitudinal Wind Load on
W_Substr._Long
Substructure at 600 (Conservative) as it is a 0.000 0.000 0.000
stabilizing force

TOTAL 34.37 261.79

TOE OF MASONRY - COMPUTATIONS OF LATERAL EARTH FORCES (WITH Z1 HEIGHT) LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS

I. LATERAL LOADS OF THE EARTH (BACKFILL)

DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS (With Z1 Height)

Moment from Lateral

Seismic & Static Loads
Item Static Loads (KN) with KA Moment Arm (m) Static Loads with KA Description
(KN) with KAE
(KNm) Live Load
Surcharge from
Top of
P_LS_1 13.658 15.185 6.478 88.478 Embankment up
to 4m Depth
Lateral Earth
(Granular
Pressure from
Material)
Top of
P_A_1 45.525 50.616 5.812 264.575 Embankment up
to[Live Load
4m Depth
Surcharge
(Granular up to
4m Depth as
Material)
Surcharge] from
P_LS_2 11.533 13.165 2.239 25.824 4m Depthofup
Weight theto
Top of Footing
Granular Material
up Pad
to 4m (with
Depth
Ka_Rock
as Fill)
Surcharge]
P_A_2 76.885 87.766 2.239 172.157 from 4m Depth
up to Top
Lateral of
Earth
Footing Pad
Pressure from(with
4m
Ka_Rock
Depth up toFill)
Top
P_A_3 43.039 49.131 1.493 64.248 of Footing Pad
(Rock Fill
Material)
TOTAL 190.640 215.863 615.281

SEISMIC FORCE EFFECTS

Moment from Lateral

Item Seismic Loads (KN) with [KAE -KA] Moment Arm (m) Seismic Loads with KAE -
KA (KNm)
Seismic Loads
Only M_arm
EQ_1 25.223 5.087 128.309
0.6H from
Bottom

TOE OF MASONRY - SEISMIC INERTIA LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS [SUPER & SUBSTRUCTURE WITHOUT BACKFILL LOADS]

SEISMIC LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS (DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS)

Moment
Seismic Inertial Lateral
Item Description F - Vertical Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Seismic Lateral
Load = Kh*F (KN)
Loads (KNm)
DL_C DEAD LOAD SUPERSTRUCTURE 123.647 7.419 7.616 56.500

DL_W DEAD LOAD WEARING SURFACE 9.170 0.550 7.616 4.190

LL LIVE LOAD WITH IMPACT & LANE LOAD 140.886 8.453 7.616 64.378
WITHOUT IMPACT

S1 DEAD LOAD ABUTMENT SEAT 3.600 0.216 7.381 1.594

B1 DEAD LOAD OF BACKWALL 8.982 0.539 7.855 4.233

A1 MASONRY ABUTMENT DEAD LOAD 282.336 16.940 2.410 40.830

A2 MASONRY ABUTMENT DEAD LOAD 156.185 9.371 3.615 33.880

A3 MASONRY ABUTMENT DEAD LOAD 117.640 7.058 2.410 17.013

F1 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

F2 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

F3 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

F4 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

F5 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

EQ_2 TOTAL 50.547 222.619

TOE OF MASONRY - SEISMIC INERTIA LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS [BACKFILL LOADS ONLY]

SEISMIC LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS (DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS)

Moment
Seismic Inertial Lateral
Item Description F - Vertical Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Seismic Lateral
Load = Kh*F (KN)
Loads (KNm)
G1 LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE 33.354 2.001 8.478 16.97

G2 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.000 0.000 8.478 0.00

G3 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00

G4 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 69.349 4.161 7.855 32.68

G5 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 94.766 5.686 5.855 33.29

G6 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 29.123 1.747 6.313 11.03

R1 ROCKFILL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

R2 ROCKFILL 92.25 5.54 2.99 16.53

R3 ROCKFILL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

EQ_3 TOTAL 19.131 110.50

TOE OF MASONRY - PASSIVE PRESSURE LATERAL LOADS OF THE EARTH (BACKFILL)

STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS

Item Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment (KNm) Description

Passive Pressure at Toe Side (It can be

P_P_1 25.428 0.233 5.933
ignored for a conservative design

TOTAL 25.428 5.933

3.2 SUMMARY OF LOAD EFFECTS ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD

TOE OF FOOTING PAD - VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [SUPER & SUBSTRUCTURE WITHOUT BACKFILL LOADS] NOTE : - "eLong" = (B/2)-(CF), WHERE "Cg" OR "Cf" IS DISTANCE OF THE RESULTANT FORCE CENTER FROM FOOTING TOE. AND THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SIGNS ARE WHER THE RESULTANT FORCE IS LOCATED AT THE RIGHT AND LEFT OF THE FOOTING MIDWAY, RESPECTIVELY. WHICH IN TURN ECCENTRICITIES WITH POSITIVE SIGNS ARE THE OVER-TURNING MOMENT/ DESTABILIZING MOMENT AND ECCENTRICITIES WITH NEGATIVE SIGNS ARE THE RESISTING MOMENT/ STABILIZING MOMENT.

VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS (STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS) Cg or CF

(M)
eLong (M) e(M)
Tran MLong (KNM) MTran
(KNM)
Σ(MOMEN "+VE;
Item Description Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment (KNm) T)/ OVER-
(B/2)-(Cg) (L/2)-(Cg)
TURNING
"+VE;
Σ(FORCE) MOMENT
OVER-
DL_C DEAD LOAD SUPERSTRUCTURE 123.647 1.755 217.017 1.755 0.994 / 122.862 1.755 0.000 -123.647 0.000 -217.017
TURNING
"+VE;
DESTABI
MOMENT
OVER-
LIZING
DL_W DEAD LOAD WEARING SURFACE 9.170 1.755 16.094 1.755 0.994 / 9.111 1.755 0.000 -9.170 0.000 -16.094
TURNING
MOMENT
DESTABI
MOMENT
LIVE LOAD WITH IMPACT & LANE LOAD "
"+VE;
LIZING
LL 140.886 1.755 247.275 1.755 0.994 / 139.992 1.755 0.000 -140.886 0.000 -247.275
WITHOUT IMPACT OVER-
MOMENT
DESTABI
TURNING
"
S1 DEAD LOAD ABUTMENT SEAT 3.600 1.755 6.318 LIZING 4.380 1.755 7.688 0.780 0.000 1.369
MOMENT
MOMENT
2.041 0.708 / 8.909
"
B1 DEAD LOAD OF BACKWALL 8.982 2.155 19.357 DESTABI 8.986 2.155 19.365 0.004 0.000 0.008
"+VE;
LIZING
OVER-
MOMENT
A1 MASONRY ABUTMENT DEAD LOAD 282.336 3.269 923.025 282.352 3.269 923.095 0.016 0.000 0.070
TURNING
"
MOMENT
A2 MASONRY ABUTMENT DEAD LOAD 156.185 1.905 297.554 2.428 0.321 / 178.382 156.190 1.905 297.567 0.004 0.000 0.013
DESTABI
A3 MASONRY ABUTMENT DEAD LOAD 117.640 1.103 129.807 LIZING 117.647 1.103 129.817 0.007 0.000 0.010
MOMENT
"
F1 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 5.297 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -5.297 0.000
NEUTRAL
; NO
F2 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 2.160 5.347 11.550 2.160 5.348 11.551 0.000 0.000 0.000
OVER-
TURNING
F3 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 35.262 2.749 96.925 2.749 0.000 MOMENT 0.002 35.263 2.749 96.931 0.002 0.000 0.006
OR
F4 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.200 0.000 RESISTIN 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.200 0.000
G
MOMENT
F5 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 2.160 0.150 0.324 2.160 0.150 0.324 0.000 0.000 0.000

TOTAL 882.028 1965.246 1965.246

TOE OF FOOTING PAD - VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [BACKFILL EARTH LOADS ONLY] NOTE : - "eLong" = (B/2)-(CF), WHERE "Cg" OR "Cf" IS DISTANCE OF THE RESULTANT FORCE CENTER FROM FOOTING TOE. AND THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SIGNS ARE WHER THE RESULTANT FORCE IS LOCATED AT THE RIGHT AND LEFT OF THE FOOTING MIDWAY, RESPECTIVELY. WHICH IN TURN ECCENTRICITIES WITH POSITIVE SIGNS ARE THE OVER-TURNING MOMENT/ DESTABILIZING MOMENT AND ECCENTRICITIES WITH NEGATIVE SIGNS ARE THE RESISTING MOMENT/ STABILIZING MOMENT.

VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS (STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS) Cg or CF

eLong (M) eTran MLong (KNM) MTran
(M) (M) "-VE; (KNM)
Σ(MOMEN RESISTIN
Item Description Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment (KNm) T)/ (B/2)-(Cg) (L/2)-(Cg) G
Σ(FORCE) MOMENT
G1 LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE 36.814 3.901 143.622 3.901 -1.153 / -42.428 36.815 3.901 143.628 0.001 0.000 0.006
STABILIZ
G2 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.000 4.433 0.000 ING 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -4.433 0.000
"-VE;
MOMENT
RESISTIN
"
G3 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 23.064 5.347 123.334 23.064 5.348 123.336 0.000 0.000 0.003
G
MOMENT
G4 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 69.349 3.751 260.148 4.067 -1.318 / -285.088 69.378 3.751 260.264 0.029 0.000 0.115
STABILIZ
G5 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 94.766 4.302 407.665 ING 94.764 4.302 407.657 -0.002 0.000 -0.008
MOMENT
"
G6 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 29.123 3.039 88.509 29.113 3.039 88.475 -0.011 0.000 -0.034
"-VE;
RESISTIN
R1 ROCKFILL 22.293 5.347 119.208 30.905 5.348 165.268 8.613 0.000 46.060
G
MOMENT
R2 ROCKFILL 92.254 4.233 390.542 4.450 -1.701 / -194.887 92.283 4.600 424.538 0.029 0.367 33.996
STABILIZ
R3 ROCKFILL 0.000 5.397 0.000 ING 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -5.397 0.000
MOMENT
"
TOTAL 367.663 1533.028 1533.028

TOE OF FOOTING PAD - LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS [BRAKING, TEMPERATURE ETC LOADS] NOTE : - "eLong" = (B/2)-(CF), WHERE "Cg" OR "Cf" IS DISTANCE OF THE RESULTANT FORCE CENTER FROM FOOTING TOE. AND THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SIGNS ARE WHER THE RESULTANT FORCE IS LOCATED AT THE RIGHT AND LEFT OF THE FOOTING MIDWAY, RESPECTIVELY. WHICH IN TURN ECCENTRICITIES WITH POSITIVE SIGNS ARE THE OVER-TURNING MOMENT/ DESTABILIZING MOMENT AND ECCENTRICITIES WITH NEGATIVE SIGNS ARE THE RESISTING MOMENT/ STABILIZING MOMENT.

LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS (DESTABILIZING FORCES & MOMENTS) Cg or CF eLong eTran MLong MTran
(M) (M) (M) (KNM) (KNM)
Σ(MOMEN (B/2)-
Moment
Item Description Remarks Load (KN/m) Moment Arm (m) T)/ (L/2)-(Cg)
(KNm/m) (Cg)
Σ(FORCE)
BR Braking Force (For Two Lanes) 0.000 7.916 0.000 ­ ­ 8.376289 DUE TO BRAKING LOAD [FOR FIXED BEARINGS]
It will be noted here
that loads applied due
TU Loads Due To Temperature Change to braking, friction and 7.004 7.916 55.443 ­ ­ 7.00412 DUE TO TEMPERATURE LOAD [FOR FIXED BEARINGS]
temperature can act "OVER-TURNING
either ahead or back MOMENT/
FR Loads Due to Friction
station. Also, wind
27.370 7.916 216.658 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
216.658 27.37032 DUE TO FRICTION, CREEP & SHRINKAGE
loads can act on either MOMENT"
Longitudinal Wind Load on side of the structure
W_Superstr._Long.
Superstructure at 600 and with positive or
0.000 7.916 0.000 ­ ­
negative skew angles.
Longitudinal Wind Load on Vehicle
W_Vehicle_Long.
at 600
0.000 7.916 0.000 ­ ­
Longitudinal Wind Load on Use Zero
W_Substr._Long
Substructure at 600
(Conservative)as it is a 0.000 0.000 0.000 ­ ­
stabilizing force
TOTAL 34.374 272.101

TOE OF FOOTING PAD - COMPUTATIONS OF LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE LOADS & MOMENTS (WITH Z2 HEIGHT)

I. LATERAL LOADS OF THE EARTH (BACKFILL) NOTE : - "eLong" = (B/2)-(CF), WHERE "Cg" OR "Cf" IS DISTANCE OF THE RESULTANT FORCE CENTER FROM FOOTING TOE. AND THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SIGNS ARE WHER THE RESULTANT FORCE IS LOCATED AT THE RIGHT AND LEFT OF THE FOOTING MIDWAY, RESPECTIVELY. WHICH IN TURN ECCENTRICITIES WITH POSITIVE SIGNS ARE THE OVER-TURNING MOMENT/ DESTABILIZING MOMENT AND ECCENTRICITIES WITH NEGATIVE SIGNS ARE THE RESISTING MOMENT/ STABILIZING MOMENT.

TOE OF FOOTING PAD DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS (With Z2 Height) Cg or CF eLong eTran MLong MTran
(M) (M) (M) (KNM) (KNM)

Abutment Design Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 22 of 120

(PPBE/008 PRHG/110)
 Package I: Design build
BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE of Bridge Replacement Projects under Kombolcha RNMD ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORITY

Moment from Lateral Σ(MOMEN (B/2)-

Seismic & Static Loads
Item Static Loads (KN) with KA Moment Arm (m) Static Loads with KA Description T)/ (L/2)-(Cg)
(KN) with KAE (Cg)
(KNm) Live Load
Surcharge from Σ(FORCE) "OVER-TURNING
Top of
MOMENT/
P_LS_1 13.658 15.185 6.778 92.575 Embankment up ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
92.575 13.658 15.185 6.778 92.5707 -0.004
to 4m Depth
Lateral Earth
(Granular
Pressure from MOMENT"
"OVER-TURNING
Material)
Top of
MOMENT/
P_A_1 45.525 50.616 6.112 278.233 Embankment
[Live Load up ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
278.233 45.525 50.616 6.111 278.2189 -0.014
to 4m Depth
Surcharge up to
4m(Granular
Depth as MOMENT"
"OVER-TURNING
Material)
Surcharge] from
[Weight
Depthofup the MOMENT/
P_LS_2 12.305 14.047 2.389 29.399 4m
Granular
to ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
29.399 12.305 14.046 2.389 29.3956 -0.004
Bottom of
Material
Footing upPadto
4m Depth as MOMENT"
"OVER-TURNING
(with Ka_Rock
Surcharge]
Fill) from MOMENT/
P_A_2 82.036 93.646 2.389 195.995 4m Depth up to ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
195.995 82.036 93.646 2.389 195.9829 -0.012
Lateral
Bottom Earth
of
Pressure from
Footing Pad MOMENT"
"OVER-TURNING
4m Depth up to
(with Ka_Rock MOMENT/
P_A_3 48.999 55.934 1.593 78.044 Bottom
Fill) of ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
78.044 48.999 55.934 1.593 78.03877 -0.005
Footing Pad
(Rock Fill MOMENT"
Material)
TOTAL 202.522 229.427 674.246 674.2069 -0.039

SEISMIC FORCE EFFECTS - TOE OF FOOTING PAD

Moment from Lateral

Item Seismic Loads (KN) with [KAE -KA] Moment Arm (m) Seismic Loads with KAE - Description 176.559 200.195
KA (KNm)
Seismic Loads "OVER-TURNING
Only M_arm MOMENT/
P_E 25.223 5.267 132.850
0.6H from ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
132.850 23.636 5.267 124.486
Bottom MOMENT"
243.7584

TOE OF FOOTING PAD - SEISMIC INERTIA LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS [SUPER & SUBSTRUCTURE WITHOUT BACKFILL LOADS] NOTE : - "eLong" = (B/2)-(CF), WHERE "Cg" OR "Cf" IS DISTANCE OF THE RESULTANT FORCE CENTER FROM FOOTING TOE. AND THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SIGNS ARE WHER THE RESULTANT FORCE IS LOCATED AT THE RIGHT AND LEFT OF THE FOOTING MIDWAY, RESPECTIVELY. WHICH IN TURN ECCENTRICITIES WITH POSITIVE SIGNS ARE THE OVER-TURNING MOMENT/ DESTABILIZING MOMENT AND ECCENTRICITIES WITH NEGATIVE SIGNS ARE THE RESISTING MOMENT/ STABILIZING MOMENT.

SEISMIC LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS (DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS) Cg or CF eLong eTran MLong MTran
(M) (M) (M) (KNM) (KNM)
Moment Σ(MOMEN (B/2)-
Seismic Inertial Lateral
Item Description F - Vertical Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Seismic Lateral T)/ (L/2)-(Cg)
Load = Kh*F (KN) (Cg)
Loads (KNm)
Σ(FORCE) "OVER-TURNING
MOMENT/
DL_C DEAD LOAD SUPERSTRUCTURE 123.647 7.419 7.916 58.726 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
­ 0.06
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
DL_W DEAD LOAD WEARING SURFACE 9.170 0.550 7.916 4.355 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
­ 0.06
"OVER-TURNING
LIVE LOAD WITH IMPACT & LANE LOAD MOMENT"
MOMENT/
LL
WITHOUT IMPACT
140.886 8.453 7.916 66.914 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
­ 0.06
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
S1 DEAD LOAD ABUTMENT SEAT 3.600 0.216 7.681 1.659 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
1.659 0.06
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
B1 DEAD LOAD OF BACKWALL 8.982 0.539 8.155 4.395 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
4.395 0.06
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
A1 MASONRY ABUTMENT DEAD LOAD 282.336 16.940 2.710 45.912 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
45.912 0.06
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
A2 MASONRY ABUTMENT DEAD LOAD 156.185 9.371 3.915 36.692 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
36.692 0.06
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
A3 MASONRY ABUTMENT DEAD LOAD 117.640 7.058 2.710 19.130 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
19.130 0.06
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
F1 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.300 0.000 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
0.000
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
F2 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 2.160 0.130 0.150 0.019 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
0.019 0.06
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
F3 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 35.262 2.116 0.150 0.317 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
0.317 0.06
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
F4 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.300 0.000 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
0.000
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
F5 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 2.160 0.130 0.150 0.019 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
0.019 0.06
MOMENT"
TOTAL 52.922 238.139

TOE OF FOOTING PAD - SEISMIC INERTIA LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS [BACKFILL LOADS ONLY] NOTE : - "eLong" = (B/2)-(CF), WHERE "Cg" OR "Cf" IS DISTANCE OF THE RESULTANT FORCE CENTER FROM FOOTING TOE. AND THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SIGNS ARE WHER THE RESULTANT FORCE IS LOCATED AT THE RIGHT AND LEFT OF THE FOOTING MIDWAY, RESPECTIVELY. WHICH IN TURN ECCENTRICITIES WITH POSITIVE SIGNS ARE THE OVER-TURNING MOMENT/ DESTABILIZING MOMENT AND ECCENTRICITIES WITH NEGATIVE SIGNS ARE THE RESISTING MOMENT/ STABILIZING MOMENT.

SEISMIC LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS (DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS) Cg or CF eLong eTran MLong MTran
(M) (M) (M) (KNM) (KNM)
Moment Σ(MOMEN (B/2)-
Seismic Inertial Lateral
Item Description F - Vertical Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Seismic Lateral T)/ (L/2)-(Cg)
Load = Kh*F (KN) (Cg)
Loads (KNm)
Σ(FORCE) "OVER-TURNING
MOMENT/
G1 LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE 36.814 2.209 8.778 19.390 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
19.390 0.06
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
G2 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.000 0.000 8.778 0.000 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
0.000
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
G3 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 23.064 1.384 6.778 9.380 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
9.380 0.06
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
G4 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 69.349 4.161 8.155 33.931 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
33.931 0.06
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
G5 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 94.766 5.686 6.155 34.995 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
34.995 0.06
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
G6 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 29.123 1.747 6.613 11.556 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
11.556 0.06
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
R1 ROCKFILL 22.293 1.338 2.539 3.396 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
3.396 0.06
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
R2 ROCKFILL 92.254 5.535 3.286 18.186 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
18.186 0.06
"OVER-TURNING
MOMENT"
MOMENT/
R3 ROCKFILL 0.000 0.000 0.300 0.000 ­ ­ DESTABILIZING
0.000
MOMENT"
TOTAL 22.060 130.83
LOAD
VERTICAL/ LONGITUDI TRANSVER LONGITUDI TRANSVER
ACTING LOAD
AXIAL NAL AXIS SE AXIS NAL AXIS SE AXIS
LOAD LOAD TYPE AND CONDITIO EFFECT
LOAD DESCRIPTIONS FORCE FORCE FORCE MOMENT MOMENT
CATEGORY NAMEING N
TOE OF FOOTING PAD - PASSIVE PRESSURE LATERAL LOADS OF THE EARTH (BACKFILL) KN KN KN KN-M KN-M

STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS DC SUP 123.647 [Link]. STRENGTH-IA (MAX) LIMIT STATE

Item Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment (KNm) Description DW SUP 9.170
Passive Pressure at Toe Side (It can be
P_P_1 51.894 0.333 17.298 DC SUB CASE-1:- WHEN THE PRIMARY DIRECTION OF MOMENT LOADS IS TOWARDS THE DIRETION OF THE NEGATIVE SIGN OF MOMENTS
ignored for a conservative design
BASED ON THE RECOMMENDATION OF SEC.
TOTAL 51.894 17.298 DW APPR-SEC. 3.11.7 AND C3.4.1 OF AASHTO BDS, IN THE
1.25DC + 1.50DW + →MOMENTS OF THE "VERTICAL BACK-FILL EARTH
1.50EH + 1.35EV + MOMENT AND AXIAL LOAD COMBINATION : -
PU-MAX = 0.000 KN PRESSURE LOADS"
→MOMENTS OF THEHASN'T BEEN
"VERTICAL REDUCED
COMPONENT
EVHEEL-SG 1.75(LL + BR +LS +
(100%
FORCE IS
OFTAKEN) AND ALSO
THE LATERAL ADOPTED
ACTIVE EARTHWITH THE
PL)
EVHEEL-RK 0
MAXIMUM LOAD
PRESSURE" FACTOR.
HASN'T BEEN REDUCED (100% IS
1.25DC + 1.50DW + →ALL THE VERTICAL LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE
1.50EH + 1.35EV + TAKEN) AND ALSO ADOPTED WITH THE
III. LOAD FACTORS AND COMBINATION OF LOADS EVTOE-SG MU-Long = 1.75(LL + BR +LS + 0.000 KN-M HAVE BEEN INCLUDED IN THE AXIAL LOAD
MAXIMUM LOAD FACTOR.
1.25DC
PL) + 1.50DW + COMBINATION.
→MOMENT OF THE VERTICAL LIVE LOAD
In the AASHTO LRFD design philosophy, the applied loads are factored by statistically calibrated load factors. In addition to these factors, one must be aware of 1.50EH + 1.35EV +
STable 3. EHH-ACTIVE-HEEL MU-Trans = 1.75(LL + BR +LS + 0.000 KN-M SURCHARGE (OF LSVER-2) HAS BEEN ALSO
two additional sets of factors which may further modify the applied loads.
PL) INCLUDED IN THE MOMENT LOAD COMBINATION
Note : - THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SIGNS ARE WHERE THE RESULTANT FORCE IS LOCATED AT THE HEAD AND
The first set of additional factors applies to all force effects and are represented by the Greek letter η (eta) in the Specifications. These factors are related to the BACK OF THE FOOTING MIDWAY, RESPECTIVELY.
S1.3.2.1 ductility, redundancy, and operational importance of the structure. A single, combined eta is required for every structure. For this design, all eta factors are EHV-ACTIVE-HEEL
taken equal to one.
STable
3.4.1-2 The other set of factors mentioned above applies only to the live load force effects and are dependent upon the number of loaded lanes. These factors are
STable termed multiple presence factors by the Specifications. These factors for this bridge are shown as follows: EHH-PASSIVE-TOE
[Link].2
-1
Multiple presence factor, m (3 lanes) m3 = 0.85 0.850 LSHOR
Multiple presence factor, m (2 lanes) m2 = 1.00 1.000 LSVER
Multiple presence factor, m (1 lane) m1 = 1.20 1.200 LSVER

The Table contains the applicable limit states and corresponding load factors that will be used for this Abutment design. Limit states not shown either do not
control the design or are not applicable. The load factors shown in the Table are the standard load factors assigned by the Specifications and are exclusive of LLV
multiple presence and eta factors.

It is important to note here that the maximum load factors shown in the Table below for uniform temperature loading (TU) apply only for deformations, and the
minimum load factors apply for all other effects. Since the force effects from the uniform temperature loading are considered in this Abutment design, the
minimum load factors will be used.

LRFD LOAD FACTORS

STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I
LOAD
DESCRIPTION
CODE
γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin

DC DEAD LOAD 1.25 0.90 1.25 0.90 1.25 0.90 1.25 0.90 1.00 1.00

DW WEARING SURFACE 1.50 0.65 1.50 0.65 1.50 0.65 1.50 0.65 1.00 1.00

LL LIVE LOAD 1.75 1.75 0.00 0.00 1.35 1.35 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00

BR BRAKING 1.75 1.75 0.00 0.00 1.35 1.35 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00

TU TEMPERATURE 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00

LS LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE 1.75 1.75 0.00 0.00 1.35 1.35 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00

EQ EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00

FR FRICTION FORCES 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

WS WIND LOAD DUE ON DEAD LOAD 0.00 0.00 1.40 1.40 0.40 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.30

WL WIND LOAD DUE ON LIVE LOAD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00

EH HORIZONTAL LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE 1.50 0.90 1.50 0.90 1.50 0.90 1.50 0.90 1.00 1.00

ES VERTICAL DUE TO EARTH SURCHARGE 1.50 0.75 1.50 0.75 1.50 0.75 1.50 0.75 1.00 1.00

EV VERTICAL LOAD DUE TO EARTH (SOIL) 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.00 1.00

IV. COMPUTATIONS OF FORCE EFFECTS ON STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

1. STRENGTH I - ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

1.1 USING MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS FOR DESTABILIZING LOADS & MINIMUM LOAD FACTORS FOR STABILIZING LOADS
1.1.1 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF MASONRY

I. Check Stability Against Eccentricity & Sliding Failure

(Using Strength I Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing1390.42 mm
X 
V
Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge
Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 1058.30 mm
B/4 = 1224.36 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

For Masonry on Concrete Pad treated as Rigid or Equivalent to Rock Foundation

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6

q
 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 584.73 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!

q_min = 0.00 KPa qmin<q_ult. Ok!!

4171.27 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1460.16 mm

X 
 V
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge
Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 988.57 mm
B/4 = 1224.36 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 2.429 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

Stabilizing Moment
F.S.  
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Destabilizing Moment 2.354 >1 Ok!!

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For1.408

ce >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For1.223
ce >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

1.1.2 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD

I. Check Stability Against Bearing Capacity Failure

(Using Strength I Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing
X 1794.75 mm 3498.274 1448.169 1.640
V 1249.691 337.101
Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge
Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 953.97 mm
B/4 = 1374.36 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

TYPE OF FOUNDATION MATERIAL IS SOIL. USE THE EQUATION DIRECTLY BELOW

3589.51 mm
Be  2 * X 

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON SOIL

qmax 
 V 363.99 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!
Be

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON ROCK

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6 q
 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 485.33 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!

q_min = 0.00 KPa qmin<q_ult. Ok!!

5384.26 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing1882.65 mm
X 
V
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge
Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 866.07 mm
B/4 = 1374.36 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 2.823 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 2.747 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For1.429

ce >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Abutment Design Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 23 of 120

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BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE of Bridge Replacement Projects under Kombolcha RNMD ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORITY
Resisting Force
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For1.256
ce >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

1.2 MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS FOR DESTABILIZING LOADS & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS FOR STABILIZING LOADS

1.2.1 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF MASONRY

I. Check Stability Against Eccentricity & Sliding Failure

(Using Strength I Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1635.38 mm

X 
V
Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge
Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 813.34 mm
B/4 = 1224.36 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

For Masonry on Concrete Pad treated as Rigid or Equivalent to Rock Foundation

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6

q
 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 639.84 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!

q_min = 1.14 KPa qmin<q_ult. Ok!!

4906.15 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1744.88 mm

X 
 V
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge
Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 703.85 mm
B/4 = 1224.36 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 3.163 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

Stabilizing Moment
F.S.  
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Destabilizing Moment 3.441 >1 Ok!!

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For1.812

ce >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For1.691
ce >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

1.2.2 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD

I. Check Stability Against Bearing Capacity Failure

(Using Strength I Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing
X 2166.95 mm
V
Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge
Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 581.78 mm
B/4 = 1374.36 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

TYPE OF FOUNDATION MATERIAL IS SOIL. USE THE EQUATION DIRECTLY BELOW

Be  2 * X 4333.90
 mm

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON SOIL

qmax 
 V 389.10 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!
Be

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON ROCK

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6 q
 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 501.52 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!

q_min = 111.98 KPa qmin<q_ult. Ok!!

6500.85 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing2166.95 mm
X 
V
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge
Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 581.78 mm
B/4 = 1374.36 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 3.683 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

Stabilizing Moment
F.S.  
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Destabilizing Moment 3.778 >1 Ok!!

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For1.844

ce >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For1.735
ce >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

2. SERVICE I - SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

2.1 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF MASONRY

2.1.1 Check Stability Against Bearing Capacity Failure

(Using Service Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing
X  1643.78 mm
V
Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 804.95 mm
B/6 = 816.24 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity is Within the Kern

FOR MASONRY ABUTMENTS, ECCENTRICITY MUST BE WITH IN THE KERN AT SERVICE LIMIT STATE.

For Masonry on Concrete Pad treated as Rigid or Equivalent to Rock Foundation

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6 q

 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 470.96 KPa

q_min = 3.28 KPa

4931.33 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1725.43 mm

X 
 V
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge
Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 723.30 mm
B/6 = 816.24 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 3.176 >2 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

Stabilizing Moment
F.S.  
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Destabilizing Moment 3.233 >2 Ok!!

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For2.407

ce >1.5 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For2.303
ce >1.5 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

2.2 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD

2.2.1 Check Stability Against Bearing Capacity Failure

(Using Service Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing
X 2055.89
 mm
V
Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 692.84 mm
B/6 = 916.24 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity is Within the Kern

TYPE OF FOUNDATION MATERIAL IS SOIL. USE THE EQUATION DIRECTLY BELOW

4111.78 mm
Be  2 * X 

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON SOIL

qmax 
 V303.93
 KPa qmax<q_all. Ok!!
Be

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON ROCK

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6 q
 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 399.22 q_max>q_all. Not Ok!!

q_min = 55.43 q_min<q_all. Ok!!

6167.67 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing2145.82 mm
X 
V
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge
Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 602.90 mm
B/6= 916.24 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Stabilizing Moment
Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge F.S.  3.715>2 ok!!
Destabilizing Moment

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment
3.790>2 ok!!
F.S. 
Destabilizing Moment

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For2.460

ce >1.5 ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For2.370
ce >1.5 ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

3. EXREME EVENT I LIMIT STATE

3.1 USING MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS FOR DESTABILIZING LOADS & MINIMUM LOAD FACTORS FOR STABILIZING LOADS
3.1.1 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF MASONRY

I. Check Stability Against Eccentricity & Sliding Failure

(Using Exreme Event I Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1001.90 mm

X 
V
gEQ=0.5, Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge
Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 1446.83 mm
B/3 = 1632.48 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

For Masonry on Concrete Pad treated as Rigid or Equivalent to Rock Foundation

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6

q
 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 666.55 KPa

q_min = 0.00 KPa

3005.69 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 984.81 mm

X 
 V
gEQ=0, Without Including Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 1463.91 mm

Abutment Design Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 24 of 120

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 Package I: Design build
BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE gEQ=0, Without Including Live Loads & Live Load of Bridge Replacement Projects under Kombolcha RNMD ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORITY
Surcharge

B/3 = 1632.48 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1016.25 mm

X 
 V
gEQ=1, Including 100% Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 1432.48 mm
B/2.5 = 1958.98 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 1.679 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

Stabilizing Moment
F.S.  
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Destabilizing Moment 1.634 >1 Ok!!

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For1.219

ce >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For1.151
ce >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

3.1.2 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD

I. Check Stability Against Bearing Capacity Failure
(Using Exreme Event I Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing
X  1415.21 mm
V
gEQ=0.5, Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge
Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 1333.52 mm
B/3 = 1832.48 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

TYPE OF FOUNDATION MATERIAL IS SOIL. USE THE EQUATION DIRECTLY BELOW

2830.41 mm
Be  2 * X 

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON SOIL

qmax 
 V  383.14 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!
Be

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON ROCK

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6 q
 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 510.85 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!

q_min = 0.00 KPa q_min<q_ult. Ok!!

4245.62 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing1406.45 mm
X 
V
gEQ=0, Without Including Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 1342.28 mm
B/3 = 1832.48 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1422.64 mm

X 
 V
gEQ=1, Including 100% Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 1326.09 mm
B/2.5 = 2198.98 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 1.954 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 1.905 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For1.247

ce >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For1.183
ce >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

3.2 MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS FOR DESTABILIZING LOADS & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS FOR STABILIZING LOADS

3.2.1 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF MASONRY

I. Check Stability Against Eccentricity & Sliding Failure

(Using Exreme Event I Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1386.94 mm

X 
V
gEQ=0.5, Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge
Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 1061.79 mm
B/3 = 1632.48 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

For Masonry on Concrete Pad treated as Rigid or Equivalent to Rock Foundation

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6

q
 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 649.77 KPa

q_min = 0.00 KPa

4160.81 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1401.11 mm

X 
 V
gEQ=0, Without Including Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 1047.62 mm
B/3 = 1632.48 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1374.48 mm

X 
 V
gEQ=1, Including 100% Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 1074.24 mm
B/2.5 = 1958.98 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 2.268 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

Stabilizing Moment
F.S.  
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Destabilizing Moment 2.247 >1 Ok!!

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For1.646

ce >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For1.592
ce >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

3.2.2 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD

I. Check Stability Against Bearing Capacity Failure
(Using Exreme Event I Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing
X  1803.50 mm
V
gEQ=0.5, Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge
Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 945.23 mm
B/3 = 1832.48 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

TYPE OF FOUNDATION MATERIAL IS SOIL. USE THE EQUATION DIRECTLY BELOW

Be  2 * X 3606.99
 mm

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON SOIL

qmax 
 V 405.94 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!
Be

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON ROCK

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6 q
 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 541.25 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!

q_min = 0.00 KPa q_min<q_ult. Ok!!

5410.49 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing1822.24 mm
X 
V
gEQ=0, Without Including Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 926.49 mm
B/3 = 1832.48 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1786.90 mm

X 
V
gEQ=1, Including 100% Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 961.83 mm
B/2.5 = 2198.98 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 2.642 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 2.620 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For1.684

ce >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting For1.634
ce >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Abutment Design Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 25 of 120

(PPBE/008 PRHG/110)
BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE Package I: Design build ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORITY
of Bridge Replacement Projects under Kombolcha RNMD

MASONRY WINGWALL STATICAL CALCULATIONS 1. MASONRY WINGWALLS - SUMMARY OF LOAD EFFECTS ABOUT TOE OF MASONRY

Project: Package I: Design & Build of Bridge Replacement Projects under Kombolcha RNMD
Client: Ethiopian Roads Authority 1.1 VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [SUPER & SUBSTRUCTURE WITHOUT BACKFILL LOADS]
Consultant: Berhan Construction Works Consult PLC
Name of bridge: Berbisa at St. 0+355 VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS (STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS) LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS
MOMENT
Designed By:- Gebeyehu Aragaw [PPBE/008 & PRHG/110] ITEM DESCRIPTION LOAD (KN) MOMENT ARM (M) (KNM) STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I

LOADS WITHOUT APPLYING LOAD FACTORS γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin

1. General Data DL_C DEAD LOAD SUPERSTRUCTURE 0.00 1.111 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
DL_W DEAD LOAD WEARING SURFACE 0.00 1.111 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Type of Foundation Material 0 <======== IF SOIL, JUST TYPE 0 HERE. IF ROCK JUST TYPE HERE 1 LL LIVE LOAD WITH IMPACT & LANE LOAD WITHOUT IMPACT 0.00 1.111 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Bearing Capacity of foundation q_all = 380.00 KN/m² P1 DEAD LOAD-1 WINGWALL VERTICAL PARAPET 10.94 0.961 10.51 13.67 9.84 13.67 9.84 13.67 9.84 13.67 9.84 10.94 10.94 13.13 9.46 13.13 9.46 13.13 9.46 13.13 9.46 10.51 10.51
Bearing Capacity of foundation q_ult = 760.00 KN/m² P2 DEAD LOAD-2 WINGWALL VERTICAL PARAPET 3.04 0.911 2.77 3.80 2.73 3.80 2.73 3.80 2.73 3.80 2.73 3.04 3.04 3.46 2.49 3.46 2.49 3.46 2.49 3.46 2.49 2.77 2.77
Total Number of Spans = 2.00 A1 MASONRY WINGWALL DEAD LOAD 426.49 2.296 979.15 533.11 383.84 533.11 383.84 533.11 383.84 533.11 383.84 426.49 426.49 1223.93 881.23 1223.93 881.23 1223.93 881.23 1223.93 881.23 979.15 979.15
Bridge Clear Span Lc = 15.00 m A2 MASONRY WINGWALL DEAD LOAD 0.00 1.111 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Roadway width w = 7.30 m A3 MASONRY WINGWALL DEAD LOAD 133.28 0.741 98.70 166.60 119.95 166.60 119.95 166.60 119.95 166.60 119.95 133.28 133.28 123.38 88.83 123.38 88.83 123.38 88.83 123.38 88.83 98.70 98.70
Sidewalk + Post on both ends = Curb_width 1.50 m F1 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Loading Specification: HL-93 of ERA BDM 2014 & AASHTO 2007 SI F2 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Design Standard ERA BDM 2013 & AASHTO 2007 SI & AASHTO 2014 F3 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Concrete Class A fc' = fck = 3481.07913669065 24.00 Mpa F4 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Grade 60 Rebars fyk = 60193.6600719424 415.00 Mpa F5 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Grade 40 Rebars fyk = 39887.3651079137 275.00 Mpa TOTAL 573.74 0.000 1091.12 717.18 516.37 717.18 516.37 717.18 516.37 717.18 516.37 573.74 573.74 1363.90 982.01 1363.90 982.01 1363.90 982.01 1363.90 982.01 1091.12 1091.12

Concrete Modulus of Elasticity Ec = 25.49 Gpa 1.2 VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [BACKFILL EARTH LOADS ONLY]
Steel Modulus of Elasticity Es = 200.00 Gpa
Modular ratio, n = 8.00 VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [BACKFILL EARTH LOADS ONLY] LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS

Unit weight of Concrete, gc = 24.00 KN/m³ VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS (STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS) STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I

27.00 KN/m³ Item Description Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment
Unit weight of Masonry, gmasonry = (KNm) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin

Unit weight of Rockfill, grockfill = 23.00 KN/m³ G1 LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE 40.99 2.888 118.40 71.74 71.74 0.00 0.00 55.34 55.34 20.50 20.50 40.99 40.99 207.21 207.21 0.00 0.00 159.84 159.84 59.20 59.20 118.40 118.40
Unit weight of Granular Backfill, ggranular backfill = 19.22 KN/m³ G2 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.00 3.481 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Bearing Capacity of foundation q_all = 380.00 KN/m² G3 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.00 4.816 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Type of Foundation SOIL 0 (SOIL 0, ROCK 1) G4 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.00 2.888 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
G5 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 150.29 3.688 554.30 202.89 150.29 202.89 150.29 202.89 150.29 202.89 150.29 150.29 150.29 748.31 554.30 748.31 554.30 748.31 554.30 748.31 554.30 554.30 554.30
2. RELEVANT SUPERSTRUCTURE DATA G6 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 61.50 2.178 133.93 83.03 61.50 83.03 61.50 83.03 61.50 83.03 61.50 61.50 61.50 180.80 133.93 180.80 133.93 180.80 133.93 180.80 133.93 133.93 133.93
Top Width of Wingwall = 0.300 m R1 ROCKFILL 0.00 4.816 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Effective Span L = 15.550 m R2 ROCKFILL 109.86 3.481 382.41 148.32 109.86 148.32 109.86 148.32 109.86 148.32 109.86 109.86 109.86 516.25 382.41 516.25 382.41 516.25 382.41 516.25 382.41 382.41 382.41
Girder Depth D 1.100 m R3 ROCKFILL 0.00 4.866 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cantilever length [From Extreme End - Center of Exterior Girder] = C= TOTAL 362.65 1189.04 505.97 393.39 434.23 321.65 489.57 377.00 454.73 342.15 362.65 362.65 1652.56 1277.84 1445.36 1070.64 1605.20 1230.48 1504.56 1129.84 1189.04 1189.04
C/C of Girders = a=
Total Super structure width = w+2*Sw = 10.300 m 1.3 LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS [BRAKING, TEMPERATURE ETC LOADS]
Number of Girders = 4
2c + 3 10.300 m LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS [BRAKING, TEMPERATURE ETC LOADS] LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS

Assume c = 0.55 a LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS (DESTABILIZING FORCES & MOMENTS) STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I
Moment
0.55 *(2a)+3a = 4.10a = 10.300 m Item Description Load (KN/m) Moment Arm (m) (KNm/m) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin

a= 2.512 m 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C/C of Girders Use a = 2.600 m 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
c= 1.250 m 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Girder c/c Spacing = 2.600 m 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Deck Overhang Length = L_ovrhng 1.070 m 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Span Length = 15.550 m 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Post & Railing (Parapet) Height = 1.100 m TOTAL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Deck Overhang Thickness [Average Thickness] = 0.215 m
Curb Thickness [Average Thickness] = 0.235 m 1.4 ACTIVE LATERAL EARTH LOADS & MOMENTS (WITH Z1 HEIGHT)
Girder Depth = 1.100 m
Girder Bottom Total Web width = b_web = 0.360 m I. LATERAL LOADS OF THE EARTH (BACKFILL) LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS

DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS (With Z1 Height) STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I

Bearing Height = 0.085 m Item Description Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment
(KNm) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin

Superstructure Depth =H_SUPER 2.435 m P_LS_1 Live Load Surcharge from Top of Embankment up to 4m Depth (Granular Material) 13.66 6.887 94.06 23.90 23.90 0.00 0.00 18.44 18.44 6.83 6.83 13.66 13.66 164.61 164.61 0.00 0.00 126.98 126.98 47.03 47.03 94.06 94.06
P_A_1 Lateral Earth Pressure from Top of Embankment up to 4m Depth (Granular Material) 45.53 6.220 283.18 68.29 40.97 68.29 40.97 68.29 40.97 68.29 40.97 45.53 45.53 424.78 254.87 424.78 254.87 424.78 254.87 424.78 254.87 283.18 283.18
[Live Load Surcharge up to 4m Depth as Surcharge] from 4m Depth up to Top of Footing Pad
3. RELEVANT WINGWALL DATA P_LS_2 (with Ka_Rock Fill) 12.59 2.444 30.75 22.02 22.02 0.00 0.00 16.99 16.99 6.29 6.29 12.59 12.59 53.82 53.82 0.00 0.00 41.52 41.52 15.38 15.38 30.75 30.75
Weight of the Granular Material up to 4m Depth as Surcharge] from 4m Depth up to Top of
G1 - LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE P_A_2 Footing Pad (with Ka_Rock Fill) 83.90 2.444 205.02 125.85 75.51 125.85 75.51 125.85 75.51 125.85 75.51 83.90 83.90 307.53 184.52 307.53 184.52 307.53 184.52 307.53 184.52 205.02 205.02
P_A_3 Lateral Earth Pressure from 4m Depth up to Top of Footing Pad (Rock Fill Material) 51.25 1.629 83.49 76.88 46.13 76.88 46.13 76.88 46.13 76.88 46.13 51.25 51.25 125.24 75.15 125.24 75.15 125.24 75.15 125.24 75.15 83.49 83.49
Slp_Crown*(W_Cgeway/2)

TOTAL 206.93 696.51 316.95 208.54 271.02 162.61 306.45 198.04 284.14 175.74 206.93 206.93 1075.97 732.95 857.54 514.53 1026.04 683.02 919.95 576.93 696.51 696.51
G2 P1
D_Slab

1.5 PASSIVE PRESSURE LATERAL EARTH LOADS

G6 P2
D_Backwall

G5 I. PASSIVE PRESSURE LATERAL LOADS OF THE EARTH (BACKFILL) LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS

G3 STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I
LEVEL A
4.00m

Moment
P1 Item Description Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) (KNm) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin

P_P_1 Passive Pressure at Toe Side (It can be ignored for a 25.43 0.233 5.93 38.14 22.89 38.14 22.89 38.14 22.89 38.14 22.89 25.43 25.43 8.90 5.34 8.90 5.34 8.90 5.34 8.90 5.34 5.93 5.93
H2
conservative design
R2
[H_Abut +D_Bakwll + D_Slab - 0.5*Slp_Crown*W_Cgeway]

H1 TOTAL 25.43 5.93 38.14 22.89 38.14 22.89 38.14 22.89 38.14 22.89 25.43 25.43 8.90 5.34 8.90 5.34 8.90 5.34 8.90 5.34 5.93 5.93
Y1 = H (Total Height)
Z1
Z2

1
A1
1 A3

P2 R1
H_Abut

1.6 SEISMIC EFFECTS SUMMARY - LOADS & MOMENTS

I. SEISMIC LATERAL LOADS LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS
X2 X3 X5 X6
DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS (With Z1 Height) STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I
F4
X8
Item Description Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment
(KNm) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin
R3 F3
F1 F5 EQ_1 Seismic Lateral Earth Loads 27.53 5.332 146.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 27.53 27.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 146.79 146.79 0.00 0.00
Y3

F2
Y2
Y4

EQ_2 Seismic Inertial Lateral Forces on Dead Loads 34.42 3.118 107.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 34.42 34.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 107.34 107.34 0.00 0.00

X7 EQ_3 Seismic Inertial Lateral Forces on Backfill 21.76 6.127 133.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.76 21.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 133.31 133.31 0.00 0.00
TOTAL 83.71 387.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 83.71 83.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 387.44 387.44 0.00 0.00
TYPICAL WINGWALL SECTION
Grade Elevation = 1574.511 m 2. SUMMARY OF LOAD EFFECTS ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD
Elevation of Deepest Bed Level = 1568.348 m
FIXED END LHS Abutment Elevation of Bottom of Footing Pad= 1565.348 m 2.1 VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [SUPER & SUBSTRUCTURE WITHOUT BACKFILL LOADS]
Slope of the Deck Crown = 2.50%
Effective Abutment Width [Girder loads pressure spreading at 450 through Seat] = 8.760 m VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS (STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS) LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS
MOMENT
Girder Depth = 1100 mm ITEM DESCRIPTION LOAD (KN) MOMENT ARM (M) (KNM) STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I

Top Slab Thickness = 220 mm LOADS WITHOUT APPLYING LOAD FACTORS γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin

Depth of Backwall B1 = 1248 mm DL_C DEAD LOAD SUPERSTRUCTURE 0.00 1.411 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Approach Slab Thickness = 335 mm DL_W DEAD LOAD WEARING SURFACE 0.00 1.411 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Wingwall Parapet Height = 1350 mm LL LIVE LOAD WITHOUT IMPACT 0.00 1.411 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Depth of Battered Passive Side Wingwall Width S1 = 0 mm P1 DEAD LOAD-1 WINGWALL VERTICAL PARAPET 10.94 1.261 13.79 13.67 9.84 13.67 9.84 13.67 9.84 13.67 9.84 10.94 10.94 17.23 12.41 17.23 12.41 17.23 12.41 17.23 12.41 13.79 13.79
Width of Battered Passive Side Wingwall Width S2 = 0 mm P2 DEAD LOAD-2 WINGWALL VERTICAL PARAPET 3.04 1.211 3.68 3.80 2.73 3.80 2.73 3.80 2.73 3.80 2.73 3.04 3.04 4.60 3.31 4.60 3.31 4.60 3.31 4.60 3.31 3.68 3.68
Width of Wingwall at the Meeting Point of Front and Back Batter = 0 mm A1 MASONRY WINGWALL DEAD LOAD 426.49 2.596 1107.09 533.11 383.84 533.11 383.84 533.11 383.84 533.11 383.84 426.49 426.49 1383.87 996.38 1383.87 996.38 1383.87 996.38 1383.87 996.38 1107.09 1107.09
Top Width of Wingwall = 300 mm A2 MASONRY WINGWALL DEAD LOAD 0.00 1.411 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Height of Bearing = 85 mm A3 MASONRY WINGWALL DEAD LOAD 133.28 1.041 138.69 166.60 119.95 166.60 119.95 166.60 119.95 166.60 119.95 133.28 133.28 173.36 124.82 173.36 124.82 173.36 124.82 173.36 124.82 138.69 138.69
Slope of Backfil β= 0.00 Degrees = 0.0000 Radians F1 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.00 5.066 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Level beyond which rock fill has to be used = 4000 mm F2 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 2.16 5.116 11.05 2.70 1.94 2.70 1.94 2.70 1.94 2.70 1.94 2.16 2.16 13.81 9.94 13.81 9.94 13.81 9.94 13.81 9.94 11.05 11.05
Depth of Soil/Rock On the Passive Side [Bed Elev. - Found. Elev] = 3000 mm F3 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 33.59 2.633 88.45 41.99 30.23 41.99 30.23 41.99 30.23 41.99 30.23 33.59 33.59 110.56 79.60 110.56 79.60 110.56 79.60 110.56 79.60 88.45 88.45
Adopted Depth of Soil/Rock On the Passive Side or Depth of Shear Key = 1000 mm F4 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 2.16 0.150 0.32 2.70 1.94 2.70 1.94 2.70 1.94 2.70 1.94 2.16 2.16 0.41 0.29 0.41 0.29 0.41 0.29 0.41 0.29 0.32 0.32
Z1 [Top of Embankment - Top of Footing pad] = 8887 mm F5 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.00 0.200 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Z2 [Top of Embankment - Bottom of Footing pad] = 9187 mm TOTAL 611.65 1363.06 764.57 550.49 764.57 550.49 764.57 550.49 764.57 550.49 611.65 611.65 1703.83 1226.76 1703.83 1226.76 1703.83 1226.76 1703.83 1226.76 1363.06 1363.06

WINGWALL DIMENSIONS 2.2 VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [BACKFILL EARTH LOADS ONLY]

HORIZONTAL VERTICAL WINGWALL BATTER SLOPE

Top Width of Wingwall X1= 0 mm Y1 = [Back & Front Batter Intersection 8887 mm H1 [ON ACTIVE SIDE] 1V:?H 0.400 ?V:H VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [BACKFILL EARTH LOADS ONLY] LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS
- Top of Ftng Pad] =

X2 (HEEL SIDE FOOTING LENGTH) = 300 mm Y2 = For Masonry Wingwall Constant 300 mm H2 [ON PASSIVE SIDE] 1V:?H 0.125 8.000 VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS (STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS) STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I
Footing Pad Depth Y2 = Y3 = Y4

X3 = 3555 mm Y3 = For Masonry Wingwall Constant 300 mm Ok!! Masonry Eccentricity is Within 240.41 KPa Item Description Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment
Footing Pad Depth Y2 = Y3 = Y4 the Kern (KNm) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin

Top Width of Wingwall X4 = 0 mm Y4 = For Masonry Wingwall Constant 300 mm G1 LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE 44.45 3.338 148.40 77.79 77.79 0.00 0.00 60.01 60.01 22.23 22.23 44.45 44.45 259.70 259.70 0.00 0.00 200.34 200.34 74.20 74.20 148.40 148.40
Footing Pad Depth Y2 = Y3 = Y4

X5 = 1111 mm Masonry Wingwall Height Excluding 8887 mm G2 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.00 3.981 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Parapet Y5 =

X6 (TOE SIDE FOOTING LENGTH) = 300 mm X8 [MASONRY TOTAL BOTTOM WIDTH] 4666 mm G3 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 23.06 5.116 117.99 31.14 23.06 31.14 23.06 31.14 23.06 31.14 23.06 23.06 23.06 159.28 117.99 159.28 117.99 159.28 117.99 159.28 117.99 117.99 117.99

X7 [TOTAL CONCRETE FOOTING WIDTH] 5266 mm G4 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.00 3.188 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

G5 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 150.29 3.988 599.39 202.89 150.29 202.89 150.29 202.89 150.29 202.89 150.29 150.29 150.29 809.17 599.39 809.17 599.39 809.17 599.39 809.17 599.39 599.39 599.39

SOIL PROPERTY COEFFICIENTS G6 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 61.50 2.478 152.38 83.03 61.50 83.03 61.50 83.03 61.50 83.03 61.50 61.50 61.50 205.71 152.38 205.71 152.38 205.71 152.38 205.71 152.38 152.38 152.38

Soil Type Resistance Factor F_t Coefficient of Friction F_f (Degree) R1 ROCKFILL 33.72 5.116 172.50 45.52 33.72 45.52 33.72 45.52 33.72 45.52 33.72 33.72 33.72 232.88 172.50 232.88 172.50 232.88 172.50 232.88 172.50 172.50 172.50

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Clay 0.850 22 R2 ROCKFILL 109.86 3.781 415.37 148.32 109.86 148.32 109.86 148.32 109.86 148.32 109.86 109.86 109.86 560.74 415.37 560.74 415.37 560.74 415.37 560.74 415.37 415.37 415.37

Sand 0.800 25 R3 ROCKFILL 0.00 5.166 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Gravel 0.900 38 TOTAL 422.89 1606.02 588.69 456.23 510.89 378.44 570.90 438.45 533.12 400.67 422.89 422.89 2227.49 1717.32 1967.79 1457.62 2168.13 1657.96 2041.99 1531.82 1606.02 1606.02

Height of Surcharge Live Load Heq = 0.600 m 2.3 LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS [BRAKING, TEMPERATURE ETC LOADS]

LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS [BRAKING, TEMPERATURE ETC LOADS] LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS

4. LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE & SEISMIC LOADS PARAMETERS LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS (DESTABILIZING FORCES & MOMENTS) STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I
Moment
Item Description Load (KN/m) Moment Arm (m) (KNm/m) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin

4.1 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE - UNDER STATIC LOADING CASE:- 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Granular Backfill Ø [Upto 4m from Top] = 37.00 Degree = 0.6458 Radians 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

24.67 Degrees = 0.4305 Radians Coulomb equation is known to become unconservative when d exceeds 15 degrees 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
d_Granular - friction angle between fill and wall = (as compared to log spiral methods where a nonlinear failure surface is used;
NAVFAC Design Manual 7.02, 1986). Therefore, d should be limited to about 15
Rockfill Ø= 50.00 Degree = 0.8727 Radians 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
degrees. It is assumed here that d=2*f/3.
d_Rockfill - friction angle between fill and wall = 33.33 Degrees = 0.5818 Radians 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

β - Slope of Backfill = 0.00 Degrees = 0.0000 Radians 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Q - angle of Active Side wall to the horizontal 68.20 Degrees = 1.1903 Radians TOTAL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

G Granular Fill = 3.649

Active KA_Granular Fill = 0.430 2.4 ACTIVE LATERAL EARTH LOADS & MOMENTS (WITH Z2 HEIGHT)
Vertical component of KA conservatively
ignored.
Horizontal Active KA_Granular Fill = 0.296

I. LATERAL LOADS OF THE EARTH (BACKFILL) LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS

G Rock Fill = 4.828 DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS (With Z2 Height) STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I

Active KA_Rock Fill = 0.326 Item Description Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment
(KNm) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin
Vertical component of KA conservatively
ignored.
Horizontal Active KA_Rock Fill = 0.187 P_LS_1 Live Load Surcharge from Top of Embankment up to 4m Depth (Granular Material) 13.66 7.187 98.16 23.90 23.90 0.00 0.00 18.44 18.44 6.83 6.83 13.66 13.66 171.78 171.78 0.00 0.00 132.51 132.51 49.08 49.08 98.16 98.16

P_A_1 Lateral Earth Pressure from Top of Embankment up to 4m Depth (Granular Material) 45.53 6.520 296.84 68.29 40.97 68.29 40.97 68.29 40.97 68.29 40.97 45.53 45.53 445.26 267.16 445.26 267.16 445.26 267.16 445.26 267.16 296.84 296.84
[Live Load Surcharge up to 4m Depth as Surcharge] from 4m Depth up to Bottom of Footing Pad
Passive Kp = 5.400 [From Fig. [Link]-1 AASHTO 2007 SI] P_LS_2 (with Ka_Rock Fill) 13.36 2.594 34.64 23.38 23.38 0.00 0.00 18.03 18.03 6.68 6.68 13.36 13.36 60.63 60.63 0.00 0.00 46.77 46.77 17.32 17.32 34.64 34.64

[Weight of the Granular Material up to 4m Depth as Surcharge] from 4m Depth up to Bottom of

P_A_2 Footing Pad (with Ka_Rock Fill) 89.05 2.594 230.96 133.58 80.15 133.58 80.15 133.58 80.15 133.58 80.15 89.05 89.05 346.44 207.87 346.44 207.87 346.44 207.87 346.44 207.87 230.96 230.96

Base soil under the Footing Pad = Sand Geotechnical Report ==> Dark grey, medium dense to dense, silty Sand with gravels and pebbles P_A_3 Lateral Earth Pressure from 4m Depth up to Bottom of Footing Pad (Rock Fill Material) 57.74 1.729 99.83 86.61 51.97 86.61 51.97 86.61 51.97 86.61 51.97 57.74 57.74 149.75 89.85 149.75 89.85 149.75 89.85 149.75 89.85 99.83 99.83

Coefficient of Friction Ø_f = 25.00 Degree = 0.4363 Radians TOTAL 219.33 760.44 335.75 220.36 288.48 173.09 324.95 209.56 301.99 186.59 219.33 219.33 1173.86 797.28 941.45 564.87 1120.74 744.15 1007.86 631.27 760.44 760.44

Strength Limit States Resistance Factor F_t= 0.800 Service & Extreme Event Limit States Resistance Factor F_t= 1.000 2.5 PASSIVE PRESSURE LATERAL EARTH LOADS

Str. Limit States Coef. of Friction b/n Base Soil & Found. = 0.373 Service & Extreme Event Limit States Coef. of Friction b/n Base Soil & Found. = 0.466 I. PASSIVE PRESSURE LATERAL LOADS OF THE EARTH (BACKFILL) LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS

STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I

4.2 SEISMIC DYNAMIC LOADING CASE - LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE Item Description Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment
(KNm) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin

Using Mononobe-Okabe pseudo-static approach:- P_P_1 Passive Pressure at Toe Side (It can be ignored for a 51.89 0.333 17.30 77.84 46.70 77.84 46.70 77.84 46.70 77.84 46.70 51.89 51.89 25.95 15.57 25.95 15.57 25.95 15.57 25.95 15.57 17.30 17.30
conservative design

The Project Area lies at the periphery of Seismic Zone 4 of Ethiopia as per EBCS-1995 and ERA Bridge Design Manual with 0.07 < A ≤0.10. From the Seismic Map & and location of the Bridges being at TOTAL 51.89 17.30 77.84 46.70 77.84 46.70 77.84 46.70 77.84 46.70 51.89 51.89 25.95 15.57 25.95 15.57 25.95 15.57 25.95 15.57 17.30 17.30
the periphery of Zone 4, the Seismic Acceleration Coefficient A can not be greater than 0.08 as determined by linear interpolation which puts the location in Seismic Zone 1 of AASHTO 3.10.4 Seismic
Performance Zones. Hence Seismic Design is not required.
However, the Acceleration Coefficient specified in ERA BDM is for a 100 year Return Period whereas AASHTO specifies a 475 year Design Return Period Earthquake. So, it is assumed here that the
Bridges location suffers a 475 year Return Period Seismic Acceleration Coefficient A of 0.12.
2.6 SEISMIC EFFECTS SUMMARY - LOADS & MOMENTS

A - Seismic Acceleration Coeff. = 0.12 Assumed value as described above

ImportanceCategory (Classification) = Essential I. SEISMIC LATERAL LOADS LOADS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS MOMENTS WITH MINIMUM & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS

Seismic Performance Zone = Zone 2 DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS (With Z2 Height) STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I

Site Effects - Soil Profile = Type II Item Description Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment
(KNm) γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin

S - Site Coefficient = 1.20 EQ_1 Seismic Lateral Earth Loads 27.53 5.512 151.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 27.53 27.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 151.74 151.74 0.00 0.00

R - Response Modification Factors = 0.80 Superstr. to Abutment Connection EQ_2 Seismic Inertial Lateral Forces on Dead Loads 36.70 3.216 118.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 36.70 36.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 118.01 118.01 0.00 0.00

Kh = Horizontal acceleration coefficient = 0.5*A = 0.06 EQ_3 Seismic Inertial Lateral Forces on Backfill 25.37 6.197 157.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.37 25.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 157.24 157.24 0.00 0.00

Kv = Vertical acceleration coefficient 0 TOTAL 89.60 426.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 89.60 89.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 426.99 426.99 0.00 0.00

Granular Backfill Ø [Upto 4m from Top] = 37.00 Degree = 0.6458 Radians

d_Granular - friction angle between fill and wall = 24.67 Degrees = 0.4305 Radians

Rockfill Ø= 50.00 Degree = 0.8727 Radians

d_Rockfill - friction angle between fill and wall = 33.33 Degrees = 0.5818 Radians

i - Slope of Backfill = 0.00 Degrees = 0.0000 Radians

b - angle of Batter of Active Side wall to the Vertical = 21.80 Degrees = 0.3805 Radians

Q = arctan (kh /(1–kv )) = 3.43 Degrees = 0.0599 Radians

Active KAE_Granular Fill = 0.478

Horizontal Active KAE_Granular Fill = 0.329

Active KAE_Rockfill = 0.373

Horizontal Active KAE_Rock Fill = 0.213

AASHTO Passive KPE = 5.036

Eurocode Passive KPE = 7.897 Assumes passive side wall friction angle = 0.00

5. DESIGN LOADS FORCE EFFECTS

5.1 UNFACTORED DESIGN LOADS EFFECTS ABOUT TOE OF MASONRY WINGWALL

TOE OF MASONRY - VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [SUPER & SUBSTRUCTURE WITHOUT BACKFILL LOADS]

VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS (STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS)

Item Description Vertical Load (KN) Moment Arm of Vertical Loads (m) Moment from Vertical Loads (KNm)

DL_C DEAD LOAD SUPERSTRUCTURE 0.000 1.111 0.000

DL_W DEAD LOAD WEARING SURFACE 0.000 1.111 0.000

LIVE LOAD WITH IMPACT & LANE LOAD

LL WITHOUT IMPACT 0.000 1.111 0.000

P1 DEAD LOAD-1 WINGWALL VERTICAL PARAPET 10.935 0.961 10.507

P2 DEAD LOAD-2 WINGWALL VERTICAL PARAPET 3.037 0.911 2.767

A1 MASONRY WINGWALL DEAD LOAD 426.490 2.296 979.145

A2 MASONRY WINGWALL DEAD LOAD 0.000 1.111 0.000

A3 MASONRY WINGWALL DEAD LOAD 133.278 0.741 98.704

F1 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000

F2 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000

F3 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000

F4 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000

F5 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000

TOTAL 573.741 1091.123

TOE OF MASONRY - VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [BACKFILL EARTH LOADS ONLY]

VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS (STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS)

Item Description Load (KN) Moment Arm of Vertical Loads (m) Moment from Vertical Loads (KNm)

G1 LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE 40.99 2.888 118.40

G2 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.00 3.481 0.00

G3 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.00 4.816 0.00

G4 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.00 2.888 0.00

G5 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 150.29 3.688 554.30

G6 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 61.50 2.178 133.93

R1 ROCKFILL 0.00 4.816 0.00

R2 ROCKFILL 109.86 3.481 382.41

R3 ROCKFILL 0.00 4.866 0.00

TOTAL 362.65 1189.04

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TOE OF MASONRY - COMPUTATIONS OF LATERAL EARTH FORCES (WITH Z1 HEIGHT) LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS

I. LATERAL LOADS OF THE EARTH (BACKFILL)

DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS (With Z1 Height)

Item Static Loads (KN) with KA Seismic & Static Loads (KN) with KAE Moment Arm (m) Moment from Lateral Static Loads Description
with KA (KNm)

Live Load Surcharge from Top of Embankment up to 4m

P_LS_1 13.658 15.185 6.887 94.060 Depth (Granular Material)

Lateral Earth Pressure from Top of Embankment up to 4m

P_A_1 45.525 50.616 6.220 283.183 Depth (Granular Material)

[Live Load Surcharge up to 4m Depth as Surcharge] from 4m

P_LS_2 12.585 14.367 2.444 30.753 Depth up to Top of Footing Pad (with Ka_Rock Fill)

Weight of the Granular Material up to 4m Depth as

P_A_2 83.903 95.777 2.444 205.018 Surcharge] from 4m Depth up to Top of Footing Pad (with
Ka_Rock Fill)

Lateral Earth Pressure from 4m Depth up to Top of Footing

P_A_3 51.255 58.508 1.629 83.494 Pad (Rock Fill Material)

TOTAL 206.925 234.453 696.509

SEISMIC FORCE EFFECTS

Item Seismic Loads (KN) with [KAE -KA] Moment Arm (m) Moment from Lateral Seismic Loads
with KAE - KA (KNm)

EQ_1 27.528 5.332 146.785 Seismic Loads Only M_arm 0.6H from Bottom

TOE OF MASONRY - SEISMIC INERTIA LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS [SUPER & SUBSTRUCTURE WITHOUT BACKFILL LOADS]

SEISMIC LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS (DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS)

Item Description F - Vertical Load (KN) Seismic Inertial Lateral Load = Kh*F (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment Seismic Lateral Loads (KNm)

DL_C DEAD LOAD SUPERSTRUCTURE 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

DL_W DEAD LOAD WEARING SURFACE 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

LIVE LOAD WITH IMPACT & LANE LOAD

LL WITHOUT IMPACT 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

P1 DEAD LOAD-1 WINGWALL VERTICAL PARAPET 10.935 0.656 9.562 6.274

P2 DEAD LOAD-2 WINGWALL VERTICAL PARAPET 3.037 0.182 8.637 1.574

A1 MASONRY WINGWALL DEAD LOAD 426.490 25.589 2.962 75.805

A2 MASONRY WINGWALL DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 4.444 0.000

A3 MASONRY WINGWALL DEAD LOAD 133.278 7.997 2.962 23.689

F1 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

F2 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

F3 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

F4 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

F5 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

EQ_2 TOTAL 34.424 107.342

TOE OF MASONRY - SEISMIC INERTIA LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS [BACKFILL LOADS ONLY]

SEISMIC LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS (DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS)

Item Description F - Vertical Load (KN) Seismic Inertial Lateral Load = Kh*F (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment Seismic Lateral Loads (KNm)

G1 LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE 40.994 2.460 8.887 21.86

G2 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00

G3 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00

G4 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00

G5 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 150.287 9.017 6.887 62.10

G6 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 61.504 3.690 7.554 27.88

R1 ROCKFILL 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00

R2 ROCKFILL 109.863 6.592 3.258 21.48

R3 ROCKFILL 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00

EQ_3 TOTAL 21.759 133.31

TOE OF MASONRY - PASSIVE PRESSURE LATERAL LOADS OF THE EARTH (BACKFILL)

STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS

Item Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment (KNm) Description

P_P_1 25.428 0.233 5.933 Passive Pressure at Toe Side (It can be ignored for a conservative design

TOTAL 25.428 5.933

5.2 SUMMARY OF LOAD EFFECTS ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD

TOE OF FOOTING PAD - VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [SUPER & SUBSTRUCTURE WITHOUT BACKFILL LOADS]

VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS (STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS)

Item Description Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment (KNm)

DL_C DEAD LOAD SUPERSTRUCTURE 0.000 1.411 0.000

DL_W DEAD LOAD WEARING SURFACE 0.000 1.411 0.000

LL LIVE LOAD WITHOUT IMPACT 0.000 1.411 0.000

P1 DEAD LOAD-1 WINGWALL VERTICAL PARAPET 10.935 1.261 13.788

P2 DEAD LOAD-2 WINGWALL VERTICAL PARAPET 3.037 1.211 3.678

A1 MASONRY WINGWALL DEAD LOAD 426.490 2.596 1107.092

A2 MASONRY WINGWALL DEAD LOAD 0.000 1.411 0.000

A3 MASONRY WINGWALL DEAD LOAD 133.278 1.041 138.688

F1 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 5.066 0.000

F2 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 2.160 5.116 11.050

F3 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 33.593 2.633 88.445

F4 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.200 0.000

F5 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 2.160 0.150 0.324

TOTAL 611.654 1363.065

TOE OF FOOTING PAD - VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [BACKFILL EARTH LOADS ONLY]

VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS (STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS)

Item Description Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment (KNm)

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G1 LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE 44.454 3.338 148.400

G2 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.000 3.981 0.000

G3 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 23.064 5.116 117.989

G4 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.000 3.188 0.000

G5 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 150.287 3.988 599.387

G6 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 61.504 2.478 152.379

R1 ROCKFILL 33.721 5.116 172.505

R2 ROCKFILL 109.863 3.781 415.366

R3 ROCKFILL 0.000 5.166 0.000

TOTAL 422.892 1606.024

TOE OF FOOTING PAD - LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS [BRAKING, TEMPERATURE ETC LOADS]

LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS (DESTABILIZING FORCES & MOMENTS)

Item Description Remarks Load (KN/m) Moment Arm (m) Moment (KNm/m)

TOE OF FOOTING PAD - COMPUTATIONS OF LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE LOADS & MOMENTS (WITH Z2 HEIGHT)

I. LATERAL LOADS OF THE EARTH (BACKFILL)

TOE OF FOOTING PAD DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS (With Z2 Height)

Item Static Loads (KN) with KA Seismic & Static Loads (KN) with KAE Moment Arm (m) Moment from Lateral Static Loads Description
with KA (KNm)

Live Load Surcharge from Top of Embankment up to 4m

P_LS_1 13.658 15.185 7.187 98.157 Depth (Granular Material)

Lateral Earth Pressure from Top of Embankment up to 4m

P_A_1 45.525 50.616 6.520 296.841 Depth (Granular Material)

[Live Load Surcharge up to 4m Depth as Surcharge] from

P_LS_2 13.358 15.248 2.594 34.644 4m Depth up to Bottom of Footing Pad (with Ka_Rock Fill)

[Weight of the Granular Material up to 4m Depth as

P_A_2 89.053 101.657 2.594 230.961 Surcharge] from 4m Depth up to Bottom of Footing Pad
(with Ka_Rock Fill)

Lateral Earth Pressure from 4m Depth up to Bottom of

P_A_3 57.740 65.912 1.729 99.834 Footing Pad (Rock Fill Material)

TOTAL 219.334 248.618 760.438

SEISMIC FORCE EFFECTS - TOE OF FOOTING PAD

Item Seismic Loads (KN) with [KAE -KA] Moment Arm (m) Moment from Lateral Seismic Loads Description
with KAE - KA (KNm)

P_E 27.528 5.512 151.740 Seismic Loads Only M_arm 0.6H from Bottom

TOE OF FOOTING PAD - SEISMIC INERTIA LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS [SUPER & SUBSTRUCTURE WITHOUT BACKFILL LOADS]

SEISMIC LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS (DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS)

Item Description F - Vertical Load (KN) Seismic Inertial Lateral Load = Kh*F (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment Seismic Lateral Loads (KNm)

DL_C DEAD LOAD SUPERSTRUCTURE 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

DL_W DEAD LOAD WEARING SURFACE 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

LL LIVE LOAD WITHOUT IMPACT 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

P1 DEAD LOAD-1 WINGWALL VERTICAL PARAPET 10.935 0.656 9.862 6.470

P2 DEAD LOAD-2 WINGWALL VERTICAL PARAPET 3.037 0.182 8.937 1.629

A1 MASONRY WINGWALL DEAD LOAD 426.490 25.589 3.262 83.482

A2 MASONRY WINGWALL DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 4.744 0.000

A3 MASONRY WINGWALL DEAD LOAD 133.278 7.997 3.262 26.088

F1 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.300 0.000

F2 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 2.160 0.130 0.150 0.019

F3 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 33.593 2.016 0.150 0.302

F4 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 0.000 0.000 0.300 0.000

F5 FOOTING PAD DEAD LOAD 2.160 0.130 0.150 0.019

TOTAL 36.699 118.010

TOE OF FOOTING PAD - SEISMIC INERTIA LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS [BACKFILL LOADS ONLY]

SEISMIC LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS (DESTABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS)

Item Description F - Vertical Load (KN) Seismic Inertial Lateral Load = Kh*F (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment Seismic Lateral Loads (KNm)

G1 LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE 44.454 2.667 9.187 24.504

G2 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.000 0.000 0.300 0.000

G3 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 23.064 1.384 7.187 9.946

G4 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

G5 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 150.287 9.017 7.187 64.807

G6 GRANULAR MATERIAL BACKFILL 61.504 3.690 7.854 28.982

R1 ROCKFILL 33.721 2.023 2.744 5.551

R2 ROCKFILL 109.863 6.592 3.558 23.454

R3 ROCKFILL 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

TOTAL 25.374 157.24

TOE OF FOOTING PAD - PASSIVE PRESSURE LATERAL LOADS OF THE EARTH (BACKFILL)

STABILIZING FORCES AND MOMENTS

Item Load (KN) Moment Arm (m) Moment (KNm) Description

P_P_1 51.894 0.333 17.298 Passive Pressure at Toe Side (It can be ignored for a conservative design

TOTAL 51.894 17.298

6. LOAD FACTORS AND COMBINATION OF LOADS

STable 3.4.1-1 In the AASHTO LRFD design philosophy, the applied loads are factored by statistically calibrated load factors. In addition to these factors, one must be aware of two additional sets of factors which may further modify
the applied loads.

S1.3.2.1 The first set of additional factors applies to all force effects and are represented by the Greek letter η (eta) in the Specifications. These factors are related to the ductility, redundancy, and operational importance of
the structure. A single, combined eta is required for every structure. For this design, all eta factors are taken equal to one.

STable 3.4.1-2 STable The other set of factors mentioned above applies only to the live load force effects and are dependent upon the number of loaded lanes. These factors are termed multiple presence factors by the Specifications. These
[Link].2-1 factors for this bridge are shown as follows:

Multiple presence factor, m (3 lanes) m3 = 0.85 0.850

Multiple presence factor, m (2 lanes) m2 = 1.00 1.000
Multiple presence factor, m (1 lane) m1 = 1.20 1.200

The Table contains the applicable limit states and corresponding load factors that will be used for this Abutment design. Limit states not shown either do not control the design or are not applicable. The load factors
shown in the Table are the standard load factors assigned by the Specifications and are exclusive of multiple presence and eta factors.

It is important to note here that the maximum load factors shown in the Table below for uniform temperature loading (TU) apply only for deformations, and the minimum load factors apply for all other effects. Since
the force effects from the uniform temperature loading are considered in this Abutment design, the minimum load factors will be used.

Wingwall Design Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 29 of 120

(PPBE/008 PRHG/110)
BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE Package I: Design build ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORITY
of Bridge Replacement Projects under Kombolcha RNMD

LRFD LOAD FACTORS

STRENGTH I STRENGTH III STRENGTH V EXTREME EVENT I SERVICE I
LOAD CODE DESCRIPTION
γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin γmax γmin

DC DEAD LOAD 1.25 0.90 1.25 0.90 1.25 0.90 1.25 0.90 1.00 1.00

DW WEARING SURFACE 1.50 0.65 1.50 0.65 1.50 0.65 1.50 0.65 1.00 1.00

LL LIVE LOAD 1.75 1.75 0.00 0.00 1.35 1.35 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00

BR BRAKING 1.75 1.75 0.00 0.00 1.35 1.35 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00

TU TEMPERATURE 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00

LS LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE 1.75 1.75 0.00 0.00 1.35 1.35 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00

EQ EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00

FR FRICTION FORCES 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

WS WIND LOAD DUE ON DEAD LOAD 0.00 0.00 1.40 1.40 0.40 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.30

WL WIND LOAD DUE ON LIVE LOAD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00

EH HORIZONTAL LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE 1.50 0.90 1.50 0.90 1.50 0.90 1.50 0.90 1.00 1.00

ES VERTICAL DUE TO EARTH SURCHARGE 1.50 0.75 1.50 0.75 1.50 0.75 1.50 0.75 1.00 1.00

EV VERTICAL LOAD DUE TO EARTH (SOIL) 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.00 1.00

7. COMPUTATIONS OF FORCE EFFECTS ON STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

1. STRENGTH I - ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

1.1 USING MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS FOR DESTABILIZING LOADS & MINIMUM LOAD FACTORS FOR STABILIZING LOADS
1.1.1 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF MASONRY

I. Check Stability Against Eccentricity & Sliding Failure

(Using Strength I Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1307.19 mm

X 
Including Live Loads & Live Load
V
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 1025.67 mm
B/4 = 1166.43 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

For Masonry on Concrete Pad treated as Rigid or Equivalent to Rock Foundation

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6

q
 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 463.98 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!

q_min = 0.00 KPa qmin<q_ult. Ok!!

3921.56 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1432.47 mm

X 
V
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 900.38 mm
B/4 = 1166.43 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 2.105 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

Stabilizing Moment
F.S.  
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Destabilizing Moment 2.400 >1 Ok!!

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 1.071 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 1.153 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

1.1.2 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD

I. Check Stability Against Bearing Capacity Failure

(Using Strength I Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing
X  1773.87 mm

Including Live Loads & Live Load

V
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 858.98 mm
B/4 = 1316.43 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

TYPE OF FOUNDATION MATERIAL IS SOIL. USE THE EQUATION DIRECTLY BELOW

Be  2 * X  3547.74 mm

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON SOIL

qmax 
V  283.76 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!
Be

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON ROCK

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6 q
 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 378.31 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!

q_min = 4.06 KPa qmin<q_ult. Ok!!

5321.61 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1893.04 mm

X 
V
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge
Wingwall Design Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 30 of 120
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BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE Package I: Design build ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORITY
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MStabilizing  MDestabilizing
X 
V
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 739.81 mm
B/4 = 1316.43 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 2.521 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 2.868 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 1.119 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 1.201 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

1.2 MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS FOR DESTABILIZING LOADS & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS FOR STABILIZING LOADS

1.2.1 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF MASONRY

I. Check Stability Against Eccentricity & Sliding Failure

(Using Strength I Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1593.76 mm

X 
Including Live Loads & Live Load
V
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 739.09 mm
B/4 = 1166.43 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

For Masonry on Concrete Pad treated as Rigid or Equivalent to Rock Foundation

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6

q
 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 511.33 KPa qmax>q_ult. Not Ok!!

q_min = 12.99 KPa qmin>q_ult. Not Ok!!

4781.27 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1702.80 mm

X 
V
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 630.05 mm
B/4 = 1166.43 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 2.812 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

Stabilizing Moment
F.S.  
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Destabilizing Moment 3.286 >1 Ok!!

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 1.440 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 1.585 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

1.2.2 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD

I. Check Stability Against Bearing Capacity Failure

(Using Strength I Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing
X  2160.88 mm

Including Live Loads & Live Load

V
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 471.97 mm
B/4 = 1316.43 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

TYPE OF FOUNDATION MATERIAL IS SOIL. USE THE EQUATION DIRECTLY BELOW

Be  2 * X  4321.76 mm

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON SOIL

qmax 
V  313.13 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!
Be

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON ROCK

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6 q
 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 395.20 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!

q_min = 118.79 KPa qmin<q_ult. Ok!!

6482.65 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 2160.88 mm

X 
V
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 471.97 mm
B/4 = 1316.43 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 3.371 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

Stabilizing Moment
F.S.  
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Destabilizing Moment 3.928 >1 Ok!!

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 1.504 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 1.649 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

2. SERVICE I - SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

2.1 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF MASONRY

2.1.1 Check Stability Against Bearing Capacity Failure

(Using Service Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing
X  1697.57 mm

Including Live Loads & Live Load

V
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 635.28 mm
B/6 = 777.62 mm

Wingwall Design Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 31 of 120

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 Including Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge Package I: Design build
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Ok!! Eccentricity is Within the Kern

FOR MASONRY ABUTMENTS, ECCENTRICITY MUST BE WITH IN THE KERN AT SERVICE LIMIT STATE.

For Masonry on Concrete Pad treated as Rigid or Equivalent to Rock Foundation

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6 q

 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 364.66 KPa

q_min = 36.74 KPa

5092.71 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1782.45 mm

X 
V
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 550.40 mm
B/6 = 777.62 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 3.282 >2 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

Stabilizing Moment
F.S.  
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Destabilizing Moment 3.792 >2 Ok!!

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 2.110 >1.5 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 2.311 >1.5 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

2.2 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD

2.2.1 Check Stability Against Bearing Capacity Failure

(Using Service Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing
X  2151.62 mm
V
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 481.23 mm
B/6 = 877.62 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity is Within the Kern

TYPE OF FOUNDATION MATERIAL IS SOIL. USE THE EQUATION DIRECTLY BELOW

Be  2 * X  4303.24 mm

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON SOIL

qmax 
V  240.41 KPa qmax<q_all. Ok!!
Be

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON ROCK

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6 q
 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 304.20 q_max<q_all. Ok!!

q_min = 88.74 q_min<q_all. Ok!!

6454.86 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 2232.47 mm

X 
V
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 400.38 mm
B/6= 877.62 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Stabilizing Moment
F.S.  
Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Destabilizing Moment 3.927 >2 ok!!

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 4.522 >2 ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 2.199 >1.5 ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 2.401 >1.5 ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

3. EXREME EVENT I LIMIT STATE

3.1 USING MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS FOR DESTABILIZING LOADS & MINIMUM LOAD FACTORS FOR STABILIZING LOADS
3.1.1 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF MASONRY

I. Check Stability Against Eccentricity & Sliding Failure

(Using Exreme Event I Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 943.25 mm

X 
gEQ=0.5, Including Live Loads & Live Load
V
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 1389.60 mm
B/3 = 1555.23 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

For Masonry on Concrete Pad treated as Rigid or Equivalent to Rock Foundation

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6

q
 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 606.78 KPa

q_min = 0.00 KPa

2829.76 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 970.15 mm

X 
V
gEQ=0, Without Including Live Loads &
Live Load Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 1362.70 mm
B/3 = 1555.23 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 917.61 mm

X 
V
gEQ=1, Including 100% Live Loads & Live
Load Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 1415.24 mm

Wingwall Design Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 32 of 120

(PPBE/008 PRHG/110)
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gEQ=1, Including 100% Live Loads & Live of Bridge Replacement Projects under Kombolcha RNMD
Load Surcharge

B/2.5 = 1866.28 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 1.619 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

Stabilizing Moment
F.S.  
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Destabilizing Moment 1.653 >1 Ok!!

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 1.088 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 1.102 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

3.1.2 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD

I. Check Stability Against Bearing Capacity Failure
(Using Exreme Event I Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing
X  1408.08 mm
V
gEQ=0.5, Including Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 1224.77 mm
B/3 = 1755.23 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

TYPE OF FOUNDATION MATERIAL IS SOIL. USE THE EQUATION DIRECTLY BELOW

Be  2 * X  2816.16 mm

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON SOIL

qmax 
V  337.75 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!
Be

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON ROCK

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6 q
 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 450.33 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!

q_min = 0.00 KPa q_min<q_ult. Ok!!

4224.24 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1433.38 mm

X 
V
gEQ=0, Without Including Live Loads &
Live Load Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 1199.47 mm
B/3 = 1755.23 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1383.94 mm

X 
V
gEQ=1, Including 100% Live Loads & Live
Load Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 1248.91 mm
B/2.5 = 2106.28 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 1.933 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 1.973 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 1.133 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 1.146 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

3.2 MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS FOR DESTABILIZING LOADS & MAXIMUM LOAD FACTORS FOR STABILIZING LOADS

3.2.1 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF MASONRY

I. Check Stability Against Eccentricity & Sliding Failure

(Using Exreme Event I Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1339.68 mm

X 
gEQ=0.5, Including Live Loads & Live Load
V
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 993.17 mm
B/3 = 1555.23 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

For Masonry on Concrete Pad treated as Rigid or Equivalent to Rock Foundation

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6

q
 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 583.18 KPa

q_min = 0.00 KPa

4019.03 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1366.31 mm

X 
V
gEQ=0, Without Including Live Loads &
Live Load Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 966.54 mm
B/3 = 1555.23 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1313.96 mm

X 
V
gEQ=1, Including 100% Live Loads & Live
Load Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 1018.89 mm
B/2.5 = 1866.28 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 2.201 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

Stabilizing Moment
F.S.  
Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Destabilizing Moment 2.264 >1 Ok!!

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 1.486 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 1.514 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

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Resisting Force
F.S.  
Sliding Force

3.2.2 STABILITY CHECK ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD

I. Check Stability Against Bearing Capacity Failure
(Using Exreme Event I Load Factors)

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing
X  1800.84 mm
V
gEQ=0.5, Including Live Loads & Live Load
Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 832.01 mm
B/3 = 1755.23 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

TYPE OF FOUNDATION MATERIAL IS SOIL. USE THE EQUATION DIRECTLY BELOW

Be  2 * X  3601.68 mm

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON SOIL

qmax 
V  360.30 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!
Be

FOR FOUNDATIONS ON ROCK

For loads with in the kern e<=B/6 q
 V (1 6e )
B B

For Loads Out of Kern (e>B/6 and e<=3/8*B)

q_max = 480.08 KPa qmax<q_ult. Ok!!

q_min = 12.81 KPa q_min<q_ult. Ok!!

5402.51 mm

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1826.11 mm

X 
V
gEQ=0, Without Including Live Loads &
Live Load Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 806.74 mm
B/3 = 1755.23 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

MStabilizing  MDestabilizing 1776.42 mm

X 
V
gEQ=1, Including 100% Live Loads & Live
Load Surcharge Eccentricity e = (B/2) - X = 856.43 mm
B/2.5 = 2106.28 mm
Ok!! Eccentricity within limits.

II. Check Stability Against Overturning

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 2.629 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Stabilizing Moment 2.702 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Destabilizing Moment

III. Check Stability Against Sliding

Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 1.545 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

Without Including Live Loads & Live Load Surcharge Resisting Force 1.573 >1 Ok!!
F.S.  
Sliding Force

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APPROACH SLAB DESIGN FOR GIRDER BRIDGES - STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS & DESIGN

1. Assumptions
- Main reinforcements are placed parellel to center line of roadway.
- The bottom of the slab is assumed level.
- Center to center of support is assumed perpendicular to supports, not neccesarily parallel to centerline of roadway.
- The additional amount of concrete thickness for crossfall is not considered for the flexural design, but the weight is included as dead load.

2. General
Approach Slab Length = 4.000 m
Width of Approach Slab resting on the Backwall of Bridge = WAS_Backwall 0.300 m
Width of Approach Slab resting on the Sleeper Slab = WAS_Slipper 1.000 m
Average Width of Support carrying the Approach Slab = Average (WAS_Backwall + WAS_Sleeper] 0.650 m
Center to Center of Supports perpendicular to Support S = L = 3.350 m
Approach Slab Clear Span [(Bridge End - Sleeper Slab] = 2.700 m

Trial Slab Thickness = 335.000 mm

Design Slab Thickness = 0.335 m

Curb/Edge beam width (top) = 0.500 m

Curb/Edge beam width (bottom) = 0.500 m
Curb Thickness = 0.250 m
Additional Curb/Edge beam depth = 0.000 m
Total length of Approach Slab = 4.000 m
Clear width of Approach Slab = 7.320 m
Total width of Approach Slab = 8.320 m
No of lanes = 2
Crown Slope = 3%
Skewness angle = 0.000 Deg.

Loading type: Notional load, Design Tandem

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Loading Specification: ERA HL-93 & AASHTO

Design Standard ERA 2013/2002 & AASHTO 2007 SI Units

Material Properties
CONCRETE fc'= 30.00 MPa (Cube Strength)
fc'= 24.00 MPa (Cylinderical Strength) 3487.35135135135
Allowable Cocrete Stress fc=0.4fc'= 9.60 MPa

Unit Weight of Cocrete gc = 0+023.54 KN/m3

Density of Cocrete rc = 2+400.00 Kg/m3

𝐄_𝐂=𝟎.𝟎𝟒𝟑𝐊_𝟏 𝛄_𝐂 √(𝐟_𝐂^′ )

Concrete Modulus of Elasticity

With K1= 1.00 24768

REINFORCEMENT BARS
For bar with size greater than Φ20, For bar with size less than or equal to Φ20,
Grade-60 Grade-40
fyk = 420.00 MPa fyk = 300.00 MPa
fs = 168.00 MPa fs = 120.00 MPa
Es = 200000.00 MPa
MISCELANEOUS
Modular Ratio n=Es/Ec= 8.07493540051679
Φmoment = 0+000.90
Φshear = 0+000.90

b= 0+000.85
Modulus of Rupture =fr =0.62*sqrt(fc') = 0+003.04 Mpa
Z in Eq. 9.15 = 30,000 N/mm

 f'  599.483 
For rebar f > 20 mm b 0.851 C   0+000.02
 f  (599.483 f 
 y  y

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 f'  599.483 
For rebar f < 20 mm b 0.851 C   0+000.04
 f  (599.483 f 
 
y y 
Ultimate Limit State Load Factors Service Limit State Load Factors
Dead load limit state factor = 0+001.25 Dead load service state factor = 1.00

Wearing Surface limit state factor = 0+001.50 Wearing Surface Service state factor = 1.00

Live load limit state factor = 0+001.75 Live load service state factor = 1.00

Fatigue Live load factor = 0+000.75

Dead Load moments:

take Dslab= m

Service Dead Loads Wearing Surface Service Loads: Ultimate Limit State Dead load:
W_slab=Dslab*24= 7.89 KN/m W_slab=Dslab*24= 0.00 KN/m W_slab=Dslab*24= 9.86 KN/m
Post & railing load = 0.00 KN/m Post & railing load = 0.00 KN/m Post & railing load = 0.00 KN/m
Weight of wearing surface ws= 0.00 KN/m Weight of wearing surface ws= 1.10 KN/m Weight of wearing surface ws= 1.65 KN/m
Total DL= 7.89 KN/m Total DL= 1.10 KN/m Total DL= 11.51 KN/m
Reaction at Support R_DL = (W_DL*L/2) = 13.21 KN Reaction at Support R_DL = (W_DL*L/2) = 1.84 KN Reaction at Support R_DL = (W_DL*L/2) =

Dead Load Moment and Shear

M_DL = (R_DL )*X -(W_DL)(X²)/2

V_DL = (R_DL) - (W_DL)*x
Point of Possible Maximum Moment = ((L/2) - 0.7166666666666)/L = 0+000.29 L

DEAD LOAD SUMMARY EXCLUDING WEARING SURFACE WEARING SURFACE DEAD LOADS

X/L X Vs [KN/m] Ms[KNm/m] X/L X Vs [KN/m] Ms[KNm/m]

0.000 0.000 13.211 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.843 0.000

0.074 0.248 11.255 3.034 0.074 0.248 1.570 0.423

0.100 0.335 10.569 3.983 0.100 0.335 1.474 0.556

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0.200 0.670 7.927 7.081 0.200 0.670 1.106 0.988

0.286 0.958 5.653 9.039 0.286 0.958 0.788 1.261

0.300 1.005 5.284 9.294 0.300 1.005 0.737 1.296

0.400 1.340 2.642 10.622 0.400 1.340 0.369 1.481

0.500 1.675 0.000 11.064 0.500 1.675 0.000 1.543

DEAD LOAD SUMMARY INCLUDING WEARING SURFACE

X/L X Vs [KN/m] Ms[KNm/m]

0.000 0.000 15.054 0.000

0.074 0.248 12.825 3.457

0.100 0.335 12.043 4.539

0.200 0.670 9.032 8.069

0.286 0.958 6.441 10.299

0.300 1.005 6.021 10.590

0.400 1.340 3.011 12.103

0.500 1.675 0.000 12.607

II. Live load moments:

Distribution of live load laterally: (see section 12-8 Eq. 12.40)
The equivalent width of longitudinal strips per lane for both shear and moment with one lane, i.e., two lines of wheels, loaded may be
determined as:
L1 = 3350 mm
W1 = 8320 mm
E1 = 250+0.42sqrt(L1W1) = 2467.34543993488 mm/lane load
where:
E= equivalent width (mm)
L1= modified span length equal to the lesser of the actual span or 18,000mm
W1= modified edge-to-edge width of bridge taken to be equal to the lessor of of the actual width
or 18 000mm for multilane loading,or 9 000mm for single -lane -loading

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W= phisical edge-to-edge width of bridge(mm)

NL = number of design lane

The equivalent width of longitudinal strips per lane for both shear & moment with more than one lane loaded may be determined as:

L1 = 3350 mm
W1 = 8320 mm
E2 = 2100+0.12sqrt(L1W1)<=W/NL = 2733.52726855282 mm/lane load
Design E = 2.46734543993488 m
Impact factor I = 1+IM/100 Where IM = 33 % (for Servicibility limit state design)
= 0+001.33

1. DESIGN TRUCK LOADING HL-93

Axle/Tandem Load W= 145.00 KN
Live load/m = LL/m = W/E = 58.77 KN/m
Total LL/m+I = 78.16 KN/m ( Including Impact For two line of wheel or lane loading)

2. Design Tandem/Military Loading

Axle/Tandem Military Load W= 110.00 KN
Live load/m = LL/m = W/E = 44.58 KN/m
Total LL/m+I = 59.29 KN/m ( Including Impact For two line of wheel or lane loading)
3. Lane Load
Total Lane Load per Lane or E= 9.30 KN/m
Lane Load per meter Width= 3.77 KN/m

Influence Lines for Live Load

1. HL-93 Loading

A. Moment and Shear at Rear Wheel Position ( Truck Moving to the Right )

Longitudinal Spacing of Wheels = 4.300 m

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Transverse Spacing of Wheels = 1.800 m

P P

P/4
4.300 4.300

A B

X1
X2
X3
L [SPAN]
HS 20-44 TRUCK MOVING TO THE RIGHT
B. Moment and Shear at Rear Wheel Position ( Truck Moving to the Left

P P

P/4
4.267m 4.267m

A B
X1

X2
X3

Span = S

HS 20-44 TRUCK MOVING TO THE LEFT

Influence Lines for Live Load

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I. Moment Influence Line

Truck Moving to the Right

X/L Moment Coefficients

M (KNm)
P P P/4 Total

0.000 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.00

0.074 0+000.23 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.23 0+017.95

0.100 0+000.30 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.30 0+023.57

0.200 0+000.54 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.54 0+041.89

0.300 0+000.70 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.70 0+054.99

0.400 0+000.80 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.80 0+062.84

0.286 0+000.68 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.68 0+053.48

0.500 0+000.84 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.84 0+065.46

Truck Moving to the Left

X/L Moment Coefficients

M (KNm)
P P P/4 Total

0.000 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.00

0.074 0+000.23 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.23 0+017.95

0.100 0+000.30 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.30 0+023.57

0.200 0+000.54 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.54 0+041.89

0.300 0+000.70 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.70 0+054.99

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0.400 0+000.80 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.80 0+062.84

0.286 0+000.68 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.68 0+053.48

0.500 0+000.84 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.84 0+065.46

II. Shear Influence Line

Truck Moving to the Right

X/L Shear Coefficients

V (KN)
P P P/4 Total

0.000 0+001.00 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+001.00 0+078.16

0.074 0+000.93 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.93 0+072.37

0.100 0+000.90 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.90 0+070.34

0.200 0+000.80 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.80 0+062.53

0.300 0+000.70 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.70 0+054.71

0.400 0+000.60 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.60 0+046.90

0.286 0+000.71 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.71 0+055.80

0.500 0+000.50 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.50 0+039.08

Truck Moving to the Left

X/L Shear Coefficients

V (KN)
P P P/4 Total

0.000 0+001.00 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+001.00 0+078.16

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0.074 0+000.93 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.93 0+072.37

0.100 0+000.90 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.90 0+070.34

0.200 0+000.80 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.80 0+062.53

0.300 0+000.70 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.70 0+054.71

0.400 0+000.60 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.60 0+046.90

0.286 0+000.71 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.71 0+055.80

0.500 0+000.50 0+000.00 0+000.00 0+000.50 0+039.08

3. Design Tandem/Military Loading

Longitudinal Spacing of Wheels = 1.200 m

P P

a*S (Span)
1.200

A B

X1
X2
S [SPAN]
MILITARY TANDEM LOADING

a X X1 X2 VA VA [KN] Mo Mo [KNm]

0.000 0.000 3.350 2.150 1.642 97.349 0.000 0.000

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0.074 0.248 3.102 1.902 1.494 88.570 0.370 21.965

0.100 0.335 3.015 1.815 1.442 85.490 0.483 28.639

0.200 0.670 2.680 1.480 1.242 73.631 0.832 49.333

0.286 0.958 2.392 1.192 1.070 63.424 1.025 60.782

0.300 1.005 2.345 1.145 1.042 61.772 1.047 62.081

0.400 1.340 2.010 0.810 0.842 49.914 1.128 66.884

0.500 1.675 1.675 0.475 0.642 38.055 1.075 63.742

3. Lane load

a x [m] VA [KN/m] Mo [KNm/m]

0+000.00 0+000.00 0+006.31 0+000.00

0+000.07 0+000.25 0+005.38 0+001.45

0+000.10 0+000.34 0+005.05 0+001.90

0+000.20 0+000.67 0+003.79 0+003.38

0+000.29 0+000.96 0+002.70 0+004.32

0+000.30 0+001.01 0+002.53 0+004.44

0+000.40 0+001.34 0+001.26 0+005.08

0+000.50 0+001.68 0+000.00 0+005.29

Summary of Maximum Live Load Shear and Moments at Different Points

Shear Force V [KN] Moment M (KNm) Shear Force V [KN] Moment M (KNm)
Design Shear Design Moment M
a x [m] Military Tandem Force V (KNm)
(HL-93 ) With (HL-93 ) With Military Tandem [KN/m]
Lane With With
Lane Load Lane
Load Lane Load
Load

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0.000 0.000 84.474 0.000 103.663 0.000 103.663 0.000

0.074 0.248 77.753 19.399 93.949 23.415 93.949 23.415

0.100 0.335 75.396 25.469 90.541 30.543 90.541 30.543

0.200 0.670 66.317 45.278 77.419 52.717 77.419 52.717

0.286 0.958 58.503 57.796 66.126 65.101 66.126 65.101

0.300 1.005 57.238 59.428 64.298 66.523 64.298 66.523

0.400 1.340 48.159 67.917 51.176 71.960 51.176 71.960

0.500 1.675 39.080 70.747 38.055 69.029 39.080 70.747

Summary of Total Dead and Live Load Moments at Service Load

Ms =MDL+MLL and Vs =VDL+VLL

a x Vs [KN/m] Ms[KNm/m]

0+000.00 0+000.00 0+118.72 0+000.00

0+000.07 0+000.25 0+106.77 0+026.87

0+000.10 0+000.34 0+102.58 0+035.08

0+000.20 0+000.67 0+086.45 0+060.79

0+000.29 0+000.96 0+072.57 0+075.40

0+000.30 0+001.01 0+070.32 0+077.11

0+000.40 0+001.34 0+054.19 0+084.06

0+000.50 0+001.68 0+039.08 0+083.35

Summary of factored dead and live load moments

Mu =1.25MDL+1.50MDW+1.75MLL Vu =1.25VDL+1.50VDW+1.75VLL

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a x Vu [KN/m] Mu[KNm/m]

0.000 0.000 200.687 0.000

0.074 0.248 180.834 45.404

0.100 0.335 173.869 59.262

0.200 0.670 147.051 102.588

0.286 0.958 123.968 127.117

0.300 1.005 120.232 129.977

0.400 1.340 93.414 141.430

0.500 1.675 68.391 139.953

1.7.1 Shear Force and Bending Moment Summary

[Link] Service Load Combination DL+LL

Point (X/L) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.286069651741 0.5

X 0 0.335 0.67 1.005 1.34 0.958333333333 1.675
Ms 0.00 35.08 60.79 77.11 84.06 75.40 83.35
Vs 118.72 102.58 86.45 70.32 54.19 72.57 39.08

[Link] Factored Loads

Point (X/L) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.286069651741 0.5

X 0 0.335 0.67 1.005 1.34 0.958333333333 1.675
Vu 200.69 173.87 147.05 120.23 93.41 123.97 68.39
Mu 0.00 59.26 102.59 129.98 141.43 127.12 139.95

FLEXURAL DESIGN

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1. Design of Main reinforcement parallel to traffic

The tensile reinforcement provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times the cracking
strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable strength load combinations.

Mu = 141.43 KNm/m

fr =0.63Sqrt(fc') = 3.04 MPa

Moment of Inertia Ig = Ig =bh3/12 = 3132947917 mm4 0.00313294791666667

yt = dist. of extreme fiber from centroid) 167.50 mm

Cracking Moment Mcr =fr*Ig/yt = 56.81 KNm/m

1.2Mcr = 68.17 KNm/m

1.33Mu = 183.86 KNm/m

So,1.33* the applied moment is greater than the cracking moment.

Mu = Max [Mu, (Min 1.2Mcr,1.33*Mu)] = 141.43 KNm/m

 f'  599.483 
For rebar f > 20 mm b 0.851 C   0.0242830972162242
 f  (599.483 f 
 y  y

Dprov. = 335 mm
As = Mu/Фfy(d-a/2) = 1617.24 mm2 beff = 1000 mm
fy = 0+420.00 MPa
1000a S
Spacing = S 279.73 mm fc' = 24.00 MPa
AS
Ф= 0+000.90
Smax = 450.00 mm Фbar = 24 mm
Cover = 75 mm
dprov = 248 mm
aS = 452.39 mm2
Use Diameter 24 mm Re-bars C/C 210 mm
As prov. = 2+154.23 mm2
ρmax= 0.75ρb = 0.0182123229121681
ρprov. = As/bd = 0.00868643130024828 OK!!

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2. Checking Distribution of Flexural Reinforcements

To control flexural cracking of the concrete, tension reinforcement shall be well distributed within the maximum
flexural zones. To prevent this kind of cracking, the calculated stress in the reinforcement at service load ,fs, in
MPa shall not exceed the value computed by ,
Z= fs*(dcA)1/3 Eq(9.14)
fs ≤ 0.*6fyk = 0+252.00 Mpa
Where :Z = crack width parameter in N/mm
For modernate climate, Zmax = 30+000.00 N/mm
depth of concrete measured from extreme tension fiber to center of bar ; for calculation purpose, the thickness of clear
dc = cover used to compute dc shall not be taken greater than 50mm.

dc = 87 mm
area of concrete having the same centroid as the principal tension renforcement and bounded by the surfaces of the
A = cross-section and a straigth line parallel to the neutral axis, divided by the number of bar.

A = 2*Ŷ*bw/[Link] Bars =
= 34800.00 mm2
d= 248.00 mm
As = 2154.23 mm2

ρ= 0.00868643130024828
n= 0+008.07
k = 0.31091496727197
j = 1-k/3 = 0.89636167757601
From the above calculation ---- jd = 222.30 mm
The stress at service stress is calculated as follows:
Service Load Moment Ms = 84.06 KNm/m
fs =M/(Asjd) = 0+175.54 Mpa <0.6fyk OK!!!
Check Z:- Z= 25395 N/mm 30000 OK!!
Therefore the Provided Concrete Section and Reinforcement is adequate
Use Diameter 24 mm Re-bars C/C 210 mm

As prov. = 2+154.23 mm2/m

ρmax. = 0.75ρb = 0.0182123229121681
ρprov. = As/bd = 0.00868643130024828

Gebeyehu Aragaw
Approach Slab Page 48 of 120
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BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE Package I: Design build ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORITY
of Bridge Replacement Projects under Kombolcha RNMD

1.9.2 Fatigue Stress Limits

Fatigue Stress Limits
f_f = 144.79-0.33fmin+55.12(r/h)
r/h = 0.300
Mmax = 84.06 KNm/m
Mmin = 12.61 KNm/m
d= 248.00 mm
As = 2154.23 mm²
r= 0.00868643130024828
k  2n  (n)2  n = 0.3109
j = 1-k/3 = 0.8964

fs =M/(As*j*d)
fsmax = 175.54 MPa
fsmin = 26.33 MPa
f_f = 152.64 MPa
fsmax - fsmin = 149.21 MPa < f_f = 152.64 MPa OK!!

3. Distribution steel for main reinforcment parallel to traffic

To take into account for load distribution normal to traffic use distribution steel,

Percentage =100/Sqrt(S) = 30.16%

Fdist bar = 16 mm

aS = 201.06 mm2

As dist = 649.80 mm2/m

Spacing S = 309.42 mm

Use Diameter 16 mm Re-bars C/C 285 mm

4. Check for Shear

Maximum Shear Force at Critical Location For Shear Vmax = 180.834 KN

Gebeyehu Aragaw
Approach Slab Page 49 of 120
(PPBE/008 PRHG/110)
BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE Package I: Design build ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORITY
of Bridge Replacement Projects under Kombolcha RNMD

Allowable Shear Stress = nc =0.166* sqrt(fc') = 0.8132 MPa

Reqd. Effective depth for shear dreqd =Vmax/Fvc*b = 247 mm

Dreqd =dreqd + Ф/2 +Cover = 334 mm

Dprovided = 335 mm

Shear Strength FVc= Fnc*deff = 181.513 KN

OK SHEAR REINFORCEMENT NOT REQUIRED

Gebeyehu Aragaw
Approach Slab Page 50 of 120
(PPBE/008 PRHG/110)
 Package I: Design build
BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORITY
of Bridge Replacement Projects under Kombolcha RNMD

APPROACH SLAB DIMENSIONS & REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

APPROACH SLAB DIMENSION SLEEPER SLAB DIMENSION QUANTITIES BAR AS1 BAR AS2 BAR AS3 BAR AS4 BAR D1 BAR SS1 [SLEEPER SLAB] BAR SS2 [SLEEPER SLAB]

Skew Angle
Length/Span L Length/Span L [Deg.] Total Unit Total Total Unit Total Total Unit Total Total Unit Total Total Unit Total Total Unit Total Total Unit Total
Thickness T1 Thickness T1 Concrete G-40 Reinf. G-60 Reinf. Dia. Ø Spacing S Dia. Ø Spacing S Dia. Ø Spacing S Dia. Ø Spacing S Dia. Ø Spacing S Dia. Ø Spacing S Dia. Ø Spacing S
[Long. Dir.) Width W [mm] [Long. Dir.) Width W [mm] Length No. Weight Weight Length No. Weight Weight Length No. Weight Weight Length No. Weight Weight Length No. Weight Weight Length No. Weight Weight Length No. Weight Weight
[mm] [mm] Quantity [m3] Qtty [Kg.] Qtty [Kg.] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
[mm] [mm] [mm] [Kg./m] [Kg.] [mm] [Kg./m] [Kg.] [mm] [Kg./m] [Kg.] [mm] [Kg./m] [Kg.] [mm] [Kg./m] [Kg.] [mm] [Kg./m] [Kg.] [mm] [Kg./m] [Kg.]

4000 335 18900 2000 300 18900 0 36.666 1877.90 1811.93 24 210 4791 91 3.551 1548.28 16 210 18750 19 1.578 562.28 16 300 3850 64 1.578 388.90 16 300 18750 17 1.578 503.09 24 300 1160 64 3.551 263.65 16 264 18750 8 1.578 236.75 16 300 1850 64 1.578 186.88

4000 335 8300 2000 300 8300 0 16.102 826.89 800.03 24 210 4791 40 3.551 680.56 16 210 8150 19 1.578 244.41 16 300 3850 29 1.578 176.22 16 300 8150 17 1.578 218.68 24 300 1160 29 3.551 119.46 16 264 8150 8 1.578 102.91 16 300 1850 29 1.578 84.68

5000 350 8300 2000 300 8300 0 19.505 872.66 1364.07 32 250 5791 34 6.313 1243.06 16 250 8150 19 1.578 244.41 16 300 4850 29 1.578 221.99 16 300 8150 17 1.578 218.68 24 300 1175 29 3.551 121.01 16 264 8150 8 1.578 102.91 16 300 1850 29 1.578 84.68

6000 365 8300 2000 300 8300 0 23.157 1059.93 1751.76 32 225 6791 38 6.313 1629.21 16 235 8150 26 1.578 334.45 16 300 5850 29 1.578 267.76 16 300 8150 21 1.578 270.13 24 300 1190 29 3.551 122.55 16 264 8150 8 1.578 102.91 16 300 1850 29 1.578 84.68

7000 400 8300 2000 300 8300 0 28.220 1221.47 2190.48 32 200 7791 42 6.313 2065.87 16 225 8150 32 1.578 411.63 16 300 6850 29 1.578 313.54 16 300 8150 24 1.578 308.72 24 300 1210 29 3.551 124.61 16 264 8150 8 1.578 102.91 16 300 1850 29 1.578 84.68

8000 440 8300 2000 300 8300 0 34.196 1383.02 2735.20 32 180 8791 47 6.313 2608.53 16 220 8150 37 1.578 475.95 16 300 7850 29 1.578 359.31 16 300 8150 28 1.578 360.18 24 300 1230 29 3.551 126.67 16 264 8150 8 1.578 102.91 16 300 1850 29 1.578 84.68

Appr. Slab Qtty Gebeyehu Aragaw Page 51 of 120

(PPBE/008 PRHG/110)
 COMMENTS/ RECOMMENDATIONS/ REMARKS FOR STRUCTURE DESIGN REPORT PART OF BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE

REFERENCE
SR. SECTION
NO / SUB- SECTION/ SUB- COMMENTS/ RECOMMENDATIONS/ REMARKS
. SECTION SECTION
DESCRIPTIONS
NO.
BEFORE SUBMITTING A DOCUMENT/ REPORT TO THE PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS, PLEASE BELIEVE OR ACKNOWLEDGE FIRST ON YOUR OWN
1 GENERAL GENERAL → “THIS SUBMISSION DOCUMENT IS A DOCUMENT THAT I WILL WORK WITH THE PROJECT CONSTRUCTION”, OTHERWISE WE
WILL NOT ADVISE YOU FOR THE SO-CALLED SUBMISSION PURPOSE OR FOR CONTRACT FULFILMENT.
SUBMISSION OF "ELECTRONIC COPIES" SHOULD PROPERLY BE COMPILED WITH DESCRIPTIVE FILE AND SHEET NAMES, WHICH
2 GENERAL GENERAL →
COULD ALIGN WITH THE REPORT AND DRAWING DOCUMENT SUBMITTED IN HARDCOPIES.
RENAME THE SUB-SECTION TITLE BY "DESIGN SUB- CONTRACT DATA" INSTEAD OF "CONTRACT DATA". OTHERWISE REPLACE THE
→
SECTION TABLE 2-1 AND WHOLE SECTION WITH THE PROJECT MAIN CONTRACT DATA (i.e. CONTRACTOR AND CLIENT CONTRACT DATA).
3 RENAME THE TABLE TITLE BY "TABLE 2. 1 SUB-CONTRACT DATA, FOR DETAIL ENGINEERING DESIGN OF BRIDGES AND
2.0 SUB-SECTION 2.0
→ APPROACH ROADS" INSTEAD OF "TABLE 2. 1 CONTRACT DATA".OTHERWISE REPLACE THE WHOLE SECTION WITH THE PROJECT
MAIN CONTRACT DATA (i.e. CONTRACTOR AND CLIENT CONTRACT DATA).
DESCRIPTION OF
SECTION PLEASE MAKE THE DISCUSSIONS OF THIS SECTION ON THE SOLELY APPROVED SELECTED ROUTE, AVOID THE OTHER CROSSING
4 SELECTED →
4.2 ALTERNATIVE DISCUSSIONS, FOR BOTH BERBISA AND GIMBOBER BRIDGES.
CROSSING SITE
PLEASE REPLACE BOTH THE PARAGRAPHS PRESENTED/ MENTIONED UNDER “STRUCTURE TYPE RECOMMENDATION FOR
→ BERBIRSA RIVER”, BY THE UNDERMENTIONED PARAGRAPHS. SINCE THE PARAGRAPHS’ DISCUSSIONS ARE NOT UPDATED TO THIS
STRUCTURE DESIGN REPORT.
DURINGTHESTRUCTURETYPESELECTIONPERIOD, COMPARISONANALYSIS, i.e. BASEDONTECHNICALANDFINANCIAL COMPARISONCRITERIA, HAVE
BEENPERFORMEDFORTHREEDIFFERENTALTERNATIVEBRIDGETYPES, WHICHARE:-
 “OPTION-I, RCSLABBRIDGEOF3X10MCLEARSPAN”;
 “OPTION-II, RCT-GIRDERBRIDGEOF2X15MCLEARSPAN”AND
 “OPTION-III, RCBOX-GIRDERBRIDGEOF1X30MCLEARSPAN”

AND, BASEDONTHECOMPARISONANALYSISPERFORMED, THE“OPTION-III, RCBOX-GIRDERBRIDGEOF1X30MCLEARSPAN”HASBECOMETHE

PREFERREDBRIDGETYPEOPTION, FORBERBISARIVERBRIDGEPROJECT.

HOWEVER, BASEDONTHEUNDERMENTIONEDCONSIDERATIONREQUESTSOF THECONTRACTORFORALTERATIONOF THEBRIDGEALTERNATIVETYPE, THE

RESULTEDIN“OPTION-III,RCBOX-GIRDERBRIDGEOF1X30MCLEARSPAN”HASBEENCHANGEDWITHTHE“OPTION-II,RCT-GIRDERBRIDGE
SECTION STRUCTURE TYPE OF2X15MCLEARSPAN”.
5
4.3 SELECTION
 REQUIREDFORM-WORK/ FALSE-WORKANDSCAFFOLDERECTIONTECHNIQUESANDREQUIREDPERFECTIONCONSIDERATIONSFORTHEFORM-WORK
LAYOUTSOFTHE“RCBOXGIRDERBRIDGE”ISMORESOPHISTICATEDTHANTHE“RCT-GIRDERBRIDGE”ALTERNATIVE.
 REQUIRED CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES/ EQUIPMENTS AND ITS CONSIDERATIONS IN POURING OF CONCRETE, PLACING AND FIXING OF
REINFORCEMENTBARSOFTHE“RCBOXGIRDERBRIDGE”ISMOREADVANCEDANDSOPHISTICATEDTHANTHE“RCT-GIRDERBRIDGE”ALTERNATIVE.

 REQUIREDCONSIDERATIONS/ ATTENTIONSINCONCRETEPOURINGANDCONCRETECURINGTIMEGAPSOFTHEGIRDERSTRUCTURALCOMPONENTS,
I.E. THEBOTTOMSLAB, THEGIRDERWEBS, THEDECK-SLABS, THECROSSBEAMS/ DIAPHRAGMSETC. OFTHE“RCBOXGIRDERBRIDGE” ISMORE
COMPLICATEDTHANTHE“RCT-GIRDERBRIDGE”ALTERNATIVE.
 REQUIREDEXPERIENCEDPROFESSIONALSANDSKILLEDLABOURSINAREASOFTHE“RCBOXGIRDERBRIDGE” CONSTRUCTIONSAREFREQUENTLY
UNAVAILABLETHANTHE“RCT-GIRDERBRIDGE”ALTERNATIVE.

THEREFORE, ASMENTIONEDABOVEANDBASEDONTHE“APPROVEDSTRUCTURETYPESELECTIONREPORT”, THE“RCT-GIRDERBRIDGEOF

2X15MCLEARSPAN”ISTHEBRIDGETYPETHATTHE DETAIL DESIGN WILLBEPERFORMEDFORBERBISARIVERBRIDGEPROJECT.

AT THIS SETION, IT HAS BEEN MENTIONED "A 4 KN/M2 PEDESTRIAN LOAD OF IS APPLIED TO ALL WALKWAYS WIDER THAN
SECTION
0.8M". HOWEVER, CORRECT THE MENTIONED "4 KN/M2 PEDESTRIAN LOAD" BY "3.6 KN/M2 PEDESTRIAN LOAD" AND
6 [Link] PEDESTRIAN LOAD →
"WALKWAYS WIDTH WIDER THAN 0.80M" BY "WALKWAY WIDTH WIDER THAN 0.60M", i.e. BASED ON SEC. [Link]. OF ERA
(e)
BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL-2013 (PART-1).
AT THIS SETION, IT HAS BEEN MENTIONED “THE RAILING LOAD WILL BE ACCORDING TO ART. 2.7 OF THE AASHTO STANDARD
SECTION
7 RAILING LOAD → SPECIFICATION OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES SIXTEENTH EDITION, 1996. THE DESIGN LOAD, P IS, P = 44.51KN”. HOWEVER, PLEASE,
[Link] (f)
CORRECT THE RAILING LOAD "P", TO BE = 44.48KN, AS THE "10KIPS" CORRESPONDS TO 44.48KN.
AT THIS SETION IT HAS BEEN MENTIONED "THE BASE WIND (VB) OF 145 KM/H IS RECOMMENDED AND HAS BEEN SELECTED FOR
DESIGN." HOWEVER, CORRECT THE "BASE DESIGN WIND VELOCITY" TO BE = "160KM/HR", i.e. BASED ON SEC. 3.8. OF ERA BRIDGE
→
DESIGN MANUAL-2013 (PART-1). MOREOVER, UNDER THIS SECTION YOU ARE ALSO EXPECTED TO DISCUSS, AT LEAST, THE MAJOR WIND
SECTION LOADS/ FORCES MENTIONED BELOW. HENCE, YOU ARE ADVISED TO DO ACCORDINGLY.
8 WIND → HORIZONTAL WIND LOAD ON SUPERSTRUCTURE
[Link]
→ VERTICAL WIND LOAD ON SUPERSTRUCTURE
→ HORIZONTAL WIND ON VEHICLES
→ WIND LOADS ON SUB-STRUCTURES
AT THIS SETION, THERE HAVE BEEN MENTIONED "FOR THE CALCULATION OF EFFECTS DUE TO TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS
THROUGH SUPERSTRUCTURES THE APPROPRIATE VALUES ARE THOSE FOR LOWLAND CONDITIONS: T1 = 300, T2 = 80, T3 =
SECTION
9 TEMPERATURE → 00”. HOWEVER, THE DISCUSSION IS NOT BASED ON TABLE 3.12.3-1 OF THE ERA BDM-2013 (PART-1). HENCE, YOU NEED TO
[Link]
CORRECT ACCORDINGLY. MOREOVER, YOU ARE REQUIRED TO MAKE THE DISCUSSIONS, BASED ON THE INDIVIDUAL AVERAGE
ALTITUDE OF THE
AT THIS SETION, YOU"BERBISA RIVER
HAVE BEEN BRIDGE SITE"
MENTIONED "THEAND "GIMBOBER
PROJECT RIVER BRIDGE
TRAVERSES SITE".OF THE COUNTRY DEFINED AS ZONE 0,
IN AREAS
WHICH IS THE LOWEST SEISMIC REGION. THE DESIGN OF ALL STRUCTURES BETWEEN "DIBATE" TO "CHAGNI" WILL BE
ASSUMED TO BE WITHIN ZONE 0. SEISMIC FORCE EFFECT HAS BEEN CONSIDERED IN ACCORDANCE WITH CLAUSE
→
3.10.9 OF ERA BDM 2013. AS PER CLAUSE 3.10.10, THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE SUPERSTRUCTURE AND THE
SUBSTRUCTURE SHALL BE CHECKED FOR MINIMUM SEISMIC FORCE REQUIREMENTS, REGARDLESS OF SEISMIC
→ ZONES
HOWEVER,." :-
IN THE FIRST PLACE, UNLIKE YOU HAVE MENTIONED, BOTH "BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE PROJECT" AND "GIMBOBER RIVER
→ BRIDGE PROJECT" ARE FOUND IN “SEISMIC ZONE 4” OF THE EARTHQUAKE ZONE OF ETHIOPIA, i.e. BASED ON SEC. 3.10.
OF THE ERA’S BDM-2013 (PART-1), WHERE THERE EXISTS AN "EARTHQUAKE EFFECT".
→ WHERE ARE THE LOCATIONS OF "DIBATE" AND "CHAGNI" IN THE SUBJECT PROJECT BRIDGE AREAS ??? WHICH ARE
UNRELATED TO AREAS OF EITHER THE "BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE PROJECT" OR THE "GIMBOBER RIVER BRIDGE PROJECT".
THE STATEMENT MENTIONED AS "THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE SUPERSTRUCTURE AND THE SUBSTRUCTURE SHALL
SECTION
10 SEISMIC EFFECTS BE CHECKED FOR MINIMUM SEISMIC FORCE REQUIREMENTS, REGARDLESS OF SEISMIC ZONES", IS TOTALLY
[Link] →
WRONG, AS IT DOES NOT DEFINE THE CORRECT SEISMIC EFFECT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT BRIDGE SITES,
SINCE, BOTH BRIDGES ARE FOUND IN “SEISMIC ZONE 4”.
ACCORDINGLY, FROM THE REPORT PARAGRAPH, WE CAN EASILY REALISE THAT EITHER THE REPORT IS PREPARED WITHOUT BEING
→ THOUGHTFUL OF THE SUBJECT PROJECT BRIDGES OR IT IS PREPARED IN DECEIVING WAY. HENCE, WE WOULD LIKE TO ADVISE
THE CONTRACTOR NOT TO BE IGNORANT OR DECEIVING TO SUCH EXTENT.
THEREFORE, YOU ARE REQUIRED TO AMEND THE REPORT PARAGRAPH DISCUSSIONS BASED ON SEC. 3.10. OF THE ERA BDM-
→ 2013 (PART-1). MOREOVER, YOU ARE REQUIRED TO BE ACQUAINTED THAT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR THE "EARTHQUAKE LOADS"
IS COMPULSORY FOR THE "BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE", FOR THE TWO MAJOR TRUTHS/ REASONS MENTIONED BELOW:-
"BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE" IS FOUND IN EARTHQUAKE ZONE-4, BASED ON THE EARTHQUAKE ZONE CONTOUR MAP OF
→
ETHIOPIA, WHICH IS GIVE AS FIGURE 3.10.2-1. OF ERA BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL-2013 (PART-1);
"BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE" IS A TWO SPAN OR MULTI-SPAN STRUCTURE, WHICH REQUIRES THE CONSIDERATIONS OF
→
"EARTHQUAKE LOAD ANALYSIS AND DESIGN", i.e. BASED ON SEC. 3.10. OF ERA BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL-2013 (PART-1).
FOR THE VALUES AND DESIGN DATA OF TABLE-1 OF THE MENTIONED SECTION, SINCE THE PARAMETERS ARE LARGELY THE
→ “GEOMETRIC DESIGN PARAMETER”, WE HAVE MADE A COMPARISON AGAINST THE "APPROVED GEOMETRIC DESIGN REPORT"
AND FOUND THE UNDERMENTIONED DIFFERENCES/ VARIATIONS :-
"FOR THE BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE":- THE SHOULDER/ SIDE-WALK WIDTH HAS BEEN MINIMISED FROM 2.50M TO 1.50M FOR
→
THE APPROACH ROAD SECTIONS, i.e. FOR BOTH AHEAD AND AFTERWARD OF THE BRIDGE.
"FOR THE GIMBOBER RIVER BRIDGE":- THE SHOULDER/ SIDE-WALK WIDTH HAS BEEN MINIMISED FROM 1.50M TO 0.50M,
→ BY CHANGING THE TERRAIN TYPE FROM "ROLLING" TO "MOUNTAINOUS". AND CONSEQUENTLY, THE DESIGN SPEED HAS BEEN
ALSO MODIFIED FROM “85KM/HR” TO “70KM/HR”
THEREFORE, YOU NEED TO CORRECT/ REVISE VALUES AND DESIGN DATA OF "TABLE-1", AS PER THE TABLE PRESENTED BELOW.
→
THE AMENDMENTS AND CORRECTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FACTS DESCRIBED BELOW:-

BRIDGE
SECTION
11 GEOMETRICS
4.4.6
(TABLE-1)
 BRIDGE
SECTION
11 GEOMETRICS
4.4.6
(TABLE-1)
"FOR THE BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE", THE "TABLE-1" AMENDMENTS AND CORRECTIONS ARE BASED ON :-
BOTH THE "APPROACH ROAD SECTIONS" OUGHT TO BE AMENDED BASED ON THE "APPROVED GEOMETRIC DESIGN
→
REPORT".THE “’BRIDGE SECTION” HAS TO BE AMENDED BASED ON THE FOLLOWING STANDARD CRITERIA OF SECTION
WHEREAS
→
[Link]. OF THE
BRIDGE ERA SHALL
WIDTH BDM-2013 (PART-1)
NOT BE LESS THAN THAT OF THE APPROACH ROADWAY SECTION, INCLUDING SHOULDERS OR CURBS,
→
GUTTERS, AND SIDEWALKS
AT HIGHER DESIGN SPEED, AND/ OR IN THE VICINITY OF DENSELY POPULATED AREAS, A BRIDGE ALLOWING FOR THE
→ SHOULDER WIDTH SHOULD BE CONSIDERED. HERE THE BRIDGE WIDTH BECOMES 10.30 (7.30M PLUS 2*1.50M SHOULDERS
OR SIDEWALKS).
→ ALL DIMENSIONS ARE VALID REGARDLESS OF THE LENGTH OF THE BRIDGE, DUE TO SAFETY REASONS.
"FOR THE GIMBOBER RIVER BRIDGE", THE "TABLE-1" AMENDMENTS AND CORRECTIONS ARE BASED ON :-
BOTH THE "APPROACH ROAD SECTIONS" OUGHT TO BE AMENDED BASED ON THE "APPROVED GEOMETRIC DESIGN
→
REPORT".THE “’BRIDGE SECTION” HAS TO BE AMENDED BASED ON THE FOLLOWING STANDARD FACTS OF SECTION [Link].
WHEREAS
→
OF THE ERA BDM-2013 (PART-1)
AT HIGHER DESIGN SPEED, AND/ OR IN THE VICINITY OF DENSELY POPULATED AREAS, A BRIDGE ALLOWING FOR THE
→ SHOULDER WIDTH SHOULD BE CONSIDERED. HERE THE BRIDGE WIDTH BECOMES 10.30 (7.30M PLUS 2*1.50M SHOULDERS
OR SIDEWALKS).
BRIDGE WIDTH SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN THAT OF THE APPROACH ROADWAY SECTION, INCLUDING SHOULDERS OR CURBS,
→
GUTTERS, AND SIDEWALKS
→ ALL DIMENSIONS ARE VALID REGARDLESS OF THE LENGTH OF THE BRIDGE, DUE TO SAFETY REASONS.
MOREOVER, BASED ON SEC. 4.3.2, i.e. HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT, OF THE "APPROVED GEOMETRIC DESIGN REPORT", THERE HAVE
BEEN MENTIONED “FILL WIDENING ARE APPLIED TO ALL HIGH FILL AREA IN EXCESS OF 3M EMBANKMENT HEIGHTS”. AND ON
THE SAME REPORT THERE HAVE BEEN MENTIONED THAT, i.e. TABLE 4-12, FOR FILL HEIGHT OF 6M-9M, A WIDENING OF
→
0.6M WOULD BE PROVIDED. THEREFORE, IN ADDITION TO THE ABOVE CORRECTIONS GIVEN FOR TABLE-1 OF THE REPORT,
YOU NEED TO REVISE THE TOTAL BRIDGE WIDTH OF GIMBOBER RIVER OUGHT TO BE REVISED TO 11.50M (7.30M PLUS
2*1.50M SHOULDERS/ SIDEWALKS PLUS 2*0.60M).
CROSS SLOPE AND
SECTION AT THE MENTIONED SECTION, A "CROSS-FALL SLOPE OF 2.5%" HAS BEEN STATED. HOWEVER, SEC. [Link]. OF THE ERA BDM-2013
12 LONGITUDINAL →
4.4.6 (PART-1), TALES TO BE USED A CROSS-FALL OF 2% (1 TO 50). HENCE, YOU NEED TO CORRECT TO 2% (1 TO 50).
SLOPE ON BRIDGES
AT THE MENTIONED SECTION, THERE HAVE BEEN MENTIONED THAT CONCRETE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (EC) WOULD BE
SECTION MATERIAL/ CALCULATED BY “EC” = 4800*SQRT(FC'). HOWEVER, BASED ON SEC. [Link] OF THE AASHTO LRFD BDS-2004/ 2007, FOR CONCRETES
13 →
4.4.6 CONCRETE DENSITIES BETWEEN 1440 - 2500 KG/M3 AND SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS UP TO 105MPA, THE CONCRETE MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY (EC) IS CALCULATED BY “EC” = 0.043*(ϒC^1.5)*SQRT(FC'). HENCE, YOU NEED TO AMEND ACCORDINGLY.
ANNEX-1 OF THE REPORT, WHICH COVERS THE "STATICAL CALCULATION SPREADSHEETS OF THE BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE", HAS
BEEN PRODUCED/ PRINTED WITH INAPPROPRIATE PAGE LAYOUT SCALES OR WITH A VERY DIMINUTIVE FONT SIZES, WHICH IS
→
DESIGN DATA AND DIFFICULT FOR REVIEWING. HENCE, FOR NEXT TIME REVISED SPREADSHEETS, YOU ARE ADVISED TO THE FOLLOWING PRINTING POINTS :-
ANNEX-1
SPECIFICATION FOR → TRY TO USE SUITABLE PAGE LAYOUT ORIENTATIONS AND PRINTING SCALES FOR THE SPREADSHEETS
14 OF THE TRY TO USE LEGIBLE OR READABLE (IN PAPER PRINTOUT) FONT TYPE LIKE: ARIAL NARROW, BODONI CONDENSED, TW CEN MT
BERBISA RIVER →
REPORT CONDENSED, ETC.
BRIDGE → TRY TO AVOID HIGHLIGHTING/ FILLING THE SPREADSHEET CELLS WITH HEAVY OR DENSE COLOURS
→ THEN TRY TO SEE AND CHECK THE PRINTOUT DOCUMENT FOR A MOMENT BEFORE SUBMITTING/ DELIVERING
 COMMENTS/ RECOMMENDATIONS/ REMARKS FOR STATICAL CALCULATION SPREAD-SHEET FOR THE R.C. T-GIRDER SUPERSTRUCTURE DESIGN OF
BERBISSA RIVER BRIDGE
APPENDIX-1 :- DESIGN DATA AND SPECIFICATION FOR BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE

SR. REFERENCE/ SECTION

COMMENTS/ RECOMMENDATIONS/ REMARKS
NO. OF THE SPEAD-SHEET
IN THE DEAD LOAD CALCULATIONS OF BOTH THE RC SLAB AND WEARING SURFACE, FOR THE SPAN OF THE DECK-SLAB "2.46M" HAS
[Link] on 1.1 Dead BEEN TAKEN OR CONSIDERED, INSTEAD OF THE CORRECT "2.60M" LENGTH. HENCE, PLEASE MAKE/ CORRECT THE SPAN LENGTH OF
1 ↘
the Slab Load THE DECK-SLAB TO 2.6M, i.e. THE C/C GIRDER WEB SPACING. MOREOVER, PLEASE, AMEND THE WEARING SURFACE WEIGHT PER
SQUARE METER TO "1.125KN/M2" INSTEAD OF "1.10KN/M2". AS 22.5KN/M3/0.05M = 1.125KN/M2.
↘ FOR THE DESIGN LIVE LOAD ANALYSIS OF THE DECK SLAB MOMENTS :-
↗ IN THE CALCULATION, FOR THE SPAN OF THE DECK-SLAB (i.e. THE C/C GIRDER WEB SPACING) 2.46M HAS BEEN TAKEN OR CONSIDERED, INSTEAD OF THE CORRECT 2.60M LENGTH.
↗ THE MOMENT COMPUTAION IS NOT PERFORMED FOR BOTH THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE DECK SLAB MOMENT SECTIONS.
↗ SOMEHOW
HENCE, PLEASEANBEAGE-OLD
ADVISED AASHTO MOMENT
TO USE THE EQUATION IS ADOPTED,
UNDERMENTIONED DECK MOMENTWHICH ONLY USED
EQUATIONS, FOR SPAN
WHICH MOMENT
HAS BEEN ONLY.
FOUND FROM THE
[Link] on TREND LINE EQUATION OF TABLE A4-1 OF THE AASHTO LRFD BDS -2007/ 2010, AS THE EQUATIONS GIVE MORE BETTER POSITIVE
2 1.2 Live Load
the Slab ↘ AND NEGATIVE DECK MOMENTS, AS CONTINUOUS BEAM ANALYSIS APPLICATIONS OR SOFTWARE GIVES. IN BOTH THE EQUATIONS
THE MULTIPLE PRESENCE FACTORS AND THE DYNAMIC LOAD ALLOWANCE HAVE BEEN INCLUDED, AND ALSO THE EQUIVALENT STRIP
WIDTHS OF THE DECK LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION HAVE BEEN APPLIED.
↗ Mpos = -0.0486X^6+0.8755X^5-6.1298X^4+20.24X^3-28.7 27.223 KNM/M
↗ Mneg = 1.035X^6-18.042X^5+125.34X^4-440.85X^3+821.0 29.995 KNM/M
MOREOVER, IN THE CALCULATION, PLEASE MAKE/ CORRECT THE SPAN LENGTH OF THE DECK-SLAB TO 2.6M, i.e. THE C/C GIRDER
↘ AT THIS SECTION THERE HAVE BEEN MENTIONED "PREVIOUS SPEC. MU =1.33*M_DL +1.33*M_DL_W+1.33*1.67*M LL+I". AND
WEB SPACING.
ALSO A MOMENT RESULTED FROM THIS LOAD COMBINATION HAS BEEN ADOPTED FOR THE SLAB DESIGN. HOWEVER, PLEASE AVOID
SUCH LOAD COMBINATION EXPRESSION AND ITS CALCULATED RESULT. THIS IS BECAUSE, THE AASHTO DESIGN CODE
[Link] on 1.3 Load
3 ↘ STIPULATED IN THE PROJECT CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT DOCUMENT OF THE CLIENT/ CONTRACTOR IS THE "AASHTO
the Slab Factor Design
LRFD BDS -2007". HENCE, FOR DESIGNING OF THE INTERIOR DECK-SLABS, PLEASE USE THE MAXIMUM DESIGN LOAD OBTAINED
FROM “MU =1.25*M_DL +1.50 *M_DL_W+1.75*M_LL+I “ LOAD COMBINATION. MOREOVER, PLEASE, DON’T FORGET TO
UPDATE THE COMBINATION RESULT, BASED ON THE ABOVE GIVEN DEAD LOAD AND LIVE LOAD COMMENTS/ RECOMMENDATIONS.
FOR UNDERMENTIONED DEAD LOAD COMPONENTS OF THE EXTERIOR GIRDER, i.e. SINCE THE LOADS ARE NOT CORRECTLY
↘
COMPUTED, PLEASE AMEND AS PER THE LOAD AMOUNTS INDICATED BELOW OR BE ADVISED TO CALCULATE CORRECTLY:-
1.2.1
1. ↗ CONCRETE DESIGN W_DL = 35.8572 KN/M
EXTERIOR
COMPUTATI
4 GIRDER ↗ WEARING SURFACE DESIGN W_DL_W = 1.18125 KN/M
ONS OF
DESIGN DEAD ↗ DIAPHRAGM DESIGN DIAPHRAGM LOAD = 3.8976 KN
DEAD LOAD
LOADS
↗ REACTION AT SUP. R_DL_1 [FROM W_DL AND DIAPH.] = [(W_DL)*L/2]+((1+0.5*N_ 284.636 KN
↗ REACTION AT SUPPORT R_DL_2 [FROM WEARING SUR 9.184 KN
PLEASE BE ADVISED TO USE THE UNDERMENTIONED EXPRESSIONS FOR THE GIRDER DEAD LOAD SPAN MOMENT AND SHEAR
↘
CALCULATIONS. AS THE MIDDLE OF THE SPAN, THE SHEAR OUGHT TO BE ZERO.
for X < 7.775 M for X = 7.775 M
↗ Shear at X, Vx=Ra-P1-DLDC*X= ↗ Shear at X= 7.775M; V=Ra-P1-DLDC*X-P2/2=
↗ Moment at X, Mx=RaX-P1*X-DLDC*X2/2 ↗ Moment at X= 7.775M; M=RaX-P1*X-DLDC*X2/2-(P2/2*B/4)
↗ P1 AND P2 ARE DIAPHRAGMS AT SPAN ENDS AND M ↗ B= WIDTH OF MIDDLE DIAPHRAGM
AFTER CORRECTING OR AMENDING THE CALCULATIONS, BASED ON THE ABOVE COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS, PLEASE BE
↘
ADVISED TO CROSS CHECK THE CALCULATED SHEARS AND MOMENTS AGAINST THE PRESENTED TABLE, BELOW.

1.2.1
1.
EXTERIOR
COMPUTATI
5 GIRDER
ONS OF
DESIGN DEAD
DEAD LOAD
LOADS

FOR UNDERMENTIONED DEAD LOAD COMPONENTS OF THE INTERIOR GIRDER, i.e. SINCE THE LOADS ARE NOT CORRECTLY
↘
COMPUTED, PLEASE AMEND AS PER THE LOAD AMOUNTS INDICATED BELOW OR BE ADVISED TO CALCULATE CORRECTLY:-
↗ DEAD LOAD ON WEARING SURFACE
→ WEARING SURFACE 2.925 KN/M THE CORRECTION MADE IN THE CALCULATION IS :- THE UNIT-WEIGHT OF
→ TOTAL W_DL_W_EXT = 2.925 KN/M WEARING SURFACE HAS BEEN MADE "22.50 KN/M3", INSTEAD OF "22.00 KN/M3".
1.2 INTERIOR
GIRDER DEAD ↗ DIAPHRAGM LOADS
[Link] LOADS AND THE CORRECTION MADE IN THE CALCULATION IS :- THE DIAPHRAGM DEPTH
→ W_DIAPH = 7.7952 KN
6 TIONS OF 1.3 INTERIOR HAS BEEN MADE "0.58 M", INSTEAD OF "0.80 M".
DEAD LOAD GIRDER ↗ 1.3 INTERIOR GIRDER DESIGN DEAD LOAD
THE CORRECTION MADE IN THE
DESIGN DEAD CALCULATION IS :- THE UNIT-WEIGHT OF
LOAD → WEARING SURFAC DESIGN W_DL_W = 2.925 KN
WEARING SURFACE HAS BEEN MADE "22.50
KN/M3", INSTEAD OF "22.00 KN/M3".
THE CORRECTION MADE IN THE
→ DIAPHRAGM DESIGN DIAPHRAGM LOAD = 7.7952 KN CALCULATION IS :- THE DIAPHRAGM DEPTH HAS
THE
BEENCORRECTION MADE
MADE "0.58 M", IN THE
INSTEAD OF "0.80 M".
→ REACTION AT SUPPORT R_DL_1 [FROM W_DL AND DIAPH.] = [(W_DL)*L/2 177.543 KN
CALCULATION IS :- ALL THE ABOVE GIVEN
→ REACTION AT SUPPORT R_DL_2 [FROM WEARING SURFACE] = (W_DL_W)* 22.742 KN COMMENTS FOR THE INTERIOR GIRDER DEAD
1.2 INTERIOR LOAD CALCULATIONS.
PLEASE BE ADVISED TO USE THE UNDERMENTIONED EXPRESSIONS FOR THE GIRDER DEAD LOAD SPAN MOMENT AND SHEAR
GIRDER DEAD ↘ CALCULATIONS. AS THE MIDDLE OF THE SPAN, THE SHEAR OUGHT TO BE ZERO, AS SUGGESTED ABOVE FOR THE EXTERIOR GIRDER.
[Link] LOADS AND for X < 7.775 M for X = 7.775 M
7 TIONS OF 1.3 INTERIOR
↗ Shear at X, Vx=Ra-P1-DLDC*X= ↗ Shear at X= 7.775M; V=Ra-P1-DLDC*X-P2/2=
DEAD LOAD GIRDER
DESIGN DEAD ↗ Moment at X, Mx=RaX-P1*X-DLDC*X2/2 ↗ Moment at X= 7.775M; M=RaX-P1*X-DLDC*X2/2-(P2/2*B/4)
LOAD ↗ P1 AND P2 ARE DIAPHRAGMS AT SPAN ENDS AND M ↗ B= WIDTH OF MIDDLE DIAPHRAGM
IN CALCULATING THE LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION FACTORS OF THE EXTERIOR GIRDERS FOR SHEARS AND MOMENTS THE
SPREADSHEET STIPULATES AND USES THE ASSUMPTION THAT:- "DEPENDING ON THE SUPERSTRUCTURE GEOMETRY, THE
↘
FIRST INTERIOR GIRDER CAN BE TREATED AS EXTERNAL GIRDER FOR THE PURPOSE OF LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR [CONSERVATIVE ASSUMPTION]”.
↘ HOWEVER, FOR SUCH CASE, THE AASHTO LRFD BDS-2007 HAS SOME REMARKABLE RECOMMENDATIONS, AS DESCRIBED BELOW.
SEC. [Link] OF THE AASHTO LRFD BDS-2007, IT SAYS "WHERE A SIDEWALK IS NOT SEPARATED FROM THE ROADWAY BY
↗ A CRASHWORTHY TRAFFIC BARRIER, CONSIDERATION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THE POSSIBILITY THAT VEHICLES CAN
MOUNT
SEC. THEOF
[Link] SIDEWALK."
THE AASHTO LRFD BDS-2007, WHERE VEHICLES CAN MOUNT THE SIDEWALK, SIDEWALK PEDESTRIAN
↗
LOAD SHALL NOT BE CONSIDERED CONCURRENTLY.
↘ ALONG WITH THE ABOVE RECOMMENDATIONS, WE WOULD LIKE TO ADVISE THE UNDERMENTIONED ASSUMPTIONS.
↗ THE BRIDGE POSSIBLY BE EXTENDED IN THE FUTURE.
HENCE,
↗ THE YOU ARE ADVISED
SIDE-WALK TO CONSIDER
CURB MAY POSSIBLY THE ABOVE RECOMMENDATIONS
BE IMPROVED/ REFORMED TO BEAND THEASSUMPTIONS,
RUNWAY [Link] CALCULATE THE SHEAR AND
MOMENT DISTRIBUTION FACTORS OF THE EXTERIOR GIRDER BY SHIFTING THE DESIGN LIVE LOAD VEHICLE LOCATION FROM
“600MM FROM THE INSIDE FACE OF THE WALKWAY CURB” TO “600MM FROM THE INSIDE FACE OF THE BRIDGE
2. ↘ RAILING”. THIS IS BECAUSE, THE SPREADSHEET CALCULATED DISTRIBUTION FACTORS FOR SHEARS AND MOMENTS OF THE
2.4 -I, II AND EXTERIOR GIRDER ARE SOMEWHAT FAR APART FROM VALUES CALCULATED BASED ON THE RECOMMENDATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS
COMPUTATI
III EXTERIOR GIVEN ABOVE. FOR YOUR COMPARISON OF THE ABOVE RECOMMENDATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS PLEASE SEE THE PRESENTED TABLE
ONS OF
8 GIRDER - BELOW.
LIVE LOAD
DISTRIBUTION
FORCE
FACTORS
EFFECTS

2.7
INFLUENCE 2.7.1 HL-93 PLEASE AMEND THE TITLE AS "CASE-2 MOMENT AND SHEAR AT MIDDLE WHEEL POSITION (TRUCK MOVING TO THE LEFT)
9 ↘
LINES FOR LADING INSTEAD OF "CASE-2 MOMENT AND SHEAR AT REAR WHEEL POSITION (TRUCK MOVING TO THE LEFT)"
LIVE LOAD WHILE REVISING THE DISTRIBUTION FACTORS FOR SHEARS AND MOMENTS OF THE EXTERIOR GIRDER, AS RECOMMENDED IN THE
↘ ABOVE COMMENT SECTION, PLEASE DON’T FORGET TO UPDATE THE EXTERIOR GIRDER’S SHEAR AND MOMENT TABLES PRESENTED
IN THE UNDERMENTIONED SECTIONS AND TABLE NAMES.
2.7.1 HL-93 I. HL-93 - MOMENT INFLUENCE LINE
2.7.1 HL-93
LADING ↗ TABLE NAME: - TRUCK MOVING TO THE RIGHT
LADING AND
AND 2.7.2 ↗ TABLE NAME: - TRUCK MOVING TO THE LEFT
2.7.2 DESIGN
10 DESIGN
TANDEM/ II. HL-93 - SHEAR INFLUENCE LINE
TANDEM/
MILITARY ↗ TABLE NAME: - TRUCK MOVING TO THE RIGHT
MILITARY
LOADING ↗ TABLE NAME: - TRUCK MOVING TO THE LEFT
LOADING
2.7.2 DESIGN TANDEM/ MILITARY LOADING
THETABLE
↗ NAME: - TANDEM
SPREAD-SHEET SHEARS MILITARY LOADING
AND MOMENTS, MOMENT &DUE
CALCULATED SHEAR INFLUENCE
TO THE "DESIGNLINES
LANE LOAD", CONSIDERS THE HALF LANE
LOADING OR THE ONE LINE OF THE WHEEL LOAD, INSTEAD OF CONSIDERING THE FULL 3.0 M METER WIDTH OF THE
↘
"DESIGN
THE LANEDISTRIBUTION
LIVE LOAD LOAD". HENCE, YOU ARE
FACTORS ADVISED
HAVEN'T TO REVISE
BEEN ACCORDINGLY.
CONSIDERED FOR YOUR
FOR THE SHEAR ANDREVISION
MOMENTCROSSCHECKING PLEASE
CALCULATIONS OF SEE
THE DESIGN
THE TABLE
LANE [Link]
AND HENCE,BELOW.
SIMILAR LANE LOAD SHEARS AND MOMENTS HAVE BEEN ADOPTED FOR BOTH EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR
↘
GIRDERS. HENCE, YOU ARE ADVISED TO REVISE ACCORDINGLY. FOR YOUR REVISION CROSSCHECKING PLEASE SEE THE TABLE
PRESENTED BELOW.

2.7.3 LANE 2.7.3 LANE

11
LOAD LOAD

↗
 2.7.3 LANE 2.7.3 LANE
11
LOAD LOAD

BASED ON THE ABOVE GIVEN COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS, MOMENT AND SHEAR TABLES OF THE INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR
↘ GIRDERS OF THE MENTIONED SECTION, LOOKS LIKE AS PRESENTED BELOW. FOR YOUR CALCULATION REVISION CROSSCHECKING
PURPOSE.

2.7.4
2.7.4
SUMMARY
SUMMARY OF
OF
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
LIVE LOAD
LIVE LOAD ↗
SHEAR &
SHEAR &
MOMENT
MOMENT

12

2.7.4
2.7.4
SUMMARY
SUMMARY OF
OF
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM ↗
LIVE LOAD
LIVE LOAD
SHEAR &
SHEAR &
MOMENT
MOMENT

IN COMPUTING SHEARS AND MOMENTS OF THE DESIGN SERVICE LOADS “SERVICE-I LOAD COMBINATION CASE” HAS BEEN
ADOPTED. HOWEVER, PLEASE BE ADVISED TO USE THE “SERVICE-II LOAD COMBINATION CASE”, AS THE “SERVICE-I LOAD
↘ COMBINATION CASE” IS RECOMMENDED IF A WIND LOAD EXISTS. ACCORDINGLY, BASED ON THE “SERVICE-II LOAD COMBINATION
CASE” MOMENT AND SHEAR TABLE OF THE INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR GIRDERS OF THE MENTIONED SECTION, LOOKS LIKE AS
PRESENTED BELOW. FOR YOUR CALCULATION REVISION CROSSCHECKING PURPOSE.

2.7.6
SERVICE 2.7.6 SERVICE
13 LOAD LOAD SHEAR
SHEAR & & MOMENT
MOMENT ↗

BASED ON ALL THE ABOVE GIVEN COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS, THE FACTORED MOMENT AND SHEAR TABLE AND DIAGRAM
↘ OF THE INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR GIRDERS OF THE MENTIONED SECTION, LOOK LIKE AS PRESENTED BELOW. FOR YOUR
CALCULATION REVISION CROSSCHECKING PURPOSE.

2.7.7 2.7.7
FACTORED FACTORED
DEAD AND DEAD AND
LIVE LOAD LIVE LOAD
SHEAR & SHEAR & ↗
MOMENTS MOMENTS

14

2.7.7 2.7.7
FACTORED FACTORED
DEAD AND DEAD AND
↗
LIVE LOAD LIVE LOAD
SHEAR & SHEAR &
MOMENTS MOMENTS
 COMMENTS/ RECOMMENDATIONS/ REMARKS FOR STATICAL CALCULATION SPREAD-SHEET FOR THE EXPANSION BEARING MASONRY ABUTMENT
STATICAL CALCULATIONS OF THE BERBISSA RIVER BRIDGE

APPENDIX-1 :- DESIGN DATA AND SPECIFICATION FOR BERBISA RIVER BRIDGE

SR. REFERENCE/ SECTION

COMMENTS/ RECOMMENDATIONS/ REMARKS
NO. OF THE SPEAD-SHEET
∆ AT SECTION 3.1, i.e. LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE - UNDER STATIC LOADING CASE, OF THE SPREADSHEET THERE HAS BEEN TOLD THAT:-
SECTION 3.1 LATERAL EARTH ◊ THE VERTICAL COMPONENT OF “KA”, i.e. THE ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENT, FOR "GRANULAR-FILL" MATERIAL HAS BEEN CONSERVATIVELY IGNORE
THE VERTICAL COMPONENT OF “KA”, i.e. THE ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENT, FOR "HAND LAID ROCK-FILL" MATERIAL HAS BEEN CONSERVATIVELY
1 PRESSURE - UNDER STATIC ◊ IGNORED.
LOADING CASE HOWEVER, AS THESE VERTICAL LOADS ARE USEFUL FOR THE “BEARING CAPACITY CHECKING” AND “DESIGNING THE FOOTING ”, YOU ARE ADVISED TO
↘ COMPUTE AND INCLUDE THESE LOAD COMPONENTS, ACCORDINGLY.
AT SECTION 3.1, i.e. LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE - UNDER STATIC LOADING CASE, A CALCULATION FOR THE PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENT, "Kp", HAS
∆ BEEN MADE.
SECTION 3.1 LATERAL EARTH HOWEVER, AS PER THE RECOMMENDATION OF SEC. [Link]. OF AASHTO LRFD BDS, THE PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE IN FRONT OF THE ABUTMENT SHALL BE
2 PRESSURE - UNDER STATIC NEGLECTED, WHEN OPPOSING THE PRIMARY DIRECTION OF LOADS, BY CONSIDERING THAT THE PASSIVE RESISTANCE OF SOIL WILL NOT BE AVAILABLE
LOADING CASE ↘ THROUGHOUT THE DESIGN LIFE OF THE STRUCTURE. HENCE, YOU ARE ADVISED TO CONSIDER ACCORDINGLY AND MADE AMENDMENT FOR THE
CALCULATIONS.
AT SECTION 3.2, i.e. SEISMIC DYNAMIC LOADING CASE - LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE, OF THE SPREADSHEET THERE HAS BEEN TOLD “THE PROJECT AREA LIES
AT THE PERIPHERY OF SEISMIC ZONE 4 OF ETHIOPIA AS PER EBCS-1995 AND ERA BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL WITH 0.07 < A ≤0.10. FROM THE SEISMIC MAP &
∆ AND LOCATION OF THE BRIDGES BEING AT THE PERIPHERY OF ZONE 4, THE SEISMIC ACCELERATION COEFFICIENT “A” CAN NOT BE GREATER THAN 0.08 AS
DETERMINED BY LINEAR INTERPOLATION WHICH PUTS THE LOCATION IN SEISMIC ZONE 1 OF AASHTO 3.10.4 SEISMIC PERFORMANCE ZONES. HENCE SEISMIC
DESIGN IS NOT REQUIRED.”
HOWEVER, BASED ON SEC. 3.3 OF ERA’S BDM- 2013 (PART-2), IT SAYS “ZONES -1 TO (AND INCLUDING) ZONE-3 IN EBCS CORRESPOND APPROXIMATELY TO
ZONE-1 IN THE AASHTO. ONLY FOR SPECIAL SUBSTRUCTURES AND LARGE OR SENSITIVE BRIDGE TYPES IN EBCS ZONE-4, SEISMIC DESIGN SHOULD BE
↘ PERFORMED ACCORDING TO SEC. 3.0 OF ERA’S BDM- 2013 (PART-1) OR ANY GENERALLY RECOGNIZED METHOD OF SEISMIC DESIGN THAT MIGHT BE
SECTION 3.2 SEISMIC DYNAMIC ACCEPTED BY ERA.”
3 LOADING CASE - LATERAL IN ADDITION TO THE ABOVE THE MINIMUM ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC EFFECTS STIPULATED FOR ZONE-4 OF TABLE 3.10.10-1 OF ERA’S BDM-
EARTH PRESSURE ↘ 2013 (PART-1) CORRESPONDS TO ZONE-2 OF TABLE [Link].1-1 OF THE AASHTO LRFD BDS.
HENCE, YOU ARE ADVISED TO AMEND THE SEISMIC CATEGORY OF THE PROJECT BRIDGE AREA TO “ZONE-2 (AS PER AASHTO)” AND THE MINIMUM ANALYSIS
↘ REQUIREMENT TO “UNIFORM LOAD ELASTIC METHOD/ SINGLE-MODE ELASTIC METHOD”.
MOREOVER, THE DISCUSSION IN THE SAME SECTION 3.2 SAYS “SO, IT IS ASSUMED HERE THAT THE BRIDGES LOCATION SUFFERS A 475 YEAR RETURN PERIOD
∆ SEISMIC ACCELERATION COEFFICIENT, A, OF 0.12.”
HOWEVER, AS THE LEADING SPECIFICATION TO BE FOLLOWED OUGHT TO BE ERA’S BDM, YOU ARE ADVISED TO AMEND THE SEISMIC ACCELERATION
↘ COEFFICIENT “A” TO BE ≤0.1. PROBABLY “A” = 0.1. THIS HELPS ALSO THE ACCELERATION COEFFICIENT TO FALL BOTH IN ERA’S ZONE-4 AND AASHTO’S
ZONE-2.
AT SECTION 3.2, i.e. SEISMIC DYNAMIC LOADING CASE - LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE, FOR THE CALCULATION PART OF THE SEISMIC ACTIVE PRESSURE
↘
COEFFICIENT “KAE“, PLEASE BE ADVISED FOR THE UNDERMENTIONED CALCULATION PARAMETER CORRECTIONS:-
↗ PLEASE AMEND THE “SEISMIC ACCELERATION COEFFICIENT, A,” FROM “1.2” TO “1.0”, AS DISCUSSED IN THE ABOVE COMMENT.
PLEASE EDIT THE “SEISMIC PERFORMANCE ZONE” FROM “ZONE-2” TO “ZONE-2 (AS-PER AASHTO'S) OR ZONE-4 (AS-PER ERA'S)”, TO MAKE IT MORE
↗ ILLUSTRATIVE.
PLEASE AMEND THE “SITE EFFECTS - SOIL PROFILE” FROM “TYPE-II” TO “TYPE-III” AND THE “SITE COEFFICIENT-S” FROM “1.20” TO “1.5”. THIS
↗ IS BECAUSE:-
→ BASED ON SEC. 3.10.5 OF ERA’S BDM- 2013 (PART-1): -
SOIL PROFILE TYPE-II: - “A PROFILE WITH STIFF COHESIVE OR DEEP COHESIONLESS SOILS WHERE THE SOIL DEPTH EXCEEDS 60 M AND THE
↗ SOIL TYPES OVERLYING THE ROCK ARE STABLE DEPOSITS OF SANDS, GRAVELS, OR STIFF CLAYS.”
SECTION 3.2 SEISMIC DYNAMIC SOIL PROFILE TYPE-III: - “A PROFILE WITH SOFT TO MEDIUM-STIFF CLAYS AND SANDS, CHARACTERIZED BY 9 M OR MORE OF SOFT TO
4 LOADING CASE - LATERAL ↗ MEDIUM-STIFF CLAYS WITH OR WITHOUT INTERVENING LAYERS OF SAND OR OTHER COHESIONLESS SOILS”.
EARTH PRESSURE
AND BASED ON THE PROJECT GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT, CONSIDERING ONLY THE UPPER 9.0M DEPTH SOIL PROFILE OF THE
→ TWO ABUTMENT FOUNDATION LOCATIONS, AS SUMMARISED BELOW, THE PROJECT SITE HAS A CLOSE RESEMBLANCE TO “SOIL PROFILE
TYPE-III” RATHER THAN “SOIL PROFILE TYPE-II”. HENCE, YOU ARE ADVISED TO AMEND ACCORDINGLY.
DESSIE SIDE ABUTMENT: - THE FIRST 2.0M DEPTH OF SOIL IS “GRAVELY SANDY CLAY” AND BENEATH THIS SOIL THE NEXT 7.5M DEPTH OF
↗ SOIL IS “SANDY SILT”
MERSA SIDE ABUTMENT: - THE FIRST 1.5M DEPTH OF SOIL IS “HARD, GRAVELY SANDY CLAY” AND BENEATH THIS SOIL THE NEXT 13M
↗ DEPTH OF SOIL IS “STIFF TO HARD GRAVELY CLAYEY SILT/ SILTY CLAY”
MOREOVER, PLEASE AMEND THE “HORIZONTAL ACCELERATION COEFFICIENT, KH, = 0.5*A” FROM “0.06” TO “0.05”, AS PER THE ABOVE
↗ COMMENT DISCUSSION.
PLEASE BE ADVISED TO UPDATE/ REVISE THE DEAD LOADS FROM THE SUPERSTRUCTURE (i.e. FOR BOTH THE CONCRETE STRUCTURE AND
SECTION 1.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
5
DEAD LOAD EFFECTS
↘ WEARING SURFACE DEAD LOADS), BASED ON THE COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS GIVEN FOR THE SUPERSTRUCTURE STATICAL
CALCULATION SPREAD-SHEET.
SECTION 2.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE PLEASE BE ADVISED TO UPDATE/ REVISE THE LIVE LOADS FROM SUPERSTRUCTURE, i.e. BASED ON THE COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS GIVEN
6
LIVE LOAD EFFECTS
↘ FOR THE SUPERSTRUCTURE STATICAL CALCULATION SPREAD-SHEET.
IN THE GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THIS SECTION THERE HAS BEEN MENTIONED “SINCE BOTH LHS & RHS ABUTMENTS ARE FREE WITH EXPANSION
∆ BEARINGS, THE ENTIRE LONGITUDINAL BRAKING FORCE IS RESISTED BY THE PIERS.” HOWEVER, UNDERNEATH THIS DISCUSSION, THE BRAKING
7 SECTION 3.0 BRAKING FORCE FORCE CALCULATION HAS BEEN MADE.
↘ HENCE, YOU ARE ADVISED TO DISCARD THE CALCULATIONS OF THE BRAKING FORCE, FROM THE SPREADSHEET.
PLEASE BE ADVISED TO DISCARD ALL THE DISCUSSIONS AND CALCULATIONS OF “SECTION 4.0 WINDLOADS” FROM THE SPREADSHEET,
↘ CONSIDERING THE UNDERMENTIONED TECHNICAL REASONS:-
SEC. [Link].1 OF ERA’S BDM-2013, SAYS “FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED CONCRETE BRIDGES BELOW 50.00 METER LENGTH THE WIND LOAD
↗ ON STRUCTURES SHALL BE NEGLECTED”.
8 SECTION 4.0 WINDLOADS HENCE, SECTION 4.1 “WINDLOAD FROM SUPERSTRUCTURE”; SECTION 4.2 “VERTICAL WINDLOAD ON SUPERSTRUCTURE” AND SECTION 4.4
↗ “WINDLOAD ON SUBSTRUCTURE” OF THE SPREADSHEET STATICAL CALCULATIONS COULD BE OMITTED/ DISCARDED.
MOREOVER, IT IS CLEAR THAT THE INTENDED FREE STANDING ABUTMENTS OF THE PROJECT BRIDGE END SUPPORTS ARE FREE TO SLIDE LATERALLY,
↗ i.e. BOTH IN THE TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL DIRECTIONS, AND SUPPOSED TO SUPPORT LOADS FROM THE SUPERSTRUCTURE IN ONLY IN
THE VERTICAL DIRECTION.
↗ HENCE, SECTION 4.3 “WINDLOAD ON VEHICLES” OF THE SPREADSHEET STATICAL CALCULATION COULD BE OMITTED/ DISCARDED.
SINCE THE DISCUSSION MADE UNDER SECTION 5.0, i.e. TEMPERATURE LOADS, IS UNRELATED TO THE INTENDED OR THE SUBJECT FREE STANDING
↘ ABUTMENT TYPE. YOU ARE ADVISED TO AMEND THE DISCUSSION BASED ON THE SUBJECT ABUTMENT TYPE.
↘ MOREOVER,
SECTION 5.0 TEMPERATURE
9 FOR SECTION 5.1 EXPANSION BEARING TEMPERATURE LOAD, PLEASE DON’T FORGET TO UPDATE THE SUPERSTRUCTURE DEAD LOADS AND
LOADS ↗ LIVE LOADS, BASED ON THE COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS GIVEN FOR THE SUPERSTRUCTURE STATICAL CALCULATION SPREAD-SHEET.
AND SINCE THE CALCULATION MADE UNDER SECTION 5.2, i.e. FIXED BEARING RESTRAINED AT BOTH ENDS, IS UNRELATED TO THE INTENDED OR
↗ THE SUBJECT FREE STANDING ABUTMENT TYPE, YOU ARE ADVISED TO DISCARD THE CALCULATIONS, FROM THE SPREADSHEET.
AT THIS SECTION OF THE SPREADSHEET, THERE HAVE BEEN MENTIONED "THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE ABUTMENT AND THE SUPERSTRUCTURE
∆ MUST BE DESIGNED TO RESIST THE SUPERSTRUCTURE TRIBUTARY WEIGHT AT THE ABUTMENT MULTIPLIED BY [A*S] IN EACH HORIZONTALLY
RESTRAINED DIRECTION."
HOWEVER, PLEASE REMIND THAT IF THE INTENDED FREE STANDING ABUTMENTS OF THE SUBJECT PROJECT BRIDGE ARE SUPPOSED TO HAVE A
SECTION 6.0 EARTHQUAKE RESTRAINING SYSTEM HORIZONTALLY IN THE TRANSVERSE DIRECTION OR NOT ABLE TO SLIDE FREELY IN BOTH THE TRANSVERSE AND
10 LONGITUDINAL DIRECTIONS, THE ABUTMENT SEISMIC ANALYSIS IS REQUIRED SINCE THE BRIDGE IS FOUND IN SEISMIC ZONE-2 OF THE AASHTO’S (OR
LOADS
↘ SEISMIC ZONE-4 OF ERA’S). HENCE, YOU ARE ADVISED TO AMEND THE CONNECTION DISCUSSION WITH A FREE STANDING ABUTMENT TYPE OF A
CONNECTION BETWEEN THE ABUTMENT AND THE SUPERSTRUCTURE FREE FOR SLIDING IN BOTH THE TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL
DIRECTIONS. OTHERWISE, THE DISCUSSION AND RELATED CALCULATIONS SHALL BE BASED ON AN ABUTMENT TYPE OF WITH SEISMIC
ANALYSIS. PLEASE, MAKE CLEAR YOUR ASSUMPTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS.

THE CALCULATION MADE UNDER SECTION 6.2, i.e. TRANSVERSE [RESTRAINED DIRECTION] SEISMIC CONNECTION FORCE, IS INCOMPATIBLE OR IN CONTRARY
SECTION 6.2
TO THE INTENDED FREE STANDING ABUTMENTS OF THE PROJECT BRIDGE END SUPPORTS. THIS IS BECAUSE:-
AT THE DISCUSSION OF PRECEDING SECTION 6.0, i.e. EARTHQUAKE LOADS, THERE HAS BEEN TOLD “BOTH THE LEFT AND RIGHT ABUTMENTS ARE FURNISHED WITH EXPANSION BEARINGS AND THEY ARE DESIGNED NOT TO BE PART OF THE EARTHQUAKE RESISTING SYSTEM (ERS). THE PIERS ARE DESIGNED TO RESIST THE EARTHQUAKE FORCE EFFECTS. HOWEVER, THE ABUTMENTS ARE DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND LATERAL EARTH PRESSURES INDUCED BY SEISMIC LOADS & SUBSTRUCTURE INERTIA.”
BASED ON APPENDIX-11 OF THE AASHTO LRFD BDS-2007, FREE-STANDING ABUTMENTS ARE GRAVITY OR CANTILEVER WALLS, WHICH ARE ABLE TO YIELD LATERALLY DURING AN EARTHQUAKE, i.e., SUPERSTRUCTURE SUPPORTED BY BEARINGS THAT ARE ABLE TO SLIDE FREELY.
IF THE ABUTMENT IS RESTRAINED IN THE TRANSVERSE DIRECTION, BASED ON SEC. [Link] OF THE AASHTO LRFD BDS-2007, CONNECTIONS FOR BRIDGES IN SEISMIC ZONE-2 (ERA’S SEISMIC ZONE-4) ARE TO BE DESIGNED FOR THE REACTION FORCES DETERMINED BY A SINGLE-MODE ELASTIC SPECTRAL ANALYSIS DIVIDED BY THE APPROPRIATE R FACTOR OF TABLE [Link]-1 OF THE AASHTO LRFD BDS-2007. BUT THE PRESENTED CONNECTION FORCE CALCULATION PROCEDURE IS RECOMMENDED FOR SEISMIC ZONE-1 (ERA’S SEISMIC ZONE-1 TO SEISMIC ZONE-3).
HOWEVER, UNLESS PROVIDING A SIDE SHEAR-BLOCK OR A SIDE SHEAR-KEY FOR THE ABUTMENT SEAT, WHICH COULD BE PROVIDED NOT CLOSER THAN THE TRANSVERSE SEISMIC FORCE DISPLACEMENT OF THE ABUTMENT, HOW COULD A FREE STANDING ABUTMENT BE RESTRAINED LATERALLY (i.e. IN TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL DIRECTIONS)? PLEASE, JUSTIFY FOR IT. OTHERWISE DISCARD THE TRANSVERSE SEISMIC CONNECTION FORCE CALCULATION, FROM THE SPREADSHEET AND STICK TO THE REQUIRED STATICAL CALCULATIONS OF THE INTENDED FREE STANDING ABUTMENT TYPE OF THE PROJECT BRIDGE END SUPPORTS.
STEP II: DESIGN LOAD FORCE
EFFECTS (SECTION 1.0; PLEASE DISCARD, i.e. FROM THE STATICAL CALCULATION SPREADSHEET, ALL THE TABULATED LOADS/ FORCES PRESENTED WITH TABLE NAMES AND SECTION NUMBERS MENTIONED BELOW, FOR THE REASONS MENTIONED IN THE PRECEDING LOAD ANALYSIS SECTIONS:-
SECTION 2.1 AND SECTION 2.2) STEP II: DESIGN LOAD FORCE EFFECTS
SECTION 1.0 "VERTICAL LOADS" :-
TABLVERTICAL REACTIONS FROM TRANSVERSE WINDLOAD ON SUPERSTRUCTURE (KN)
TABLVERTICAL REACTIONS FROM TRANSVERSE WINDLOAD ON VEHICLE (KN)
TABLREACTION DUE TO VERTICAL WIND LOAD ON SUPERSTRUCTURE
SECTION 2.0 "HORIZONTAL LOADS"
SECTION 2.1 "LONGITUDINAL HORIZONTAL LOADS":-
TABLE NAME:- LONGITUDINAL HORIZONTAL LOADS DUE TO BRAKING & TEMPERATURE LOAD
TABLE NAME:- LONGITUDINAL HORIZONTAL LOADS DUE TO WINDLOAD ON SUPERSTRUCTURE
TABLE NAME:- LONGITUDINAL HORIZONTAL LOADS DUE TO WINDLOAD ON VEHICLE
TABLE NAME:- LONGITUDINAL HORIZONTAL WIND LOADS APPLIED DIRECTLY TO THE ABUTMENT (KN)
SECTION 2.2 "TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL LOADS":-
TABLE NAME:- TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL LOADS DUE TO WINDLOAD ON SUPERSTRUCTURE
TABLE NAME:- TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL LOADS DUE TO WINDLOAD ON VEHICLE
TABLE NAME:- TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL WIND LOADS APPLIED DIRECTLY TO THE ABUTMENT (KN)
STEP II: DESIGN LOAD FORCE
AT SECTION 3.1 OF THE SPREADSHEET THERE HAS BEEN TOLD/ MENTIONED “UNFACTORED DESIGN LOADS EFFECTS ABOUT TOE OF MASONRY ABUTMENT”. HOWEVER, AS PER SEC. [Link] OF AASHTO LRFD BDS, THE DESIGN WALL HEIGHT SHALL BE TAKEN AS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE SURFACE OF THE BACKFILL AND THE BOTTOM OF THE FOOTING ALONG THE PRESSURE SURFACE BEING CONSIDERED. HENCE, YOU ARE ADVISED TO PERFORM THE LOAD ANALYSIS UP TO THE BOTTOM OF THE FOOTING AND AS WELL MAKE THE DESIGN LOAD EFFECT COMPUTATIONS ABOUT THE FOOTING TOE.
EFFECTS (SECTION 3.1)

3.2 SUMMARY OF LOAD EFFECTS ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD

TABLE NAME: - TOE OF FOOTING PAD - VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [SUPER & SUBSTRUCTURE WITHOUT BACKFILL LOADS]
THIS TABLE HAS BEEN REPORTED/ PRESENTED AS VERTICAL LOADS WITH STABILIZING FORCE AND MOMENT CHARACTERISTICS. HOWEVER, EXCEPT THE DEAD LOAD OF FOOTING STRUCTURE (WHICH IS NEITHER RESISTING NOR OVER-TURNING), ALL ARE OVER-TURNING ENHANCING LOADS. THIS IS BECAUSE, WITH THE PROVIDED TOTAL FOOTING LENGTH, i.e. B=5.4976, THE RESULTANT FORCE CENTER DISTANCES OF THESE STRUCTURE MEMBERS (FROM FOOTING TOE) ARE LESS THAN B/2 (OR FOUND BETWEEN THE MIDWAY AND TOE OF THE FOOTING). WHICH IMPLIES HAVING AN OVER-TURNING ECCENTRICITY. PLEASE, BE ADVISED TO USE THE FOLLOWING ADDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS, FOR YOUR TABLE.

"ELONG" = (B/2)-(CF),
“MLONG” = F*ELONG
“MTRAN” = F*ETRAN
“CF” = Σ(M)/ Σ(F)
WHERE :-
“Σ(M)” = MOMENT SUMS OF PARTED ONE STRUCTURAL MEMBER, EG MASONRY ABUTMENT, SELECTED GRANULAR BACK-FILL, ETC.
“Σ(F)” = MOMENT SUMS OF PARTED ONE STRUCTURAL MEMBER, EG MASONRY ABUTMENT, SELECTED GRANULAR BACK-FILL, ETC.
"CF", DISTANCE OF THE RESULTANT FORCE CENTER FROM FOOTING TOE.
“B”, PROVIDED TOTAL FOOTING WIDTH/ LENGTH
ALONG WITH THE ABOVE EXPRESSIONS, PLEASE USE A CONSISTENT SIGN CONVENTIONS FOR THE ECCENTRICITIES AND MOMENTS (THROUGHOUT YOUR CALCULATIONS), SUCH AS POSITIVE SIGN TO DENOTE WHER THE RESULTANT FORCE IS LOCATED BETWEEN THE MIDWAY AND TOE OF THE FOOTING AND NEGATIVE SIGN TO DENOTE WHER THE RESULTANT FORCE IS LOCATED BETWEEN THE MIDWAY AND HEEL OF THE FOOTING.

SECTION: - 3.2 SUMMARY OF LOAD EFFECTS ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD

TABLE NAME: - TOE OF FOOTING PAD - VERTICAL LOADS & MOMENTS [BACKFILL EARTH LOADS ONLY]
è IN THE MENTIONED TABLE, FOR THE COMPUTATION OF THE VERTICAL LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE, ONLY THE UNIT-WEIGHT OF THE GRANULAR BACKFILL MATERIAL HAS BEEN CONSIDERED, INSTEAD OF THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE WITH THE HAND LAID ROCK FILL MATERIAL. HENCE, YOU ARE ADVISED TO CONSIDER ACCORDINGLY.
è FOR THE MENTIONED TABLE, PLEASE DON’T FORGET TO UPDATE THE SUPERSTRUCTURE LIVE LOADS AND DEAD LOADS TRANSFERRING TO THE ABUTMENT, BASED ON THE PRECEDING SECTION GIVEN COMMENTS.
è IN THE ROCKFILL CALCULATION OF THE TABLE, PLEASE CHECK AND AMEND THE VERTICAL LOAD AMOUNT FOR THE ROCKFILL SUB-AREA OF “R-1” AND THE MOMENT-ARM LENGTH FOR THE ROCKFILL SUB-AREA “R-2”. SINCE, IT SUPPOSED TO BE 30.905KN FOR THE VERTICAL LOAD AND 4.6M FOR THE MOMENT-ARM LENGTH.
è PLEASE INCLUDE THE VERTICAL COMPONENT OF THE LATERAL LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE, AS ONLY THE VERTICAL EQUIVALENT LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE, i.e. UNIFORMLY TO BE DISTRIBUTED OVER THE FINISHED ROAD SURFACE OF HEEL-SIDE ABUTMENT FOOTING, HAS BEEN CONSIDERED.

SECTION: - 3.2 SUMMARY OF LOAD EFFECTS ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD

TABLE NAME: -TOE OF FOOTING PAD - LONGITUDINAL FORCES & MOMENTS [BRAKING, TEMPERATURE ETC LOADS]
è IN THE MENTIONED TABLE, UNLESS “LOADS DUE TO FRICTION”, PLEASE DISCARD OR CLEAR ALL THE SAID/ PRESENTED LONGITUDINAL FORCES, AS PER THE COMMENT GIVEN IN THE PRECEDING LOAD ANALYSIS SECTION.

SECTION: - 3.2 SUMMARY OF LOAD EFFECTS ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD

TABLE NAME: - TOE OF FOOTING PAD - SEISMIC INERTIA LATERAL LOADS & MOMENTS [SUPER & SUBSTRUCTURE WITHOUT BACKFILL LOADS]
è IN THE MENTIONED TABLE, AS DISCUSSED IN THE PRECEDING SECTION COMMENT, PLEASE DISCARD, FROM THE TABLE, THE SEISMIC INERTIA LATERAL LOADS AND MOMENTS DUE TO THE SUPERSTRUCTURE DEAD LOADS AND LIVE LOADS, SINCE NO LATERAL SEISMIC CONNECTION EXISTS BETWEEN THE SUPERSTRUCTURE AND THE ABUTMENT.

SECTION: - 3.2 SUMMARY OF LOAD EFFECTS ABOUT TOE OF FOOTING PAD

TABLE NAME: - TOE OF FOOTING PAD - PASSIVE PRESSURE LATERAL LOADS OF THE EARTH (BACKFILL)
è IN THE MENTIONED TABLE, AS DISCUSSED IN THE PRECEDING SECTION COMMENT, i.e. BASED ON THE RECOMMENDATION OF SEC. [Link]. OF AASHTO LRFD BDS, PLEASE DISCARD, THE LATERAL LOADS FROM THE PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE IN FRONT OF THE ABUTMENT (TOE BACKFILLS). HOWEVER, YOU ARE RECOMMENDED TO COMPUTE AND INCLUDE THE VERTICAL EARTH PRESSURE OF THE BACK-FILL IN THE DESIGN OF THE FOOTING.

TRANSVERSE FORCE AND MOMENT NOT CALCULATED

WING-WALL NOT INCLUDED
LATERAL LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE PRESSURE/ FORCE
STRUCTURE MEMBER DIMENSIONS DIMENSIONS
MEMBER PARAMET ADOPTED IN INDICATED IN "PIER
DESCRIPTIONS TOP
ERS "LEAP" DWG"
8.996M AT THE INTERIOR
PIER CAP ELEVATIO
8.010M CAP SECTION
8.931M AT THE
N OF
TOPPIER
EXTERIOR CAP SECTION
CAP
ELEVATIO 8.031M AT THE
PIER COLUMN 7.560M 7581
N OF PIER EXTERIOR CAP SECTION
ECCENTRI
COLUMN
CITY
300MM 350MM
BEARINGS DISTANCE
OF
BEARINGS -300MM -350MM
AS PER TABLE 3.5.1-1 OF
THE AASHTO LRFD BDS -
2007, FOR NORMAL
CONCRETE DENCITY 2446KG/M3
CONCRETE WITH F'C ≤
35.00MPA, THE DENCITY
IS 2320KG/M3
Design Factors
Cap Design Factor 1.20
Footing Design Factor 1.2

Footing loads UDL Y 732.160 kN/m

WIND LOAD NOT CONSIDERED

STREAM PRESSURE LOAD NOT CONSIDERED

Analysis by Manual Calculations (Statical Calculations) of pier

IT IS KNOWN THAT AS PER SEC. [Link] OF THE AASHTO LRFD BDS-2007, FOR MEMBERS NOT BRACED
EFFECTS OF SLENDERNESS MAY BE NEGLECTED WHERE THE SLENDERNESS RATIO, (K*LU/R), IS LESS
SIMPLY CHECKING THE “SLENDERNESS RATIO” OF THE ADOPTED PIER COLUMN STRUCTURE, WITH TH
PRELIMINARY INPUT PARAMETERS, THE “SLENDERNESS RATIO” GETS ABOUT NOT LESS THAN 28, WHI
MENTIONED REQUIREMENT OR IT TELLS THAT THE PIER COLUMN STRUCTURE NECESSITATES BRACING
YOU ARE ADVISED TO CHECK AND REVISE AS PER THE MANUAL REQUIREMENT OR JUSTIFY WITH CALC
LU = 7131MM, UNBRACED HEIGHT BETWEEN FOOTING TOP TO PIER-CAP BOTTOM, i
“R” = 0.25*1000MM = 250MM, AS PER THE RECOMMENDATION OF SEC. [Link] OF
"K" (i.e. THE EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR) = 1.0 (THE MINIMUM VALUE), AS PER THE
MBERS NOT BRACED AGAINST SIDESWAY, THE
O, (K*LU/R), IS LESS THAN 22. HOWEVER,
TRUCTURE, WITH THE UNDERMENTIONED
Lu = 7000 MM
LESS THAN 28, WHICH DOESN’T SATISFY THE
ESSITATES BRACING BEAMS. HENCE, EITHER
JUSTIFY WITH CALCULATIONS.
PIER-CAP BOTTOM, i.e. BASED ON THE PIER DESIGN DRAWING. r= 250 MM
OF SEC. [Link] OF THE AASHTO LRFD BDS-2007, FOR A CIRCULAR COMPR K = 1
VALUE), AS PER THE RECOMMENDATION OF SEC. [Link] OF THE AASHTO K*(Lu/r) = 28.000
DRAWING
OVERHANG SLAB THICKNESS AT OUTER EDGE 150MM<MIN. (175MM)
DIAPHRAGM LOCATIONS AT REINFORCEMENT DRAWING
BEARING LOCATIONS AT REINFORCEMENT DRAWING
PIER TYPE
WING LENGTH 7 5
ABUTMENTS' FOOTING WIDTH
ABUTMENTS' WALL HEIGHT
ABUT TOP WIDTH 0.6 0.5 32.06
WALL TYPE RAILINGS
CONNECTION TYPE BETWEEN THE SUPERSTRUCTURE AND SUB STRUCTURES
WITHOUT THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN REPORT
THE TWO PROJECT BRIDGES HAVE BEEN SEPARATED
 463
231.50
g = acceleration of gravity (m/sec.2)
γ = density of soil (kg/m3)
H = height of soil face (mm)
φ = angle of friction of soil (°)
θ = arc tan (kh /(1–kv)) (°)
δ = angle of friction between soil and abutment (°)
kh = horizontal acceleration coefficient (dim.)
kv = vertical acceleration coefficient (dim.)
i = backfill slope angle (°)
β = slope of wall to the vertical, negative as if inside wall face tilts out-ward (°)
Elev 1574.51

1400
5170
1300
7870
120.300

GIR C/C

0.25

15
0.3
0.35
0.35
0.3
15
0.25

31.8
 FOR ABUTMENTS
0.00INCH DECK-TOP 0.00INCH DECK-TOP LEVEL
lev 1574.51 199.665 8.50INCH DECK-SLAB 8.50INCH
DECK-SLAB BOTTOM
BOTTOM LEVELLEVEL
CONCRETE HAUNCH OF THE
17793 1.50INCH THICKNESS OF DECK- ###INCH CONCRETE
SLAB HAUNCH OF THE
0.20833 ###INCH GIRDER BEAM ###INCH DECK-SLAB
GIRDER BEAM BOTTOM LEVEL
59.21 ###INCH
TOTAL ABOVE GIRDER BEAM BOTTOM
###INCH
GIRDER BEAM BOTTOM LEVEL
29188 2.00INCH BEARING THICKNESS ###INCHBEARING BOTTOM LEVEL
29.1878 ###INCH
TOTAL ABOVE BEARING BOTTOM
###INCH
BEARING BOTTOM LEVEL

FOR ABUTMENTS
GIR E/E 0.00 MM DECK-TOP 0.00 MM DECK-TOP LEVEL
0.2 ### MM DECK-SLAB ### DECK-SLAB
MM BOTTOMBOTTOM
LEVELLEVEL
CONCRETE HAUNCH OF THE
0.00 MM THICKNESS OF DECK- ### MM CONCRETE
SLAB HAUNCH OF THE
### MM GIRDER BEAM ###GIRDER
MM DECK-SLAB
BEAM BOTTOM LEVEL
15.6 ###
TOTAL
MM ABOVE GIRDER BEAM BOTTOM
###GIRDER
MM BEAM BOTTOM LEVEL
0.3 ### MM BEARING THICKNESS ### MM BEARING BOTTOM LEVEL
0.3 ###TOTAL
MM ABOVE BEARING BOTTOM
### MM
BEARING BOTTOM LEVEL
15.6
IMPOSED LOADES
8.21KN/M WEARING-SURFACE
0.2 16.7KN/M WALK-WAYS
14.2KN/M BRIGE RAILING WALL
39.1KN/M TOTAL

INTERIOR GIRDER DEAD LOADES

(WITHOUT DIAPHRAGMS)
2.93KN/M WEARING-SURFACE
13.7KN/M SLAB-DECK
7.6 KN/M GIRDER BEAM
21.3KN/MTOTAL RC STRUCTURES
2.93KN/MTOTAL WEARING-SURFACE
166 KN RA RC STRUCTURES
22.7 KN RA WEARING-SURFACE
166 KN SHEAR RC STRUCTURES
22.7 KN RA WEARING-SURFACE
645 KN-M MCL RC STRUCTURES
88.4KN-MMCL WEARING-SURFACE
 FOR PIER
0.00 MM DECK-TOP 0.00 MM DECK-TOP LEVEL
### MM DECK-SLAB ### MM DECK-SLAB BOTTOM LEVEL
BOTTOM LEVEL OF
CONCRETE HAUNCH
THE CONCRETE
0.00 MM THICKNESS OF DECK- ### MM
HAUNCH OF THE
SLAB
DECK-SLAB
### MM GIRDER BEAM ### GIRDER
MM BEAM BOTTOM LEVEL
###
TOTAL
MMABOVE GIRDER BEAM BOTTOM
### GIRDER
MM BEAM BOTTOM LEVEL
### MM BEARING THICKNESS ### MM BEARING BOTTOM LEVEL
###TOTAL
MM ABOVE BEARING BOTTOM
### MM BEARING BOTTOM LEVEL

FOR PIER
0.00 MM DECK-TOP 0.00 MM DECK-TOP LEVEL
### MM DECK-SLAB ### MM DECK-SLAB BOTTOM LEVEL
BOTTOM LEVEL OF
CONCRETE HAUNCH
THE CONCRETE
0.00 MM THICKNESS OF DECK- ### MM
HAUNCH OF THE
SLAB
DECK-SLAB
### MM GIRDER BEAM ### GIRDER
MM BEAM BOTTOM LEVEL
###
TOTAL
MMABOVE GIRDER BEAM BOTTOM
### GIRDER
MM BEAM BOTTOM LEVEL
### MM BEARING THICKNESS ### MM BEARING BOTTOM LEVEL
###TOTAL
MM ABOVE BEARING BOTTOM
### MM BEARING BOTTOM LEVEL
###HALF-DEPTH
MM OF PIER-CAP BEAM
### PIER-CAP
MM BEAM HALF-DEPTH LEVEL
P-PROFILE PIER REINFORCEMENT
10213.5
7.131