CHAPTER I Background of the Design

Introduction The fast-phased changes in terms of mans need of wider and innovative communication system open up desires to converse in a convenient and efficient transformation on wireless system. Tracing back history, early form of wireless communication has been seen from pre-modern man when they began yelling from mountains peak and foot in order to transfer messages. Other historical examples include Chinese fire signals along the Great Wall of China to warn the defenders of approaching invaders and smoke signals of Native Americans used in warfare (Javadi, K. 2005). These simple forms of communication serve as the initial inspirations for the ideas of today. The progress of wireless

communications developed from discovery of physical phenomena, rapidly improved within the span of two centuries, and continues to grow at an astonishing pace into the future. Wireless Communication had several kinds, one of which was the Microwave Communication the transmission of signals via radio using a series of microwave towers. Microwave communication is known as a form of "line of sight" communication, because there must be no obstruction in the transmission of data between these towers for signals to be properly sent and received. It was mainly used as a backbone for large networks like in television, data and

telephony. One good application of this type is a cellular telecommunication backbone which was projected in this design. An effective and reliable point-to-point Line-of-Sight (LOS) communication system will be implemented in Misamis Occidental for this design. The sites were carefully chosen and the transmission paths were calculated to have 99.999999% reliability throughout the whole system. The terrain and soil types in the said location were also considered in order to obtain the requirements.

Objectives of the design

The design has the following objectives: To establish a comprehensive and efficient point-to-point connection that will serve as a backbone of cellular system. To attain a high-quality transmission with 99.999999% reliability in the selected locations To limit the sites reflection point that would result to the unwanted loss of line To provide communication services for the citizens of Misamis Occidental, Philippines To obtain a line-of-sight (LOS) communication between two antennas without having obstruction To be able to achieve an interactive environment in the province of Misamis Occidental through technological innovation

Significance of the study

This design would be of great help for electronics and communications engineering students who intend to prioritize microwave communication system planning. Theories, facts and practical applications were done in order to obtain the best possible results in establishing a reliable means of wireless communication. The proposed design covered the province of Misamis Occidental using microwave technology to provide services involving cellular connectivity with reliable signal. In such, residents of the said province will be able to communicate easily and effectively for any means. The possible losses in each hop were computed to be able to provide reliable communication. Moreover, the design will aid the students to be ready in facing challenges for their career in wireless communication in time that they were in the outside world.

Scopes and Delimitations Scopes This microwave communication system design is subjected to the following: The province of Misamis Occidental. Gathering of initial data included maps from National Mapping to trail the succeeding steps. Maximum distance of 10 kilometers between two microwave communication links were considered in the path analysis. All necessary calculations which includes the site coordinates, great circle distance, antenna height and orientation, vertical panning, angle and reflection point, losses, system analysis, reliability and

unavailability were included. The frequency is around 18 Ghz and its allocation to every microwave sites were based on the frequency chart provided by National Telecommunications Commission. Equipment specifications essential to conclude that reliability were reached. Rough approximations of the overall system costing were also done.

Delimitations This microwave communication system design is subjected to the following:

Civil works were excluded to the design. Licensing and other permits were not included. Local building codes and restrictions were not considered in the design.

The site was not visited by the designers. The maps from NAMRIA are outdated.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Absorption energy loss absorbed by the atmospheric elements such as, rain, snow, oxygen, clouds and vapors Attenuation a progressive decrease of signal power or power density as distance increases Bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies the parabolic antenna will radiate effectively Beamwidth the angles created by comparing the half-power points (3dB) on the main radiation lobe to its maximum power point Direct Beam is the center part of the Fresnel zone, wherein most of the microwave signals are transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver or vice-versa Earth Bulge Earths curvature presents loss obstruction and must be compensated using 4/3 earth radius for atmospheric bending of waves Fade Margin allowance for fading; a measure of how much signal attenuation due to multipath and rain fading can be able to accommodate by the radio system Fading is the fluctuation in the signal strength at a receiver and may be rapid or slow, general or frequency-selective First Fresnel Zone the first circular zone nearest to the direct beam Frequency Range the frequency range set by the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC), in which a radio is allowed to control

Fresnel Zone area depicted as concentric circular zones concerning to the direct path of the microwave signals forming as three-dimensional imaginary solid called ellipsoid. Full Duplex capability to transmit and receive in both directions at the same time GHz abbreviation for gigahertz; a measure of frequency equivalent to 1 thousand million (109) cycles per second Hot-Standby also known as protected configuration is the system configuration of a radio in which two sets of circuitry are arranged in tandem, with one back-up mode in case a failure occurs in the operational circuitry. A microprocessor monitors the on-line circuitry and switches to the back-up circuitry if a failure is detected. Input/output Connection the connector type used to interface peripheral digital equipment to a radio Interface the digital boundary of the radio to the peripheral digital equipment Isotropic Received Level signal level at the air interface related to those transmitted by an isotropic source Maximum Power Output the maximum permissible transmitter power output, as specified by governing agency regulations Mb/s abbreviation for megabits per second; equivalent to 1 million (106) digital bits per second Microwave an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength in the range of 0.001 0.3 m, shorter than a normal radio wave but longer than those infrared radiations

Minimum Power Output the minimum permissible transmitter power output, as specified by governing agency regulations Non-Protected the radio configuration in which there is only one transmitter and one receiver Power Output the power of the radio signal as it leaves the RF unit Protected the system configuration of a radio in which two sets, or redundant groups, of components and assemblies are arranged in tandem, with one group in back-up mode in case a failure occurs with the in-service system Sensitivity is a measurement of a receivers ability to receive weak signals System Gain sum of the transmitter power output and the receiver sensitivity Typical Power Output the suggested transmitter power output, as specified by the governing agency Voice Channel Capacity quantity of digitized voice circuits which can be accommodated by a specified digital line rate Waveguide a hollow metallic conductor used for carrying signal of microwave frequencies from the equipment to the antenna