BRAINSTORMING

Brainstorming is a group creativity technique that was designed to generate a large number of ideas for the solution of a problem. It is particularly helpful when you need to break out of stale, established patterns of thinking, so that you can develop new ways of looking at things. This can be when you need to develop new opportunities, where you want to improve the service that you offer, or when existing approaches just aren't giving you the results you want. Used with your team, it helps you bring the experience of all team members into play during problem solving There are four basic rules in brainstorming. These are intended to reduce the social inhibitions that occur in groups and therefore stimulate the generation of new ideas. The expected result is a dynamic synergy that will dramatically increase the creativity of the group. RULES OF BRAISTORMING:

Focus on quantity: This rule is a means of enhancing divergent production, aiming to facilitate problem solving through the maxim, quantity breeds quality. The assumption is that the greater the number of ideas generated, the greater the chance of producing a radical and effective solution. No criticism: It is often emphasized that in group brainstorming, criticism should be put 'on hold'. Instead of immediately stating what might be wrong with an idea, the participants focus on extending or adding to it, reserving criticism for a later 'critical stage' of the process. By suspending judgment, one creates a supportive atmosphere where participants feel free to generate unusual ideas. Unusual ideas are welcome: To get a good and long list of ideas, unusual ideas are welcomed. They may open new ways of thinking and provide better solutions than regular ideas. They can be generated by looking from another perspective or setting aside assumptions. Combine and improve ideas: Good ideas can be combined to form a single very good idea, as suggested by the slogan "1+1=3". This approach is assumed to lead to better and more complete ideas than merely generating new ideas alone. It is believed to stimulate the building of ideas by a process of association.

OUTLINE OF THE METHOD:

Set the problem

One of the most important things to do before a session is to define the problem. The
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problem must be clear, not too big, and captured in a definite question such as What service for mobile phones is not available now, but needed?. If the problem is too big, the chairman should divide it into smaller components, each with its own question.
Create a background memo

The background memo is the invitation and informational letter for the participants, containing the session name, problem, time, date, and place. The problem is described in the form of a question, and some example ideas are given. The ideas are solutions to the problem, and used when the session slows down or goes off-track.
Select participants

The chairman composes the brainstorming panel, consisting of the participants and an idea collector. Ten or fewer group members are generally more productive than larger groups. Many variations are possible but the following composition is suggested. o Several core members of the project who have proved themselves. o Several guests from outside the project, with affinity to the problem. o One idea collector who records the suggested ideas.
Create a list of lead questions

During the brainstorm session the creativity may decrease. At this moment, the chairman should stimulate creativity by suggesting a lead question to answer, such as Can we combine these ideas? or How about a look from another perspective?. It is advised to prepare a list of such leads before the session begins.
Session conduct

The chairman leads the brainstorming session and ensures that the basic rules are followed. The activities of a typical session are:
o

A warm-up session, to expose novice participants to the criticism-free environment. A simple problem is brainstormed, for example What should be the next corporate Christmas present? or What can be improved in Microsoft Windows?.

o The chairman presents the problem and gives a further explanation if needed. o The chairman asks the brainstorming panel for their ideas. o If no ideas are coming out, the chairman suggests a lead to encourage creativity. o Every participant presents his or her idea, and the idea collector records them.

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o If more than one participant has ideas, the chairman lets the most associated idea be presented first. This selection can be done by looking at the body language of the participants, or just by asking for the most associated idea. o The participants try to elaborate on the idea, to improve the quality. o When time is up, the chairman organizes the ideas based on the topic goal and encourages discussion. Additional ideas may be generated. o Ideas are categorized. o The whole list is reviewed to ensure that everyone understands the ideas. Duplicate ideas and obviously infeasible solutions are removed. o The chairman thanks all participants and gives each a token of appreciation. THE PROCESS:

Participants who have an idea but no possibility to present it are encouraged to write down their idea and present it later. The idea collector should number the ideas, so that the chairman can use the number to encourage quantitative idea generation, for example: We have 44 ideas now, lets get it to 50!. The idea collector should repeat the idea in the words he or she has written it, to confirm that it expresses the meaning intended by the originator. When more participants are having ideas, the one with the most associated idea should have priority. This to encourage elaboration on previous ideas. During the brainstorming session the attendance of managers and superiors is strongly discouraged, as it may inhibit and reduce the effect of the four basic rules, especially the generation of unusual ideas.

OBJECTIVES: Students will be able to say possible problems of the given case using brainstorming technique. Students will be able to say the possible solutions for the problems for the given case using brainstorming technique.

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PROBLEMS:

Lack of student involvement Noise Cheating in exams The students may not attend the class The students may not listen to the teacher The students may not do their homework or tasks The students may come to the class on purpose The students do different kinds of things in the class such as sleeping or drawing pictures etc.

SOLUTIONS: o The teacher should choose activities which appeal to the students o The teacher may set some classroom rules with the students o The teacher should try to keep the students as busy as possible and should not let them to be interested in different things o The teacher should attend personal development courses
o

The teacher may want one of his colleagues to help him

o The teacher should take the attendance regularly to solve the problems about attending the class o The teacher should talk with the students and decide what to do with the late comers
o

The teacher may ask for one of his colleagues help in the exams in order to prevent cheating

o The teacher may talk to some students individually, if it is necessary o The teacher should work cooperatively with the ministry

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PROBLEM-SOLVING METHOD
Problem solving is a process to choose and use the effective and benefical tool and behaviours among the different potentialities to reach the target. It contains scientific method,critical thinking,taking decision,examining and reflective thinking. This method is used in the process of solving a problem to generalize or to make synthesis. There are four basic rules in brainstorming. These are intended to reduce the social inhibitions that occur in groups and therefore stimulate the generation of new ideas. The expected result is a dynamic synergy that will dramatically increase the creativity of the group. STEPS OF PROBLEM SOLVING: 1 - Choosing the topic and emergence of problem. 2 - Delimitation of the problem.
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3 - Planning the application. 4 - Preparing the working guide. 5 - Providing the sources. 6 - Examining the problem. 7 - Getting a conclusion. 8 - Disputating the topics,views and findings. ADVANTAGES OF PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD:

It provides the active participation of the students in teaching-learning activity. It habituates student to study regularly and organized. It provides students o gain scientific view and thinking. It makes students to be interested in learning. It helps to improve the sense of responsibility of students. It provides students to face the problems boldly and to deal with it in a scientific approach. It helps students to adopt the view of benefit from others ideas and to help each other. It predicates the learning to a more logical and doughty foundation. It improves the ability of making proposes and putting forward the hypothesis. It helps students to adopt the idea of not to be hurry to make a decision.

DISADVANTAGES OF PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD:

o o o o

It takes too much time. It is not possible to apply this method to all disciplines. It can load some worldly burdensomes to students. It can be diffucult for students to provide the materials and sources which is required for solving the problem. Evaluating the learning can be difficult.
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TECHNIQUES USED IN PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD:

A) INDUCTION

It is like teaching with discovering method.Cases are observed carefully.The similarities and dissimilarities are found.Then you can reach the general rule or law with the techniques "generalization" or "making abstract" from the similarities.
B) DEDUCTION

It is reverse of induction technique.Some general laws and rules which are reached before are given to the students and want them to apply this method to different singular case.The convenience of it to the one of the case is controlled mentally.

OBJECTIVES: This method helps students to gain the ability of scientific problem solving and using it in the every area of life.
Whit this method,teachers aim is to raise a youth which can solve problems in scientific

way not just creating problems.

COOPERATIVE LEARNING TECHNIQUE

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Cooperative learning is asuccesful teaching strategy in which small teams, each with students of different levels of ability,use variety of learning activities to improve their understanding of a subject.Each member of a team is responsible not only for learning what is taught buut also for helping teammates learning,thus creating and atmosphere of achivement.Student work trough the assignment until all the members succesfuly understand and complete it.Cooperative efforts result in participants striving for mutual benefit so that all group members:
1. Gain confidence from each others effort. 2. Recognize that all group members share a commen fate. 3. Know that ones performance is mutually caused by oneself and ones team members.

4. Feel proud and jointly celebrate when a group member is recognized for achievement.

WHY WE USE COOPERATIVE LEARNING: Research has shown that cooperative learning techniques;
1. Promote students learning and academic achievement. 2. Increase students retention. 3. Enchance students satisfaction with learning experience. 4. Help students develop skills in oral communication. 5. Develop students social skills. 6. Promete students self-esteem. 7. Help to promote positive race relations.

ELEMENTS OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING: 1. Positive inter-dependence.

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2. Face to face interaction. 3. Individual and group accountability. 4. Interpersonal and small-group skills.
5. Group processing.

ADVANTAGES OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING TECHNIQUE:

The group provides each member with an oppotunity to participate and thereby influences decison making. Face to face learning situations promote an atmosphere of cooperation and empathy seldom achieved in other learning situations. Personal relationships are usually less problematic. There is also a greater chance of different opinions and varied contributions. It encourages broader skills of cooperation and negotiation. It promotes learner autonomy by allowing sts to make their own decisions in the group without being told what to do by the teacher. Although we do not wish any individuals in groups to be completely passive neverthless some sts can choose their level of participation more readily than in a whole-class or pairwork situation.

DISADVANTAGES OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING TECHNIQUE:

o

It is likely to be noisy.Some teachers feel that they lose control., and the whole-class feeling which has been painstakingly built up may dissipate when the class is split into smaller entities. Not all the students enjoy it, since they would prefer to be the focus of the teachers attention rather than working with their peers.Sometimes sts find themselves in uncongenial groups and wish the could be somewhere else.

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ROLE OF TEACHER IN COOPERATIVE LEARNING TECHNIQUE: 1. The teacher can merelyprovides a setting and atmosphere in which such attitudes and behaviours may develop. 2. Careful encouragement and direction is needed constantly by the teacher. 3. The teacher creates and maintains a mutual feeling of responsibility to achieve group goals. 4. The teacher is responsible for contributing specific info when needed.

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CASE METHOD
A case is an account of an actual problem or situation which has been experienced by an individual or a group. It includes facts available to those facing the problem, along with a description of perceptions and attitudes of those who are confronted with the problem.

HOW IS THE CASE METHODS ANALYSIS ?:

The discussion analysis is initiated when the teacher asks, in some manner , what is the issue or the problem in this case ? The second step is the analysis of the facts in the situation.Here the emphasis is upon the what actually happened rather than personal opinion of the facts.
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A third step in the analysis may be conceived as sentiments and beliefs .Here expressed feelings or attitudes are considered. The strongest proposal is chosen , sometimes it becomes apparent that more than one decision is best.

ROLE OF TEACHER: Teacher

should be flexible. Accept the fact that this is necessary in using case materials. should ask questions when necessary. should never become emotionally involved in the case discussion. should summarize at the end and leave time to pull together the key points of the case.

ADVANTAGES:

The case method is realistic. By capturing and analyzing real problems , the student is able to bridge the gap between school and real-life experiences. Case analysis treats feelings as facts. By treating human emotion and feelings, the case approach captures the interest and imagination of the learner.

DISADVANTAGES:
o o o o

Although the case method is realistic it is not actual reality The case method tends to collapse time and space dimensions If used extensively, it will definitely limit the content material which can be covered. Use of already prepared , fictional cases may limit the realism of case sitiation.

OBJECTIVES:
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 Students will be able to explain what the case method become. Students will be able to express what the limitations and values of the case method
Students will be able to express the role of teacher in the process of the case method.

PROBLEMS:

Classroom Management lack of communication discipline problem in the class

SOLUTIONS:
o o

Formulation of some rules for students in the class. Encourage empathy in students.

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DRAMA TECHNIQUE
Dramatization is one of the teaching techniques which teach students how to behave in which situation by living it. Physical environment/costumes/ accessories are important, effects the concentration of students. Students use their own imagination thus improve their creativeness.

SUB-TECHNIQUES USED:

Informal drama: no preparation, no written material. Role playing: students may get preparation for their role before acting, Formal drama: completely under the teacher control. Everybody uses written material Puppets: students use puppets and say what they want from behind of the puppets Pantomime: students use only mime and gestures, no oral acts, such as washing his face, eating something etc. Finger game: especially for younger students. A story is given and the students need to complete it by making their fingers talk.

ROLE OF TEACHER: Teacher

should be flexible. Accept the fact that this is necessary in using case materials. should ask questions when necessary. should never become emotionally involved in the case discussion. should summarize at the end and leave time to pull together the key points of the case.

ADVANTAGES:

It is fun.
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Provides direct involvement in learning on the part of all students. Improves language utilization. Communicating/speaking and listening skills are improved. Allows for exploration on solutions.

DISADVANTAGES:
o o o o o o

Needs too much time. Costumes, decorations and preparation of physical environment may create difficulties. If students are limited, it may be boring Students may be too self-conscious. Not appropriate for large groups. Students may feel threatened.

OBJECTIVES:
Students will be able to recognize and practice individual skills. Students will be able to communicate with other group members easily. Students will be able to gain an understanding of the feeling of others. Students will be able to learn to use body language.

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