English Pronouns

SUBJECT PRONOUNS I you he she it we you they OBJECT PRONOUNS me you him her it us you them POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES my your his her its our your their POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS mine yours his hers (its) ours yours theirs REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves

POSSESSIVE CASE (SAXON GENITIVE)

It is used for expressing ownership. We add apostrophe + s to the noun.

Example:
El libro 1 de 2 Mike 3

Mikes book 3 2 1 The definite article is not used in the Saxon Genitive. If the word ends in s, we only add the apostrophe: Example: The girls toy If we have more than one possessor, we add the apostrophe s (or only the apostrophe, as it corresponds) to the possessor that appears the latest in the sentence:

Example: John and Marys boss

Kathy and Charles house

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL THIS (Este, esta, estos, estas) THESE (stos, estas) THAT (Ese/esa/esos/esas) THOSE(Esos,esas, aqullos/aqullas) INDEFINITE ARTICLES A (Followed by words that (Un/una) begin by consonant) AN (Followed by words that begin by vowel) DEFINITE ARTICLES THE (El, la, los, las)

TITLES

SINGLE MR MRS MISS MS X X X

MARRIED X X X

CARDINAL NUMBERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen

ORDINAL NUMBERS
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth

18 19 20 21 22 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 101 200 1.000 10.000 100.000 1.000.000

eighteen nineteen twenty twenty-one twenty-two thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety a/one hundred a/one hundred and one two hundred a/one thousand ten thousand a/one hundred thousand a/one million

18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th 100th 101st 200th 1.000th 10.000th 100.000th 1.000.000th

eighteenth nineteenth twentieth twenty-first twenty-second thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth hundredth hundred and first two hundredth thousandth ten thousandth one hundred thousandth one millionth

PLURAL SPELLING (FORMACIN DEL PLURAL)

1. Como regla general, para formar el plural de una palabra se agrega -s: pen pens (lapiceras); key - keys (llaves). 2. Las palabras terminadas en -s, -ss, -sh, -ch y -x se pluralizan agregando -es: bus buses (mnibus); glass - glasses (anteojos o gafas); brush - brushes (cepillos); church churches (iglesias); box - boxes (cajas). 3. Las palabras terminadas en -y precedida de consonante cambian por -ies: dictionary dictionaries (diccionarios); baby - babies(bebs); pero tambin hay excepciones: Las terminadas en -yprecedida de vocal (-ay, -ey, -oy, -uy) forman el plural regularmente: day - days (das); monkey - monkeys (monos); boy - boys(muchachos); guy - guys (nios). 4. Las palabras terminadas en -f o -fe cambian por -ves: wolf - wolves (lobos); knife knives (cuchillos); wife - wives (esposas). El sonido /s/ del singular cambia a /z/ en el plural. 5. Las palabras terminadas en o forman su plural de dos maneras diferentes: a) Si existe una vocal delante de la o, agregan s: video - videos(videos). b) Si existe una consonante delante de la o, agregan es: tomato - tomatoes (tomates); potato potatoes (papas). Pero las palabras de origen extranjero terminadas en o slo agregan s: piano - pianos (pianos); kimono - kimonos (quimonos); photo - photos (fotografas). 6. Finalmente, existen otros plurales irregulares (cambian totalmente) y que es mejor memorizar: man (hombre) - men (hombres); woman (mujer) - women (mujeres); child (nio) children (nios); foot (pie) -feet (pies); tooth (diente) - teeth (dientes); mouse (ratn) mice(ratas).

TELL THE TIME IN ENGLISH

Whats the time? What time is it? It is +number of minutes +(minutes) Example: It is twenty three (minutes) past five It is forty two (minutes) to eight Other useful words: Noon (12 oclock in the afternoon) Midnight (Twelve oclock at night)

COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS DE ADJETIVOS (NOTA: TAMBIN APLICABLE A ADVERBIOS)

Los grados de comparacin del adjetivo son tres: POSITIVO: Es el adjetivo en su forma simple, bsica: nice, lindo; big, grande; COMPARATIVO: Establece la relacin o comparacin entre dos cosas; SUPERLATIVO: Denota el ms alto/ms bajo grado de una cualidad. Estos dos ltimos grados parten del adjetivo en su grado positivo:

COMPARATIVOS
DE IGUALDAD
AFIRMATIVO AS + adjective + AS = TAN + adjetivo + COMO

This book is as interesting as that magazine.

Este libro es tan interesante como esa revista.

Buenos Aires is as expensive as Tokyo

Buenos Aires es tan cara como Tokio. NEGATIVO NOT AS + adjective + AS = NO TAN + adjetivo + COMO

This flat is not as big as that house.

Este departamento no es tan grande como esa casa.

Paris is not as expensive as Tokyo

Pars no es tan cara como Tokio.

DE SUPERIORIDAD
ADJETIVOS de 1 SILABA adjective + ER + THAN = MAS + adjetivo + QUE

This book is cheaper than that magazine.

Este libro es ms barato que esa revista. SPELLING Adjetivos terminados en vocal forman el comparativo aadiendo -er al adjetivo Adjetivos terminados en e slo aaden r Ejemplo: large-larger Adjetivos terminados en vocal y consonante doblan esta consonante. Ejemplo: big-bigger Atencin: real, right and wrong forman el comparativo con morethan

adjective + ER + THAN = MAS + adjetivo + QUE MORE + adjective + THAN = MAS + adjetivo + QUE Usamos more+adjective+than en la mayora de los adjetivos de dos slabas En adjetivos que terminen en -y quitar la -y y aadir ier Ejemplo: happy-happier busy-busier angry-angrier ADJETIVOS DE 2 SILABAS Adjetivos que terminen en -er, -le, -ow forman el comparativo aadiendo er than., aunque es tambin posible formar su comparativo con more. than.. Ejemplo: narrow-narrower gentle-gentler Clever-cleverer noble-nobler

Narrow-more narrow gentle-more gentle clever-more clever noble-more noble Otros adjetivos como able, angry, friendly, cruel, gentle, handsome, pleasant, quiet, simple, polite, common, sour and obscure pueden tomar ambas formas de comparacin: Ejemplo: handsomer/more handsome ADJETIVOS DE MAS DE 2 SILABAS MORE + adjective + THAN = MAS + adjetivo + QUE

Normalmente, los adjetivos de ms de dos slabas forman el comparativo con more+adjective+than Por ejemplo: interesting-more interesting than.. beautiful-more beautiful than The book is more interesting than the film Adjetivos de dos slabas acabados en -y cuando toman su forma negativa con el prefijo un- forman el comparativo aadiendo -er ( a pesar de tener ahora 3 slabas) Ejemplo: untidy-untidier unhappy-unhappier

COMPARATIVO DE INFERIORIDAD Se antepone less (menos) al adjetivo seguido de than (que comparativo): less expensive than, menos caro que; less intelligent than, menos inteligente que.

SUPERLATIVOS
Los adjetivos que aaden la terminacin -er than. en el comparativo forman el superlativo con the.. -est:

You are the tallest, eres el ms alto; Mount Everest is the highest mountain, el monte
Everest es la montaa ms alta. Los adjetivos que forman el comparativo con more. thanforman el superlativo con the most (el ms, los ms, la ms, las ms): This book is the most expensive, este libro es el ms caro. El superlativo de inferioridad se forma aadiendo the least (el menos) al adjetivo: La Rioja is the least expensive province in Argentina, La Rioja es la provincia argentina menos cara. COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS IRREGULARES Irregular Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form good better The best bad worse The worst far farther/further The farthest/the furthest little less The least many more The most Old Older/elder The oldest/the eldest Ejemplos: Italian food is better than American food/My dog is the best dog in the world Your cooking is worse than mine / Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst

EXERCISE - PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND OBJECT PRONOUNS Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns.

1. Does _____ (her, she) know that _____ (me, I) was absent? 2. Please tell _____ ( he, him) _____ (I, me) have obtained a degree in Chemistry. 3. I remember that _____ (they, them) bought the fruits from _____ (we, us). 4. Please don't tell ______ (she, her) about _____ (I, me). 5. _____ can swim because _____ has webbed feet. 6. I met Alice yesterday. _____ invited _____ to her house. 7. Jane has a cat; _____ likes to play with _____. 8. When the dog chased John, _____ ran as fast as _____ could. 9. My uncle works in a factory. _____ says _____ is a noisy place. 10. The teacher said to the class, "When _____ finished your work, please pass _____ up to me."

(EXERCISE - POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES Use each of the following ten possessive adjective words only once: her, his, its, my, my, our, our, their, their, your.

1. We borrowed some books for _____ homework 2. He has waited a long time for _____ turn. 3. I have _____ reason for not going. 4. _____ sister and mine are doing the same degree at the university. 5. The cat is licking _____ paw. 6. Don't they know they have to bring _____ calculators? 7. She is eating _____ lunch.

8. It is important that we preserve _____ natural resources. 9. Everyone is entitled to _____ own opinion. 10. I am sure you don't want to listen to all _____ problems.

THERE IS/THERE ARE

THERE IS Expressing that things exist in singular For countables in singular and uncountables Example: There is a table There is some sugar AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE THERE IS THERE IS NOT IS THERE? THERE ARE THERE ARE NOT ARE THERE..? THERE ARE Expressing that things exist in plural For countables in plural Example: there are some books

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

COUNTABLE NOUNS They can be counted They can be in plural form They admit numbers in front of them For example: One pear Two pears Three pears They admit indefinite articles in front of them: Example: A pear A bicycle UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS Are things you can see as a whole They do not admit plural Example: water, salt, sugar, sand It is possible to convert many uncountable nouns into countable nouns by adding a recipient or an specific quantity in front of them. Example: A kilo of sugar

A spoon of salt A glass of water Some nouns can be countable and uncountable. For example: You have a hair on your T-shirt Your hair looks beautiful ASKING FOR QUANTITIES We use How much.? For uncountable nouns We use How many..? For plural countable nouns Example: How much money do you have? How many people are there? (REMEMBER THAT PEOPLE IS COUNTABLE, BECAUSE WE CAN ADD NUMBERS IN FRONT OF IT: TWO PEOPLE, THREE PEOPLE.) COUNTABLES * UNCOUNTABLES *

SOME(AFFIRMATIVE) = ALGUN/A/OS/AS POSITIVE SENTENCES EXCEPTION: INTERROGATIVE (OFFERINGS) Example: there are some glasses I want some coffee Do you want some coffee? ANY (NEGATIVE/INTERROGATIVE) Example: Are there any books? Is there any sugar? There is not any book There is not any sugar FEW = POCO/A/OS/AS Example: There are few books LITTLE =POCO/A/OS/AS Example: There is Little sugar MANY =MUCHOS/AS Example: There are many books A LOT OF =MUCHO/A/OS/AS Example: There are a lot of books There is a lot of sugar LOTS OF =MUCHO/A/OS/AS Example: There are lots of books There are a lot of books NOT MUCH = NO MUCHO Example: There is not much sugar NOT MANY

* * * * *

* *

=NO MUCHOS/AS Example: There are not many books

EXERCISES COUNTABLES AND UNCOUNTABLES

1) Say if the following nouns are countables or uncountables: Water time books sugar milk pens Sunny days hair chairs meat butter pencils Clouds bread jam friends flour fingers Snow apples oil cars salt houses Hours of sunshine cheese rice tea games Rain tomatoes cream honey carrots Windy days Ice Picture Flour Ball Air

2. Choose a, an, some or any a) It is dog. milk. d) Linda has not got pets. cheese every day. g) We don't have bread. found pen. j) Do you have eggs? on the desk? b) Have you got friends? e) There is orange on the table. h) My brother found money. c) I bought f) Tim eats i) My sister

k) There are students in the classroom. l) Is there pencil

3. Choose How much or How many a) b) c) d) e) f) g) cheese do you buy? books are there in your bag? films did Tom see last week? money do you spend every week? friends does Linda have? sugar do we need? tomatoes are there in the fridge?

h) meat are you going to buy? i) milk did you drink yesterday? j) apples do you see?

Circle the correct answer.

1 Is there ________ cheese left? A some B any C the

6 Excuse me. I need ________ information about trains to Guadalajara. A some B any C an

2 To make pancakes we need ________ eggs and some flour. A some B any C an 3 How ________ money do we have left? A many B much C do

7 Do you know ________ good restaurants near here? A some B any C the 8 For lunch today I had a salad and ________ piece of pizza. A some B any C a

4 How ________ cars are we taking? A many B much C long How ________ glasses of wine did you drink? A many B much C drunk

9 How ________ rice do we have left? A many B much C peas 10 It's cold. Don't open ________ windows. A some B any C a

POSSESSIVE CASE EXERCISES

1. The camera/Tom 2. The eyes/ the cat 3. 3. The top/ the page 4. The daughter/Mr. Smith 5. The boys/the children 6. The names/your friend 7. The man/name 8. The car/Mike 9. The garden/our neighbours 10.The birthday/my father 11.The car/my friends 12.The dog/the boys 13.The dress/Jane 14.The ball/the girls 15.The coat/the price 16.The ring/susan 17.The rackets/the players 18.The house/the coopers 19.The uncle/Bill 20.The doctor/the waiting room
2. Rewrite the sentences using the Genitive Case: a. The skirts of the women are white. b. The tail of the horse is not short c. The offices of the doctors are beautiful d. The books of the students are new e. The toys of the babies are funny f. The hat of Mrs. Sally is red. g. The dress of my sister is old h. The leg of the chair is broken

SAY THE FOLLOWING HOURS: 12.30 21.45

11.17 10.49 6.38 4.20 3.25 21.33