Study of Nifty Derivatives &amp Risk Minimization Trading Strategy

A Project On Study of Nifty Derivatives & Risk Minimization Trading Strategy
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMT OF THE PROJECT STUDY COURSE OF TWO YEAR (FULL TIME) M.B.A. PROGRAMME
N.R. Institute of Business Management Batch :2008-2010

Submitted by: Ankit Shah (08091) Ashish Ashara (08004) Guided by: Prof. Anjali Choksi
N.R.INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
N. R. Institute of Business Management CERTIFICATE FROM INSTITUTE

This is to certify that Mr. Ankit Shah and Mr. Ashish Ashara, students of MBA (2008-10 batch) at N.R. Institute of Business Management, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad have prepared a Grand Project on Study of Nifty Derivatives & Risk Minimization Trading Strategies in partial fulfillment of two years full-time MBA Program of Gujarat University. This project work has been undertaken under the guidance of Prof. Anjali Choksi, core faculty at N.R. Institute of Business Management, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad. This is also to ascertain that this project has been prepared only for the award of MBA degree and has not been submitted for any other purpose.
Dr. Hitesth Ruparel Choksi

Prof. Anjali
Director _________________ Date: 20/03/2010 Place: Ahmedabad
Core faculty _________________
PREFACE
Derivatives occupy a very significant place in the field of finance and are virtually driving the global financial markets of the day. Several markets of the world have witnessed a phenomenal rise in trading derivative instruments over a past three decades. With the world embracing the derivatives trading on a large scale, the Indian market obviously cannot remain aloof, especially after liberalization has been set in motion. Derivatives are like a deep ocean of knowledge for the learners of finance. The reason to choose this subject was the emergence of derivatives trading in the different sectors of the Indian economy. Derivatives are the means to achieve the objectives like risk management by fund managers and hedging by traders. By looking at the importance of the derivatives we make an attempt to determine the trend of Nifty and on the basis of that framing trading strategies to minimize the risk while maximize the profit exposure. This project would be a powerful base for us to undergo further studies in the risk management field and even in the field of finance as a whole.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Motivation and co-operation are the main two pillars on which the success of any project relies. So first of all we would like to thank core faculty and our project guide Prof. Anjali Choksi who made us aware about the project and motivated us to work on the guidelines of this unique, new and knowledge based project. She has guided us at each and every stage of the project. She has been enthusiastically involved in every aspects of the project. motivation that she has provided us throughout our project. We would also like to thank our friends and those who have helped us during this project directly or indirectly. Every person wants to prove himself in this fast, dynamic and cutthroat competitive world. When he/she gets an opportunity to do so then he or she will find that success is very near to him/her. So, we would like to acknowledge our thanks to our Director Prof. Hitesh Ruparel who gave us opportunity to prove ourselves. We also would like to express our gratitude to our project Coordinator Mr.Sunil c.Shah (Vice-president Arcadia Shares & stock Brokers pvt ltd & Mr. Kalpesh d.Shah (Business Associate- Arcadia shares & stock brokers Pvt ltd) and the Manager of Arcadia Shares & stock brokers Pvt Ltd. for their kind support and assistance. Overall we are highly indebted to her for all the knowledge, guidance and
ANKIT SHAH
ASHISH ASHARA
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
One of the interesting developments in financial markets over the last 15 to 20 years has been the growing popularity of derivatives or contingent claims. In many situations, both hedgers and speculators find it more attractive to trade a derivative on an asset than to trade the asset itself. Some derivatives are traded on exchanges. Others are made available to corporate clients by financial institutions or added to new issues of securities by underwriters. In this report we have included history of Derivatives. Than we have included Derivatives Market in India. Than after we have included stock market Derivatives. In this report we have taken a first look at forward, futures and options contracts. A forward or futures contract involves an obligation to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future for a certain price. There are two types of options: calls and puts. A call option gives the holder the right to buy an asset by a certain date for a certain price. In India the derivatives market has grown very rapidly. There are mainly three types of traders: hedgers, speculators and arbitrageurs. In the next section, we have tried to determine the study of Nifty derivatives for the short term period using the two important indicators namely Open Interest & Put/Call Ratio. In which Put/Call Ratio analysis proves to be more effective indicators. Moreover in the analysis of Put/Call Ratio, Combination of Open Interest & Volume gives more accurate results. In the last section, we have determined different trading strategies for different market views i.e. Bullish, Bearish, Range bound & Volatile. On the basis of investors perceptions they can use suited strategies which will minimize the loss. There are also some arbitrage strategies prevailing in the market like reversal, conversion etc. which give fix amount of profit irrespective of market movements but it is not readily available in the market but one has to grab such Opportunities.
PLACE: AHMEDABAD DATE : 20/03/2010

INDEX
Sr. no Pg.
Topics
no. 1 4 9 12 15 19 37 62 64 68
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN CAPITAL MARKET INTRODUCTION TO DERIVATIVES DEVELOPMENT OF DERIVATIVES MARKET IN INDIA RESEARCH METHODOLOGY STOCK MARKET DERIVATIVES INTRODUCTION TO FUTURES INTRODUCTION TO OPTIONS INDICATORS OF INVESTING IN FUTURES & OPTION OPEN INTEREST PUT/CALL RATIO
ANALYSIS
[a]STUDY OF SHORT TERM TREND OF NIFTY DERIVATIVES USING: Open Interest Put/Call Ratio [b]RISK MINIMIZATION TRADING STRATEGIES USING FUTURES & OPTION
11
71
FINDINGS
177
CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY GLOSSARY
179 180 181
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CAPITAL
CH. 1 INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN CAPITAL MARKET

CAPITAL MARKET
In todays era investor invest their funds after basic analysis. The basic function of financial market is to facilitate the transfer of funds from surplus sectors that is from (lenders) to deficit sectors (borrowers). If we look at the financial cycle then we can say that households make their savings, which is provided to industrial sectors, which earn profit and finally this profit will go to the households in the form of interest and dividend. Indian Financial System is made-up of 2 types of markets i.e. Money market & Capital Market. The money market has 2 components-The organized & unorganized. The organized market is dominated by commercial banks. The other major participants are RBI, LIC, GIC, UTI, and STCI. The main function of it is that of borrowing & lending of short term funds. On the other hand unorganized money market consists of indigenous bankers & money lenders. This sector is continuously providing finance for trade as well as personal consumption. Capital Market Primary Market Secondary Market To create funds, new firms use Primary Market by publishing their issues in different instruments. On the other hand Secondary Market provides base for trading and securities that have already been issued.
PAST OF SHARE MARKET

Before 1996, all the transactions were done through physical form in security market. Because of physical form investors were facing so many problems. At that time the certificates were transferred to the purchase holder. On the other hand they are now transferred directly in their electronic form which is much more quicker and safer.
BSE
The Stock Exchange, Mumbai, popularly known as "BSE" was established in 1875 as "The Native Share and Stock Brokers Association". It is the oldest one in Asia, even older than the Tokyo Stock Exchange, which was established in 1878. It is a voluntary non-profit making Association of Persons (AOP) and is currently engaged in the process of converting itself into demutualised and corporate entity. It has evolved over the years into its present status as the premier Stock Exchange in the country. It is the first Stock Exchange in the Country to have obtained permanent recognition in 1956 from the Govt. of India under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956.
NSE
To obviate the problem, RELATED TO PHYSICAL FORM the NSE introduced screen based trading system (SBTC) where a member can punch into the computer the quantities of shares & the prices at which he wants to transact.
CAHPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO DERIVATIVES
CH 2 INTRODUCTION TO DERIVATIVES
The term "Derivative" indicates that it has no independent value, i.e. its value is entirely "derived" from the value of the underlying asset. The underlying asset can be securities, commodities, bullion, currency, live stock or anything else. In other words, Derivative means a forward, future, option or any other hybrid contract of pre determined fixed duration, linked for the purpose of contract fulfilment to the value of a specified real or financial asset or to an index of securities. Derivatives in mathematics, means a variable derived from another variable. Similarly in the financial sense, a derivative is a financial product, which has been derived from a market for another product. Without the underlying product, derivatives do not have any independent existence in the market. Derivatives have come into existence because of the existence of risks in business. Thus derivatives are means of managing risks. The parties managing risks in the market are known as HEDGERS. Some people/organisations are in the business of taking risks to earn profits. Such entities represent the SPECULATORS. The third player in the market, known as the ARBITRAGERS take advantage of the market mistakes. The need for a derivatives market The derivatives market performs a number of economic functions: 1. They help in transferring risks from risk averse people to risk oriented people. 2. They help in the discovery of future as well as current prices. 3. They catalyze entrepreneurial activity. 4. They increase the volume traded in markets because of participation of risk-averse people in greater numbers. 5. They increase savings and investment in the long run.
Factors driving the growth of financial derivatives
1. Increased volatility in asset prices in financial markets, 2. Increased integration of national financial markets with the international markets, 3. Marked improvement in communication facilities and sharp decline in their costs, 4. Development of more sophisticated risk management tools, providing economic agents a wider choice of risk management strategies, and 5. Innovations in the derivatives markets, which optimally combine the risks and returns over a large number of financial assets leading to higher returns, reduced risk as well as transactions costs as compared to individual financial assets. A derivative is a financial instrument whose value depends on the value of other, more basic underlying variables. The main instruments under the derivative are: 1. Forward contract 2. Future contract 3. Options 4. Swaps 1. Forward Contract: A forward contract is a particularly simple derivative. It is an agreement to buy or sell an asset at a certain future time for a certain price. The contract is usually between two financial institutions or between a financial institution and one of its corporate clients. It is not normally traded on an exchange. One of the parties to a forward contract assumes a long position and agrees to buy the underlying asset on a specified future date for a certain specified price. The other party assumes a position and agrees to sell the asset on the same date for the same price. The specified price in a forward contract will be referred to as delivery price. The forward contract is settled at maturity. The holder of the short position delivers the asset to the holder of the long position in return for a cash amount equal to the delivery price. A forward contract is worth zero when it is first entered into. Later it can have position or negative value, depending on movements in the price of the asset.
2. Futures Contract:
A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future for a certain price. Unlike forward contracts, futures contract are normally traded on an exchange. To make trading possible, the exchange specifies certain standardized features of the contract. As the two parties to the contract do not necessarily know each other, the exchange also provides a mechanism, which gives the two parties a guarantee that the contract will be honoured. One way in which futures contract is different from a forward contract is that an exact delivery date is not specified. The contract is referred to by its delivery month, and the exchange specifies the period during the month when delivery must be made. 3. Options: An option is a contract, which gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell specified quantity of the underlying assets, at a specific (strike) price on or before a specified time (expiration date). The underlying may be commodities like wheat/rice/ cotton/ gold/ oil/ or financial instruments like equity stocks/ stock index/ bonds etc. There are basic two types of options. A call options gives the holder the right to buy the underlying asset by a certain date for a certain price. A put option gives the holder the right to sell the underlying asset by a certain date for a certain price. 4. Swaps: Swaps are private agreements between two companies to exchange cash flows in the future according to a prearranged formula. They can be regarded as portfolios of forward contracts. 5. Warrants: Options generally have lives of upto one year, the majority of options traded on options exchanges having a maximum maturity of nine months. Longerdated options are called warrants and are generally traded over-the-counter.
6. LEAPS:
The acronym LEAPS means Long-Term Equity Anticipation Securities. These are options having a maturity of up to three years. 7. Baskets: Basket options are options on portfolios of underlying assets. The underlying asset is usually a moving average or a basket of assets. Equity index options are a form of basket options.
Types of Traders in Derivatives Market:

1. Hedgers Hedgers are interested in reducing a risk that they already face. The purpose of hedging is to make the outcome more certain. It does not necessarily improve the outcome. 2. Speculators Whereas hedgers want to eliminate an exposure to movements in the price of assets, speculators wish to take a position in the market. Either they are betting that a price will go up or they are betting that it will go down. Speculating using futures market provides an investor with a much higher level of leverage than speculating using spot market. Options also give extra leverage. 3. Arbitrageurs They are a third important group of participants in derivatives market. Arbitrage involves locking in a riskless profit by entering simultaneously into transactions in two or more markets. Arbitrage is sometimes possible when the futures price of an asset gets out of line with its cash price.
CHAPTER 3 DEVELOPMENT OF DERIVATIVES MARKET IN INDIA
CH 3 DEVELOPMENT MARKET IN INDIA

OF
DERIVATIVES
The first step towards introduction of derivatives trading in India was the promulgation of the Securities Laws(Amendment) Ordinance, 1995, which withdrew the prohibition on options in securities. The market for derivatives, however, did not take off, as there was no regulatory framework to govern trading of derivatives. SEBI set up a 24member committee under the Chairmanship of Dr.L.C.Gupta on November 18, 1996 to develop appropriate regulatory framework for derivatives trading in India. The committee submitted its report on March 17, 1998 prescribing necessary preconditions for introduction of derivatives trading in India. The committee recommended that derivatives should be declared as securities so that regulatory framework applicable to trading of securities could also govern trading of securities. SEBI also set up a group in June 1998 under the Chairmanship of Prof.J.R.Varma, to recommend measures for risk containment in derivatives market in India. The report, which was submitted in October 1998, worked out the operational details of margining system, methodology for charging initial margins, broker net worth, deposit requirement and realtime monitoring requirements. The Securities Contract Regulation Act (SCRA) was amended in December 1999 to Include derivatives within the ambit of securities and the regulatory framework was developed for governing derivatives trading. The act also made it clear that derivatives shall be legal and valid only if such contracts are traded on a recognized stock exchange, thus precluding OTC derivatives. The government also rescinded in March 2000, the threedecade old notification, which prohibited forward trading in securities. Derivatives trading commenced in India in June 2000 after SEBI granted the final approval to this effect in May 2001. SEBI permitted the derivative segments of two stock exchanges, NSE and BSE, and their clearing house/corporation to commence trading and settlement in approved derivatives contracts. To begin with, SEBI approved trading in index futures contracts based on S&P CNX Nifty and BSE30(Sensex) index. This was followed by approval for trading in options based on these two indexes and options on individual securities. The trading in BSE Sensex options commenced on June 4, 2001 and the trading in options on individual securities commenced in July 2001. Futures contracts on individual stocks were launched in November 2001. The derivatives trading on NSE commenced with S&P CNX Nifty Index futures on June 12, 2000. The trading in index options commenced on June 4, 2001 and trading in options on individual securities commenced on July 2, 2001. Single stock futures were launched on November 9, 2001. The index futures and options contract on NSE are based on S&P CNX.
Trading and settlement in derivative contracts is done in accordance with the rules, byelaws, and regulations of the respective exchanges and their clearing house/corporation duly approved by SEBI and notified in the official gazette. Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) are permitted to trade in all Exchange traded derivative products.
Measures specified by SEBI to protect the rights of investor in the Derivative Market
1. Investor's money has to be kept separate at all levels and is permitted to be used only against the liability of the Investor and is not available to the trading member or clearing member or even any other investor. 2. The Trading Member is required to provide every investor with a risk disclosure document which will disclose the risks associated with the derivatives trading so that investors can take a conscious decision to trade in derivatives. 3. Investor would get the contract note duly time stamped for receipt of the order and execution of the order. The order will be executed with the identity of the client and without client ID order will not be accepted by the system. The investor could also demand the trade confirmation slip with his ID in support of the contract note. This will protect him from the risk of price favour, if any, extended by the Member. 4.In the derivative markets all money paid by the Investor towards margins on all open positions is kept in trust with the Clearing House/Clearing corporation and in the event of default of the Trading or Clearing Member the amounts paid by the client towards margins are segregated and not utilised towards the default of the member. However, in the event of a default of a member, losses suffered by the Investor, if any, on settled / closed out position are compensated from the Investor Protection Fund, as per the rules, bye-laws and regulations of the derivative segment of the exchanges.
CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CH 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Objectives To determine the short term trend of nifty future using the important derivatives market indicators like Open interest and Put Call ratio. To determine the derivatives trading strategy on the basis of different market outlooks which will minimize the risk exposure and at the same times will maximize the profits. Scope of study We have done the study of nifty futures only. We have studied the short term trend of nifty futures for the month of Feb, 2010 only. We have used two important indicators Open Interest and Put-Call Ratio only to determine the trend of Nifty. Data collection sources Primary No Secondary Various stock market web sites Magazines Capitaline Neo software Odin diet Software
Beneficiaries of study Derivative traders Hedge funds Institutional investors Arbitragers Hedger Speculators Jobbers Investors
Student Share broker Broking houses
Limitations We have taken only Nifty futures for the purpose of study and not any other stock. The period of study is only one month derivative contract which may not give the same result every time. We have use only two indicators namely Open Interest and Put-Call ratio to determine the trend of Nifty. Few of the strategies prescribed in the study may give unlimited loss if the market goes other way round. There are many other factors which may lead the Nifty futures apart from the one which we have studied like technical analysis, Cost of Carry etc.
CHAPTER 5 STOCK MARKET DERVATIVES
CH 5 Stock Market Derivatives

Futures & Options In India, the National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) commenced trading in derivatives with the launch of index futures on June 12, 2000. The futures contracts are based on the popular benchmark S&P CNX Nifty Index. The Exchange introduced trading in Index Options (also based on Nifty) on June 4, 2001. NSE also became the first exchange to launch trading in options on individual securities from July 2, 2001. Futures on individual securities were introduced on November 9, 2001. Futures and Options on individual securities are available on 180 securities stipulated by SEBI.
Instruments available in India

The National stock Exchange (NSE) has the following derivative products:
Index Futures Products on Options on Individual Securities 180 180 securities S&P CNX securities stipulated by Nifty stipulated SEBI by SEBI European American Index Options Futures Individual Securities
Underlying S&P CNX Nifty Instrument Type
Trading Cycle
Maximum of 3month trading cycle. At any point in time, there will be 3 contracts available : Same index 1) near month, futures 2) mid month 3) far month &
as
Same Same as index index futures futures
as
Expiry Day
Same Last Thursday of the index expiry month futures Permitted lot size is Same 200 & multiples index thereof futures
as
Contract Size
Same as Same as index index futures futures As As stipulated as stipulated by NSE (not by NSE (not less than Rs.2 less than lacs) Rs.2 lacs)
BSE also offers similar products in the derivatives segment
Minimum contract size The Standing Committee on Finance, a Parliamentary Committee, at the time of recommending amendment to Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, 1956 had recommended that the minimum contract size of derivative contracts traded in the Indian Markets should be pegged not below Rs. 2 Lakhs. Based on this recommendation SEBI has specified that the value of a derivative contract should not be less than Rs. 2 Lakh at the time of introducing the contract in the market.
Lot size of a contract Lot size refers to number of underlying securities in one contract. Additionally, for stock specific derivative contracts SEBI has specified that the lot size of the underlying individual security should be in multiples of 100 and fractions, if any, should be rounded of to the next higher multiple of 100. This requirement of SEBI coupled with the requirement of minimum contract size forms the basis of arriving at the lot size of a contract. For example, if shares of XYZ Ltd are quoted at Rs.1000 each and the minimum contract size is Rs.2 lacs, then the lot size for that particular scripts stands to be 200000/1000 = 200 shares i.e. one contract in XYZ Ltd. covers 200 shares.
CHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO FUTURES
CH 6 INTRODUCTION TO FUTURES
Introduction of futures in India
The first derivative product introduced in the Indian securities market was INDEX FUTURES" in June 2000. In India the STOCK FUTURES were first introduced on November 9, 2001 how Futures Markets Came About Many people see pictures of the large crowd of traders standing in a crowd yelling and signaling with their hands, holding pieces of paper, and writing frantically. To the outsider, it looks like chaos. But do you really think that there is in fact chaos going on in the worlds futures pits? Not a chance. Actually, everyone in the crowd knows exactly what's going on. It is in fact, another language. Learn the language and you know what is going on. How does this differ from the way things operated in the 'old days'? Before there were organized grain and commodity markets, farmers would bring their harvested crops to major population centers. There they would search for buyers. There were no storage facilities; and many times the harvest would rot before buyers were found. Also, because many farmers would bring their crops to market at the same time, the price of the crops or commodities would be driven down. There was tremendous supply in relation to demand. The reverse was true in the spring. Many times there would be a shortage of crops and commodities and the price would rise sharply. There was no organized or central marketplace where competitive bidding could take place. Initially, the first organized and central marketplaces were created to provide spot prices for immediate delivery. Shortly thereafter, forward contracts were also established. These 'forwards' were forerunners to the present day futures contract. Futures prices and the bid and asked price are continuously transmitted throughout the world electronically. Regardless of what geographic location the speculator or hedger is located in, he has the same access to price information as everyone else. Farmers, bankers, manufacturers, corporations, all have equal access. All they have to do is call their broker and arrange for the purchase or sale of a futures contract. The person who takes the opposite side of your trade may be a competitor who has a different outlook on the future price, it may be a floor broker, or it could be a speculator.
Types of Futures
Agricultural The first type of agricultural contract is the grains. This group includes corn, oats, and wheat. The second type of agricultural contract is the oils and meal. This group includes soybeans, soya meal, soya oil, sunflower seed oil, and sunflower seed. The third group of agricultural commodities is livestock. This group includes live hogs, cattle, and pork bellies. The fourth type of agricultural commodities is the forest products group. This group includes lumber and plywood. The fifth group of agricultural commodities is textiles. This group includes cotton. The last type of agricultural commodity is foodstuffs. This group includes cocoa, coffee, orange juice, rice, and sugar. For each of these commodities there are different contract months available. There are also different grades available. And there are different types of the commodity available. Contract months generally revolve around the harvest cycle. More actively traded commodities usually have more contract months available. Almost every month a new type of contract appears to meet the needs of a continuously growing corporate and institutional market. Metallurgical The group of metallurgical commodities includes the metals and the petroleum's. The metals group includes gold, silver, copper, palladium, and platinum. The petroleum group includes crude oil, gasoline, heating oil, and propane. Different contract months, grades, amounts, and types, of these contracts are available. Almost every month a new type of contract appears to meet the needs of a continuously growing corporate and institutional market. Interest Bearing Assets This group of futures began trading in 1975. Yet it is this group that has seen the most explosive growth. This group of futures contracts includes Treasury Bills, Treasury Bonds, Treasury Notes, Municipal Bonds, and Eurodollar Deposits. The entire yield curve is represented and it is possible to trade these instruments with tremendous flexibility as to maturity. It is also possible to trade contracts with the same maturity but different expected interest rate differentials. In addition, foreign exchanges also trade debt instruments. Almost every month a new type of contract appears to meet the needs of a continuously growing corporate and institutional market. Indexes
Today, there are futures on most major indexes. The S&P 500, New York Stock Exchange Composite, New York Stock Exchange Utilities Index, Commodities Research Bureau (CRB), Russell 2000, S&P 400 Midcap, Value Line, and the FT-Se 100 Index (London). Stock index futures are settled in cash. There is no actual delivery of a good. The only possibility for the trader to settle his positions is to buy or sell an offsetting position or in cash at expiration. Almost every month a new type of contract appears to meet the needs of a continuously growing corporate and institutional market. Foreign Currencies In the 1970's when freely floating exchange rates were established it became possible to trade foreign currencies. Most major foreign currencies are traded. The principal currencies traded are the Canadian dollar, Japanese yen, British pound, Swiss franc, French franc, Eurodollar, Euromark, and the Deutsch mark. The forward market in currencies is much larger than the foreign exchange futures market. Additionally, there is now cross currency futures that trade. Examples of these are the Deutsch mark/French franc and the Deutsch mark/yen. Almost every month a new type of contract appears to meet the needs of a continuously growing corporate and institutional market. Miscellaneous Today, the number and variety of futures contracts that trade increase every month. Catastrophe insurance, cheddar cheese, cocoa, coffee, sugar, orange juice, diammonium phosphate (fertilizer), and anhydrous ammonia. Most of the contracts that trade which are not very liquid, and which one would never trade, are very useful to certain parties. Generally, these are corporations, which are using these contracts to hedge positions. They use them primarily to lock in a pre-determined price for their cost of goods and offset risk. Because many of these commodities are not liquid, they are poor selections for the speculator to bet on. The Indian capital market has grown quite well in the last decade. In the boom period of 1992 and thereafter, even the common man living in a village was attracted to the stock market. The stock market was considered a profitable investment opportunity. Before July 2001, various stock exchanges including the BSE, NSE, and the Delhi Stock Exchange (DSE), provided carry forward facilities through the traditional badla system. By means of this system the purchase or sale of a security was not postponed till a particular future date; instead the system only provided for the carry forward of a
transaction from one settlement period (seven days) to the next settlement period for the payment of a fee known as badla charges. In the badla system, due to limited settlement period and no future price discovery, speculators could manipulate prices, thus causing loss to small investors and ultimately eroding investors confidence in the capital market. The last eight years have emphasised the necessity of futures trading in the capital market. In the absence of an efficient futures market, there was no price discovery; therefore, prices could be moved in any desired direction. Recent developments in the capital market culminated in a ban on badla from July 2001. In the absence of futures trading, certain operators- either on their own or in collusion with corporate management teams at times manipulated prices in the secondary market, causing irreparable damage to the growth of the market. The small and medium investors, who are the backbone of the market, whose savings come to the market via primary or secondary route shied away, having burnt their fingers. As the small investor avoided the capital market, the downturn in the secondary market ultimately affected the primary market because people stopped investing in shares for fear of loss or liquidity. Introducing futures contracts in major shares along with index futures helped to revive the capital markets. This did not only provide liquidity and efficiency to the market, but also helped in future price discovery With renewed interest in old economy stocks, activity in the stock futures market seems to be widening too. While initial trading was restricted to information technology stocks like Satyam, Infosys or Digital, today punters are slowly building positions in counters such as SBI, Telco. Tisco, Larsen and Toubro (L&T) and BPCL. This has increased volumes and depth in the market but has also resulted in the outstanding position reaching almost Rs 1,000 crore. Features Every futures contract is a forward contract. They: Are entered into through exchange, traded on exchange and clearing corporation/house provides the settlement guarantee for trades. Are of standard quantity; standard quality (in case of commodities). Have standard delivery time and place.
Frequently used terms in futures market
Contract Size It specifies the amount of the asset that has to be delivered under one contract. Multiplier - It is a pre-determined value, used to arrive at the contract size. It is the price per index point. Tick Size - It is the minimum price difference between two quotes of similar nature. Contract Month - The month in which the contract will expire. Open interest - Total outstanding long or short positions in the market at any specific point in time. As total long positions for market would be equal to total short positions, for calculation of open Interest, only one side of the contracts is counted. Volume - No. of contracts traded during a specific period of time. During a day, during a week or during a month. Long position- Outstanding/unsettled purchase position at any point of time. Short position - Outstanding/ unsettled sales position at any point of time. Open position - Outstanding/unsettled long or short position at any point of time. Physical delivery - Open position at the expiry of the contract is settled through delivery of the underlying. In futures market, delivery is low. Cash settlement - Open position at the expiry of the contract is settled in cash. Index Futures fall in this category. In India we have only cash settlement system. Concept of basis in futures market Basis is defined as the difference between cash and futures prices: Basis = Cash prices - Future prices. Basis can be either positive or negative (in Index futures, basis generally is negative). Basis may change its sign several times during the life of the contract. Basis turns to zero at maturity of the futures contract i.e. both cash and future prices converge at maturity.
Under normal market conditions Futures contracts are priced above the spot price. This is known as the Contango Market It is possible for the Futures price to prevail below the spot price. Such a situation is known as backwardation. This may happen when the cost of carry is negative, or when the underlying asset is in short supply in the cash market but there is an expectation of increased supply in future example agricultural products. India may not be a big deal in international stock markets, but it has pulled it off in the derivatives segment. Individual stock futures have picked up well in
India. In India the stock futures are the most popular among all the derivatives. They are similar with the old-age carry-forward system and are very simple. In India, this is one of the reasons why stock futures are attracting more interest than options. Sensex Futures Sensex Futures are futures whose underlying asset is the stock market index. The index is an indicator of the broad market which reflects stock market movements. It is one of the oldest and reliable barometers of the Indian Stock Market; it provides time series data over a fairly long period of time. The Sensex enables one to effectively gauge stock market movements. The BSE 30 Sensex was first compiled in 1986 and is the market capitalization weighted index of 30 scripts which represents 30 large well-established and financially sound companies. The Sensex represents a broad spectrum of companies in a variety of industries. It represents 14 major industry groups which are large enough to be used for effective hedging. Given the lower cost structure and the overwhelming popularity of the Sensex, Sensex futures are expected to garner large volumes. The Sensex is the first index to be launched by any Stock Exchange in India and has the the largest social recall attached with it. The Indian market is witnessing low volumes as it is in its nascent stages of growth. Retail participation will improve with better understanding and comfort with the product whereas the market is yet to witness institutional participation. FIIs have not been able to participate as they are still awaiting certain clarifications pertaining to margins from the Reserve Bank of India. Why Sensex Futures? Sensex futures are expected to evolve as the most liquid contract in the country. This is because Institutional investors in India and abroad, money managers and small investors use the Sensex when it comes to describing the mood of the Indian Stock markets. Thus is has been observed that the Sensex is an effective proxy for the Indian stock markets. Higher liquidity in the product essentially translates to lower impact cost of trading in Sensex futures. The arbitrage between the futures and the equity market is further expected to reduce impact cost. Trading in Stock index futures is likely to be pre-dominantly retail driven. Internationally, stock index futures are an institutional product with 60% of the volumes generated from hedging needs. Immense retail participation to the extent of 80 - 90% is expected in India based on the following factors:
Stock Index Futures require lower capital adequacy and margin requirements when compared to margins on carry forward of individual scripts. Index futures have lower brokerage costs. Savings in cost is possible through reduced bid-ask spreads where stocks are traded in packaged forms. The impact cost will be much lower in case of stock index futures as opposed to dealing in individual scripts. The chances of manipulation are much lesser since the market is conditioned to think in terms of the index and therefore would prefer to trade in stock index futures.
The Stock index futures are expected to be extremely liquid given the speculative nature of our markets and the overwhelming retail participation expected to be fairly high. In the near future, stock index futures will definitely see incredible volumes in India. It will be a blockbuster product and is pitched to become the most liquid contract in the world in terms of number of contracts traded if not in terms of notional value. The advantage to the equity or cash market is in the fact that they would become less volatile as most of the speculative activity would shift to stock index futures. The stock index futures market should ideally have more depth, volumes and act as a stabilizing factor for the cash market. However, it is to early to base any conclusions on the volume or to form any firm trend. Interpreting Futures Data Derivatives market data is available on the Derivatives Trading and Settlement System (DTSS) under the head market summary. This terminal is provided to all members of the Derivatives Segment. Non-members can have access to the same information via the financial newspapers or from the Daily Official List of the Stock Exchange.
Theoretical way of Pricing Index Futures The theoretical way of pricing any Future is to factor in the current price and holding costs or cost of carry.
In general, the Futures Price = Spot Price + Cost of Carry Cost of carry is the sum of all costs incurred if a similar position is taken in cash market and carried to maturity of the futures contract less any revenue which may result in this period. The costs typically include interest in case of financial futures (also insurance and storage costs in case of commodity futures). The revenue may be dividends in case of index futures. Apart from the theoretical value, the actual value may vary depending on demand and supply of the underlying at present and expectations about the future. These factors play a much more important role in commodities, especially perishable commodities than in financial futures. In general, the Futures price is greater than the spot price. In special cases, when cost of carry is negative, the Futures price may be lower than Spot prices.
S&P CNX Nifty Futures

A futures contract is a forward contract, which is traded on an Exchange. NSE commenced trading in index futures on June 12, 2000. The index futures contracts are based on the popular market benchmark S&P CNX Nifty index. NSE defines the characteristics of the futures contract such as the underlying index, market lot, and the maturity date of the contract. The futures contracts are available for trading from introduction to the expiry date.

Contract Specifications Trading Parameters
Contract Specifications Security descriptor The security descriptor for the S&P CNX Nifty futures contracts is: Market type : N Instrument Type : FUTIDX Underlying : NIFTY Expiry date : Date of contract expiry Instrument type represents the instrument i.e. Futures on Index. Underlying symbol denotes the underlying index which is S&P CNX Nifty Expiry date identifies the date of expiry of the contract Underlying Instrument
The underlying index is S&P CNX NIFTY. Trading cycle S&P CNX Nifty futures contracts have a maximum of 3-month trading cycle the near month (one), the next month (two) and the far month (three). A new contract is introduced on the trading day following the expiry of the near month contract. The new contract will be introduced for three month duration. This way, at any point in time, there will be 3 contracts available for trading in the market i.e., one near month, one mid month and one far month duration respectively. Expiry day S&P CNX Nifty futures contracts expire on the last Thursday of the expiry month. If the last Thursday is a trading holiday, the contracts expire on the previous trading day. Trading Parameters Contract size The permitted lot size of S&P CNX Nifty futures contracts is 200 and multiples thereof Base Prices Base price of S&P CNX Nifty futures contracts on the first day of trading would be the previous days closing Nifty value. The base price of the contracts on subsequent trading days would be the daily settlement price of the futures contracts. Price bands There are no day minimum/maximum price ranges applicable for S&P CNX Nifty futures contracts. However, in order to prevent erroneous order entry by trading members, operating ranges are kept at + 10 %. In respect of orders which have come under price freeze, members would be required to confirm to the Exchange that there is no inadvertent error in the order entry and that the order is genuine. On such confirmation the Exchange may approve such order.
Futures on Individual Securities

A futures contract is a forward contract, which is traded on an Exchange. NSE commenced trading in futures on individual securities on November 9, 2001.
The futures contracts are available on 31 securities stipulated by the Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI). (Selection criteria for securities) NSE defines the characteristics of the futures contract such as the underlying security, market lot, and the maturity date of the contract. The futures contracts are available for trading from introduction to the expiry date.

Contract Specifications Security descriptor The security descriptor for the futures contracts is: Market type : N Instrument Type : FUTSTK Underlying : NIFTY Expiry date : Date of contract expiry Instrument type represents the instrument i.e. Futures on Index. Underlying symbol denotes the underlying security in the Capital Market (equities) segment of the Exchange Expiry date identifies the date of expiry of the contract Underlying Instrument Futures contracts are available on 31 securities stipulated by the Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI). These securities are traded in the Capital Market segment of the Exchange. Trading cycle Futures contracts have a maximum of 3-month trading cycle - the near month (one), the next month (two) and the far month (three). New contracts are introduced on the trading day following the expiry of the near month contracts. The new contracts are introduced for three month duration. This way, at any point in time, there will be 3 contracts available for trading in the market (for each security) i.e., one near month, one mid month and one far month duration respectively. Expiry day Futures contracts expire on the last Thursday of the expiry month. If the last Thursday is a trading holiday, the contracts expire on the previous trading day.
Trading Parameters Contract size The permitted lot size for the futures contracts on individual securities shall be the same as the same lot size of options contract for a given underlying security or such lot size as may be stipulated by the Exchange from time to time. The value of the option contracts on individual securities may not be less than Rs. 2 lakhs at the time of introduction. The permitted lot size for the options contracts on individual securities would be in multiples of 100 and fractions if any shall be rounded off to the next higher multiple of 100. Base Prices Base price of futures contracts on the first day of trading (i.e. on introduction) would be the previous days closing value of the underlying security. The base price of the contracts on subsequent trading days would be the daily settlement price of the futures contracts. Price bands There are no day minimum/maximum price ranges applicable for futures contracts. However, in order to prevent erroneous order entry by trading members, operating ranges are kept at + 20 %. In respect of orders which have come under price freeze, members would be required to confirm to the Exchange that there is no inadvertent error in the order entry and that the order is genuine. On such confirmation the Exchange may approve such order.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FUTURES AND OPTIONS

Although exchange-traded futures and options may act as substitutes for each other, they have some crucial differences. In futures, the risk exposure and profit potential are unlimited for both the parties, while in options, risk exposure is unlimited and profit potential limited for the sellers, and it is the other way round for the buyers. The maturity of contracts is longer in futures
than in options. In futures, there is no premium paid or received by any party, while in options the buyers have to pay a premium to the sellers. While Futures impose obligations on both the parties, options do so only on the sellers. Both the parties have to put in margins in futures trading, but only the sellers have to do so in options trading.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FORWARD AND FUTURES CONTRACTS DIFFERENCE 1. Size of contracts 2. Price of contract FORWARDS FUTURES Decided by buyer and Standardized in each seller contract Remains fixed till Changes every day
maturity 3. 4. Mark to market Margin Not done No margin required Marked to every day market
Margins are to be paid by both buyers and sellers Not present
5. 6.
Counterparty risk No. of contracts in A year Hedging
Present
There can be any No. of contracts in a number of contracts year are fixed between 4 and 12. These are tailor-made for a specific date and quantity, so perfect hedging is possible No liquidity Over the counter Hedging is by nearest month and quantity contracts so it is not perfect Highly liquid Exchange traded
7.
8. 9.
Liquidity Nature of market
10. Mode of delivery
Specifically decided. Standardised. Most of Most of the contracts the contracts are cash result in delivery. settled.
STOCK INDICES IN INDIAN STOCK MARKET A stock price moves for two possible reasons news about the company or stock (such as strike in the factory, grant of a major contract or new product launch) or news about the economy (such as growth in the economy, are related budget announcement or a war or warlike situation). The job of an index is to capture the movement of the stock market with reference to news
about the economy and the country. Each stock movement contains the mixture of two elements, stock news and index news. The most important stock market indices on which index futures contracts have been introduced are the S & P CNX nifty and the BSE sensex.
Margin Money
The aim of margin money is to minimize the risk of default by either counterparty. The payment of margin ensures that the risk is limited to the previous days price movement on each outstanding position. However, even this exposure is offset by the initial margin holdings. Margin money is like a security deposit or insurance against a possible Future loss of value. Different Types of Margin Yes, there can be different types of margin like Initial Margin, Variation margin, Maintenance margin and Additional margin. Objective of Initial Margin The basic aim of Initial margin is to cover the largest potential loss in one day. Both buyer and seller have to deposit margins. The initial margin is deposited before the opening of the day of the Futures transaction. Normally this margin is calculated on the basis of variance observed in daily price of the underlying (say the index) over a specified historical period (say immediately preceding 1 year). The margin is kept in a way that it covers price movements more than 99% of the time. Usually three sigma (standard deviation) is used for this measurement. This technique is also called value at risk (or VAR).Based on the volatility of market indices in India, the initial margin is expected to be around 8-10%.
Variation or Mark-to-Market Margin All daily losses must be met by depositing of further collateral - known as variation margin, which is required by the close of business, the following day. Any profits on the contract are credited to the clients variation margin account.
Maintenance Margin Some exchanges work on the system of maintenance margin, which is set at a level slightly less than initial margin. The margin is required to be replenished to the level of initial margin, only if the margin level drops below the maintenance margin limit. For e.g.. If Initial Margin is fixed at 100 and Maintenance margin is at 80, then the broker is permitted to trade till such time that the balance in this initial margin account is 80 or more. If it drops below 80, say it drops to 70, and then a margin of 30 (and not 10) is to be paid to replenish the levels of initial margin. This concept is not expected to be used in India. Additional Margin In case of sudden higher than expected volatility, additional margin may be called for by the exchange. This is generally imposed when the exchange fears that the markets have become too volatile and may result in some crisis, like payments crisis, etc. This is a preemptive move by exchange to prevent breakdown. Cross Margining This is a method of calculating margin after taking into account combined positions in Futures, options, cash market etc. Hence, the total margin requirement reduces due to cross-Hedges. This is unlikely to be introduced in India immediately.
Settlement Mechanism
Futures Contracts on Index or Individual Securities Daily Mark-to-Market Settlement
The positions in the futures contracts for each member are marked-to-market to the daily settlement price of the futures contracts at the end of each trade day. The profits/ losses are computed as the difference between the trade price or the previous days settlement price, as the case may be, and the current days settlement price. The CMs who have suffered a loss are required to pay the mark-to-market loss amount to NSCCL which is in turning passed on to the members who have made a profit. This is known as daily mark-to-market settlement. Theoretical daily settlement price for unexpired futures contracts, which are not traded during the last half an hour on a day, is currently the price computed as per the formula detailed below: F=S*e
rt
Where: F = theoretical futures price S = value of the underlying index r = rate of interest (MIBOR) t = time to expiration Rate of interest may be the relevant MIBOR rate or such other rate as may be specified. After daily settlement, all the open positions are reset to the daily settlement price. CMs are responsible to collect and settle the daily mark to market profits / losses incurred by the TMs and their clients clearing and settling through them. The pay-in and pay-out of the mark-to-market settlement is on T+1 days (T = Trade day). The mark to market losses or profits are directly debited or credited to the CMs clearing bank account.
Final Settlement On the expiry of the futures contracts, NSCCL marks all positions of a CM to the final settlement price and the resulting profit / loss is settled in cash.
The final settlement of the futures contracts is similar to the daily settlement process except for the method of computation of final settlement price. The final settlement profit / loss is computed as the difference between trade price or the previous days settlement price, as the case may be, and the final settlement price of the relevant futures contract. Final settlement loss/ profit amount is debited/ credited to the relevant CMs clearing bank account on T+1 day (T= expiry day). Open positions in futures contracts cease to exist after their expiration day SETTLEMENT OF INDEX FUTURES CONTRACT Stock index futures transactions are settled by cash delivery. No physical delivery of stock is given by the short. The long also does not make payment for the full value. In case of Nifty futures contract, the last trading day is the last Thursday of the contracts expiring month. The amount is determined by referring to the cash price at the close of trading in the cash market on the last trading day in the futures contract. This procedure is generally followed in the case of all indices except the S & P 500 index. The S & P 500 uses a different settlement procedure. The final trading day for this contract is always Thursday and all open contracts at that time are settled as per special opening quotations in the cash market on the following Friday morning.
CHAPTER 7 INTRODUCTION TO OPTION
CH 7 INTRODUCTION TO OPTIONS
As its name signifies, an option is the right to buy or sell a particular asset for a limited time at a specified rate. These contracts give the buyer a right, but do not impose an obligation, to buy or sell the specified asset at a set price on or before a specified date. Today, options are traded not only in commodities, but in all financial assets such as treasury bills (T-bills), forex, stocks and stock indices. We will discuss the basics of option contracts- how they work and how they are priced, stock index options and stock option in India. An active over the counter (OTC) option market existed in USA for more than a century under the auspices of the Put and Call Dealers Association. Options were first traded in an organized exchange in 1973 when Chicago Board Option Exchange (CBOE) came into existence. The CBOE standardized the call options on 18 common stocks. In India, options were traditionally traded on the OTC market with names such as teji, mandi, teji-mandi, put, call etc. Commodity options were banned by the forward Contract Regulation Act, 1952, which is still in force. Similarly, options on securities were also banned in the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act in 1969. However, with liberalization and with governments realization of the virtues of options, options in securities were legally allowed in 1995. Now both NSE and BSE have started trading in option contracts in their respective indices and also in some selected scripts. This marked the beginning of options in an organized form in India. In the forex market, the RBI has allowed certain options to corporate with forex exposure and to all authorized dealers. Such options are generally traded in the dollar \ rupee rate. These are basically OTC options. With the ban on badla and rolling settlement in major scripts, the use of equity options has increased substantially. These innovative exchange traded instruments provide all possible opportunities for speculation, hedging and arbitrage. Now let us discuss basics of options: Four Components to an Option There are four components to an option. They are: The underlying security, the type of option (put or call), the strike price, and the expiration date. Let's take an XYZ November 100-call option as an example. XYZ is the underlying security. November is the expiration month. 100 is the strike price (sometimes referred to as the exercise price). And the option is a call (the holder has the right, not the obligation, to buy 100 shares of XYZ at a price of 100).
The Parties to an Option There are two parties to an option. There is the party who buys the option; and there is the party who sells the option. The party who sells the option is the writer. The party who writes the option has the obligation to fulfill the terms of the contract need to it be exercised. This can be done by delivering to the appropriate broker 100 shares of the underlying security for each option written.
Types of Option Contracts

The options are of two styles. 1) European option and 2) American option An American style option is the one, which can be exercised by the buyer on or before the expiration date, i.e. anytime between the day of purchase of the option and the day of its expiry. The European kind of option is the one that can be exercised by the buyer on the expiration day only and not anytime before that. The options are of two types. 1) Call option and 2) Put option. Call Option A call option gives the holder/buyer, the right to buy specified quantity of the underlying asset at the strike price on or before expiration date. The seller however, has the obligation to sell the underlying asset if the buyer of the call option decides to exercise his option to buy. One can buy call option when he or she expects the market to be bullish and sell call option when he or she expects the market to be bearish. Example: An investor buys one European call option on Infosys at the strike price of Rs.3500 at a premium of Rs.100. If the market price of Infosys on the day of expiry is more than Rs.3500, the option will be exercised. The investor will earn profits once the share price crosses Rs.3600. Suppose stock price is Rs.3800, the option will be exercised and the investor will buy 1 share of Infosys from the seller of the option at Rs.3500 and sell it in the market at Rs.3800 making a profit of Rs.200. In another scenario, if at the time of expiry stock price falls below Rs.3500 say suppose it touches Rs.3000, the buyer of the call option will choose not to exercise his option. In this case the investor loses the premium, paid which shall be the profit earned by the seller of the call option.
Put Option A put option gives the buyer the right to sell specified quantity of the underlying asset at the strike price on or before an expiry date. The seller of the put option however, has the obligation to buy the underlying asset at the strike price if the buyer decides to exercise his options to sell. One can buy put option when he or she expects the market to be bearish and sell put option when he or she expects the market to be bullish. Example: An investor buys one European put option on Reliance at the strike price of Rs.300 at a premium of Rs.25. If the market price of Reliance on the day of expiry is less than Rs.300, the option will be exercised. The investor will earn profits once the share price goes below 275. Suppose stock price is Rs.260, the buyer of the put option immediately buys Reliance share in the market @ Rs.260 and exercises his option selling the Reliance share at Rs.300 to the option writer thus making a net profit of Rs.15. In another scenario, if at the time of expiry stock price of Reliance is Rs.320, the buyer of the put option will choose not to exercise his option. In this case the investor loses the premium, paid which shall be the profit earned by the seller of the put option.
In-the-Money, At-the-Money, Out-the-Money

An option is said to be at-the-money, when the options strike price is equal to the underlying asset price. This is true for both puts and calls. A call option is said to be in-the-money when the strike price of the option is less than the underlying asset price. On the other hand, a call option is out-ofthe-money when the strike price is greater than the underlying asset price A put option is in-the-money when the strike price of the option is greater than the spot price of the underlying asset. A put option is out-the-money when the strike price is less than the spot price of underlying asset. Options are said to be deep in-the-money (or deep out-the-money) if exercise price is at significant variance with the underlying asset price.
CALL OPTION
PUT OPTION
In-the-money At-the-money Out-the-money
Strike price Strike price Strike price
price price price
< = >
spot Strike price spot Strike price spot Strike price
price price price
> = <
spot spot spot
Stock index options The stock index options are options where the underlying asset is a stock Index. For Example: Options on S&P 500 Index/ options on BSE Sensex etc. Options on individual stocks Options contracts where the underlying asset is an equity stock, are termed as options on stocks. They are mostly American style options cash settled or settled by physical delivery. Frequently used terms in options market Underlying- The specific security/ asset on which an options contract is based. Option premium this is the price paid by the buyer to the seller to acquire the right to buy or sell. Strike price or exercise price the strike or exercise price of an option is the specified / pre-determined price of the underlying asset at which the same can be bought or sold if the option buyer exercises his right to buy/ sell on or before the expiration day. Expiration date is the date on which the option expires. On expiration date, either the option is exercised or it expires worthless. Exercise date is the date on which the option is actually exercised. Open interest the total number of options contracts outstanding in the market at any given point of time. Option holder is the one who buys an option which can be a call or a put option. Option seller/ writer is the one who is obligated to buy or to sell. Option class all listed options of a particular type(i.e., call or put) on a particular underlying instrument, e.g., all Sensex Call options (or) all Sensex put options Option series an option series consists of all the options of a given class with the same expiration date and strike price. E.g.BSXCMAY3600 is an option series, which includes all Sensex call options that are traded with strike price of 3600 and expiry in May.
Option Greeks the option Greeks are the tools that measure the sensitivity of the option price to the factors like price and volatility of the underlying, time to expiry etc. Option Calculator an option calculator is a tool to calculate the price of an option on the basis of various influencing factors like the price of the underlying and its volatility, time to expiry, risk free interest rate etc.
Option value
An option premium or the value of the option can be broken into two parts: 1. Intrinsic value and 2. Time value. The intrinsic value of an option is defined as the amount by which an option is in-the-money or the immediate exercise value of the option when the underlying position is marked-to-market. For a call option: Intrinsic Value = spot price strike price For a put option: Intrinsic Value = strike price - spot price The intrinsic value of an option must be a positive number or zero. It can not be negative. Time value is the amount option buyers are willing to pay for the possibility that the option may become profitable prior to expiration due to favourable change in the price of the underlying. An option loses its time value as its expiration date nears. At expiration an option is worth only its intrinsic value. Time value cannot be negative.
Factors affecting the value of an option (premium)

There are two types of factors that affect the value of the option premium: 1) Quantifiable factors: Underlying stock price The strike price of the option The volatility of the underlying stock The time to expiration The risk free interest rate.
2) Non-Quantifiable Factors: Market participants varying estimates of the underlying assets future volatility Individuals varying estimates of future performance of the underlying asset, based on fundamental or technical analysis. The effect of supply and demand- both in the options marketplace and in the market for the underlying asset. The depth of the market for that option the number of transactions and the contracts trading volume on any given day.
Effect of various factors on option value

As discussed earlier we know that the option price is affected by different factors. In this section, the effect of various factors is shown in the following table:
Option Factor Share moves up price Ty pe Call Option
Impact Value
on
Option
Component of Option Value
Option Value move up
will
also Intrinsic Value
Share price Call Option moves down Share moves up price Put Option
Option Value will move Intrinsic down Value Option Value will move Intrinsic down Value Option Value will move Intrinsic up Value Option Value will be high Option Value will be low Option Value will be high Option Value will be low Option Value will be high Option Value will be low Option Value will be high Option Value will be low Time Value Time Value Time Value Time Value Time Value Time Value Time Value Time Value
Share prices Put Option moves down Time to expire is Call Option high Time to expire is Call Option low Tim e to expire Put Option is high Time to expire is Put Option low Volatility is high Volatility is low Volatility is high Volatility is low Call Option Call Option Put Option Put Option
Margins
When call and put options are purchased, the option price must be paid in full. Investors are not allowed to buy options on margin. This is because options already contain substantial leverage. However the option seller needs to maintain funds in a margin account. This is because the broker and the exchange need to be satisfied that the investor will not default if the option is exercised. The size of the margin required depends on the circumstances. Different pricing models for options The theoretical option pricing models are used by option traders for calculating the fair value of an option on the basis of the earlier mentioned influencing factors. An option pricing model assists the trader in keeping the price of calls and puts in proper numerical relationship to each other and helping the trader make bids and offer quickly. The two most popular potion pricing models are Black Scholes Model which assumes that percentage change in the price of underlying follows a normal distribution. Binomial Model which assumes that percentage change in price of the underlying follows a binomial distribution.
Who decides on the premium paid on options & how is it calculated? Options premium is not fixed by the Exchange. The fair value/ theoretical price of an option can be known with the help of pricing models and then depending on market conditions the price is determined by competitive bids and offers in the trading environment. An options premium/ price is the sum of intrinsic value and time value (explained above). If the price of the underlying stock is held constant, the intrinsic value portion of an option premium will remain constant as well. Therefore, any change in the price of the option will be entirely due to a change in the options time value. The time value component of the option premium can change in response to a change in the volatility of the underlying, the time to expiry, interest rate fluctuations, dividend payments and to the immediate effect of supply and demand for both the underlying and its option.
Advantages of options Besides offering flexibility to the buyer in form of right to buy or sell, the major advantage of options is their versatility. They can be as conservative or as speculative as ones investment strategy dictates.
Some of the benefits of options are as under: High leverage as by investing small amount of capital (in form of premium), one can take exposure in the underlying asset of much greater value. Pre-known maximum risk for an option buyer. Large profit potential and limited risk for option buyer. One can protect his equity portfolio from a decline in the market by way of buying a protective put wherein on buys puts against an existing stock position. This option position can supply the insurance needed to overcome the uncertainty of the marketplace. Hence, by paying a relatively small premium (compared to the market value of the stock), an investor knows that no matter how far the stock drops, it can be sold at the strike price of the put anytime until the put expires. Risk and gains involved in options The risk/loss of an option buyer is limited to the premium that he has paid whereas his gains are unlimited. The risk of an option writer is unlimited where his gains are limited to the premiums earned. When a physical delivery uncovered call is exercised upon, the writer will have to purchase the underlying asset and his loss will be the excess of the purchase price over the exercise price of the call reduced by the premium received for writing the call. The writer of a put option bears a risk of loss if the value of the underlying asset declines below the exercise price. The writer of a put bears the risk of a decline in the price of the underlying a sset potentially to zero.
S&P CNX Nifty Options An option gives a person the right but not the obligation to buy or sell something. An option is a contract between two parties wherein the buyer receives a privilege for which he pays a fee (premium) and the seller accepts
an obligation for which he receives a fee. The premium is the price negotiated and set when the option is bought or sold. A person who buys an option is said to be long in the option. A person who sells (or writes) an option is said to be short in the option. NSE introduced trading in index options on June 4, 2001. The options contracts are European style and cash settled and are based on the popular market benchmark S&P CNX Nifty index.

Contract Specifications
Security descriptor The security descriptor for the S&P CNX Nifty options contracts is: Market type : N Instrument Type : OPTIDX Underlying : NIFTY Expiry date : Date of contract expiry Option Type : CE/ PE Strike Price: Strike price for the contract Instrument type represents the instrument i.e. Options on Index. Underlying symbol denotes the underlying index, which is S&P CNX Nifty Expiry date identifies the date of expiry of the contract Option type identifies whether it is a call or a put option. CE - Call European, PE - Put European. Underlying Instrument The underlying index is S&P CNX NIFTY.
Trading cycle S&P CNX Nifty options contracts have a maximum of 3-month trading cycle the near month (one), the next month (two) and the far month (three). On
expiry of the near month contract, new contracts are introduced at new strike prices for both call and put options, on the trading day following the expiry of the near month contract. The new contracts are introduced for three month duration. Expiry day S&P CNX Nifty options contracts expire on the last Thursday of the expiry month. If the last Thursday is a trading holiday, the contracts expire on the previous trading day. Strike Price Intervals The Exchange provides a minimum of five strike prices for every option type (i.e. call & put) during the trading month. At any time, there are two contracts in-the-money (ITM), two contracts out-of-the-money (OTM) and one contract at-the-money (ATM). New contracts with new strike prices for existing expiration date are introduced for trading on the next working day based on the previous day's close Nifty values, as and when required. In order to decide upon the at-themoney strike price, the Nifty closing value is rounded off to the nearest 10. The in-the-money strike price and the out-of-the-money strike price are based on the at-the-money strike price interval.
Trading Parameters Contract size

The permitted lot size of S&P CNX Nifty options contracts is 50 and multiples thereof Price bands There are no day minimum/maximum price ranges applicable for options contracts. However, in order to prevent erroneous order entry, operating ranges and day minimum/maximum ranges for options contract are kept at 99% of the base price. In view of this, members will not be able to place orders at prices which are beyond 99% of the base price. Members desiring to place orders in option contracts beyond the day min-max range would be required to send a request to the Exchange. The base prices for option contracts may be modified, at the discretion of the Exchange, based on the request received from trading members.
Options on Individual Securities

An option gives a person the right but not the obligation to buy or sell something. An option is a contract between two parties wherein the buyer receives a privilege for which he pays a fee (premium) and the seller accepts an obligation for which he receives a fee. The premium is the price negotiated and set when the option is bought or sold. A person who buys an option is said to be long in the option. A person who sells (or writes) an option is said to be short in the option. NSE became the first exchange to launch trading in options on individual securities. Trading in options on individual securities commenced from July 2, 2001. Option contracts are American style and cash settled and are available on 31 securities stipulated by the Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI). (Selection criteria for securities)

Contract Specifications Security descriptor The security descriptor for the options contracts is:
Market type : N Instrument Type : OPTSTK Underlying : Symbol of underlying security Expiry date : Date of contract expiry Option Type : CA / PA Strike Price: Strike price for the contract Instrument type represents the instrument i.e. Options on individual securities. Underlying symbol denotes the underlying security in the Capital Market (equities) segment of the Exchange Expiry date identifies the date of expiry of the contract Option type identifies whether it is a call or a put option. CA - Call American, PA - Put American. Underlying Instrument Option contracts are available on 31 securities stipulated by the Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI). These securities are traded in the Capital Market segment of the Exchange. Trading cycle Options contracts have a maximum of 3-month trading cycle - the near month (one), the next month (two) and the far month (three). On expiry of the near month contract, new contracts are introduced at new strike prices for both call and put options, on the trading day following the expiry of the near month contract. The new contracts are introduced for three month duration. Expiry day Options contracts expire on the last Thursday of the expiry month. If the last Thursday is a trading holiday, the contracts expire on the previous trading day.
Strike Price Intervals
The Exchange provides a minimum of five strike prices for every option type (i.e. call & put) during the trading month. At any time, there are two contracts in-the-money (ITM), two contracts out-of-the-money (OTM) and one contract at-the-money (ATM). The strike price interval would be: Price of Underlying Less than or equal to Rs. 50 >Rs.50 to < Rs150 > Rs.150 to < Rs.250 > Rs.250 to < Rs.500 > Rs.500 to < Rs.1000 > Rs.1000 to < Rs.2500 >Rs.2500 Strike Price interval (Rs.) 2.50 5 10 20 30 50 100
New contracts with new strike prices for existing expiration date are introduced for trading on the next working day based on the previous day's underlying close values, as and when required. In order to decide upon the atthe-money strike price, the underlying closing value is rounded off to the nearest strike price interval. The in-the-money strike price and the out-of-the-money strike price are based on the at-the-money strike price interval.
Trading Parameters
Contract size The value of the option contracts on individual securities may not be less than Rs. 2 lakhs at the time of introduction. The permitted lot size for the options contracts on individual securities would be in multiples of 100 and fractions if any, shall be rounded off to the next higher multiple of 100.
Price bands There are no day minimum/maximum price ranges applicable for options contracts. However, in order to prevent erroneous order entry, operating ranges and day minimum/maximum ranges for options contracts are kept at 99% of the base price. In view of this, members will not be able to place orders at prices which are beyond 99% of the base price. Members desiring to place orders in option contracts beyond the day min-max range would be required to send a request to the Exchange. The base prices for option contracts may be modified, at the discretion of the Exchange, based on the request received from trading members. How does option get settled? Option is a contract which has a market value like any other tradable commodity. Once an option is bought there are following alternatives that an option holder has: One can sell an option of the same series as the one had bought and close out/square off his/ her position in that option at any time on or before the expiration. One can exercise the option on the expiration day in case of European option or; on or before the expiration day in case of an American option. In case the option is out of money at the time of expiry, it will expire worthless.
Settlement Mechanism:
Options Contracts on Index or Individual Securities Daily Premium Settlement
Premium settlement is cash settled and settlement style is premium style. The premium payable position and premium receivable positions are netted across all option contracts for each (Clearing Member) CM at the client level to determine the net premium payable or receivable amount, at the end of each day. The CMs who have a premium payable position are required to pay the premium amount to NSCCL which is in turn passed on to the members who have a premium receivable position. This is known as daily premium settlement. CMs are responsible to collect and settle for the premium amounts from the TMs and their clients clearing and settling through them. The pay-in and pay-out of the premium settlement is on T+1 days (T = Trade day). The premium payable amount and premium receivable amount are directly debited or credited to the CMs clearing bank account. Interim Exercise Settlement for Options on Individual Securities Interim exercise settlement for Option contracts on Individual Securities is effected for valid exercised option positions at in-the-money strike prices, at the close of the trading hours, on the day of exercise. Valid exercised option contracts are assigned to short positions in option contracts with the same series, on a random basis. The interim exercise settlement value is the difference between the strike price and the settlement price of the relevant option contract. Exercise settlement value is debited/ credited to the relevant CMs clearing bank account on T+3 day (T= exercise date ).
Final Exercise Settlement Final Exercise settlement is effected for option positions at in-the-money strike prices existing at the close of trading hours, on the expiration day of an
option contract. Long positions at in-the money strike prices are automatically assigned to short positions in option contracts with the same series, on a random basis. For index options contracts, exercise style is European style, while for options contracts on individual securities, exercise style is American style. Final Exercise is Automatic on expiry of the option contracts. Option contracts, which have been exercised, shall be assigned and allocated to Clearing Members at the client level. Exercise settlement is cash settled by debiting/ crediting of the clearing accounts of the relevant Clearing Members with the respective Clearing Bank. Final settlement loss/ profit amount for option contracts on Index is debited/ credited to the relevant CMs clearing bank account on T+1 day (T = expiry day). Final settlement loss/ profit amount for option contracts on Individual Securities is debited/ credited to the relevant CMs clearing bank account on T+3 day (T = expiry day). Open positions, in option contracts, cease to exist after their expiration day. The pay-in / pay-out of funds for a CM on a day is the net amount across settlements and all TMs/ clients, in F&O Segment.
Options on Futures Contracts

Put and call options are being traded on an increasing number of futures contracts. Trading options on futures allows the speculator to participate in the futures market and know in advance what the maximum loss on his position will be. The purchase of a call entitles the option buyer the right, but not the obligation, to purchase a futures contract at a specified price at any time during the life of the option. The underlying futures contract and the price are specified. The purchase of a put option entitles the option buyer the right, not the obligation, to sell a specified futures contract at a specified price. Keep in mind that the profit realized with an option strategy is reduced by the option premium. The option's price is determined in the same fashion that an equity option is determined.
THE BLACK-SCHOLES MODEL
The Black-Scholes model is the most important option pricing model, which almost accurately values the option price. Option trading got a big boost after the model was developed in 1973. Originally, it was for non-dividend paying
stocks, but was subsequently modified to be useful for value other asset options as well. This model uses the following equations for pricing European call options. C = SN(d1) X exp-rt N(d2) d1= ln(S/X exp-rt)/t + 0.5 t d2= d1- t here, c= option price S = spot price X= strike price r= risk-free interest rate t= time to expiration = annualised volatility of stock returns (standard deviation of stock returns) ln is the natural logarithm N ( ) is the cumulative probability distribution function for a standardized normal variable These equations are easy to use. The B-S model requires five variables, out of which four are easily available: current stock price, strike price, riskfree interest rate and the options time to expiration. The only variable that is not directly available is the expected volatility of the stocks return, which is estimated using historical data. There are other models apart from the Black-Scholes model. The popular ones are the Binomial Model developed by Cox, Ross and Rubinstein and the Adison Whaley Model. These are slightly more sophisticated than the Black Scholes Model. However, the Option Values are not significantly different. For example, if one Model gives you a Value of Rs 14.12, another might come up with a Value of Rs 14.26. As a retail buyer of Options, you might find that the difference between the bid and the ask at any point of time is probably higher than the differences between Option Values of various Models.
VOLATILITY
Volatility of a stock price is a measure of how uncertain we are about future stock price movements. As volatility increases, the chance that the stock will do very well or very poorly increases. For the owner of the stock, these two
outcomes tend to offset each other. However, this is not so for the owner of a call or put. The owner of the call option benfits from price increases but has limited downside risk in the event of price decreases since the most that he or she can lose is the price of the option. Similarly, the owner of a put benefits from price decreases but has limited downside risk in the event of price increases. The values of both calls and puts therefore increase as volatility increases. There are two kinds of volatility. 1) Historical volatility 2) Implied volatility Historical Volatility is a statistical measurement of past price movements. Implied volatility measures whether option premiums are relatively expensive or inexpensive. Implied volatility is calculated based on the currently traded option premiums. 1) Historical Volatility: Historical volatility is a statistical measurement of past price movements. It is found by finding the standard deviation of the price relative on any underlying. In mathematical form it is given by the following equation.
1 n S= n 1 i=1
Where n+1 : number of observations Si : stock price at end of ith interval (i =1,2,3,.,n) ui : ln(Si / Si-1) There is an important issue concerned with whether time should be measured in calendar days or trading days when volatility parameters are being estimated and used. The empirical research carried out to date indicates that the trading days should be used. In other words, days when the exchange is closed should be ignored for the purpose of the volatility calculation. Choosing an appropriate value for n is not easy. There is a difference of opinion among traders as to the number of days that should be considered. In the Indian context, we currently find that Options are available for 3 months. However, most of the trading happens in the first month. Thus, the relevant period for forecasting is one month or lower. Accordingly, it would be sensible to consider Volatility based on the past 10 trading days and for the past 20
trading days. Longer periods would perhaps not be relevant in the present context. What the above formula gives is the Daily Volatility. If we want to know the Annual Volatility, we should multiply with the square root of the number of working days in a year. For example, suppose we found daily volatility 4.43% and if one year has 256 working days, square root of 256 days is 16 days. Thus in the above case the Annual Volatility is 4.43% x 16 = 70.88%. In a similar manner, if we want to know the Volatility of the next 9 days, the 9-day Volatility will be 4.43% x 3 = 13.29%. Note: in this project, we have taken n=10 for finding the historical volatility of any scrip. 2) Implied Volatility: Implied volatility is the volatility implied by an option price observed in the market. Implied volatility measures whether option premiums are relatively expensive or inexpensive. Implied volatility is calculated based on the currently traded option premiums. The implied volatility can be found from the Black-Scholes Formula given below. c = S N(d1) X e-r(T-t) N(d2) Where d1= ln (S/Xe-rt)/t + 0.5t d2= d1- t and N(x) is the cumulative probability distribution function for a variable that is normally distributed with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1 (i.e., it is the probability that such a variable will be less than x). By putting current market option premium c, strike price X, spot price S, interest rate r, time to expiration t, we can find the implied volatility . However this procedure is very lengthy and time consuming. Nowadays the option calculators are also available on different option related sites, from that we can find the implied volatility easily.
Usage of historical and implied volatility The concept of Normal Distribution states that you can derive a deep understanding of possible movements in the share price from the figure of historical volatility. The movement will be within 1 standard deviation 66% of
the time, within 2 standard deviations 95% of the time and within 3 standard deviations 99% of the time. Example: Suppose the historical volatility today for Satyam scrip is 4.43%. If Satyams closing price today is Rs 287, expected movement in the next one day can be tabulated as under: Number of Standard Deviations One Two Three Percentage 4.43% 8.86% 13.29% Price Movemen t 13 26 38 Lower Price 274 261 325 Higher Price 300 313 249 Probability 66% 95% 99%
Similarly possible movement over the next nine days can be forecasted as under: Number of Percentage Price Lower Higher Probability Standard Movement Price Price Deviations One 13.29% 38 325 249 66% Two 26.58% 76 211 363 95% Three 39.87% 114 173 401 99% Predicting is a rather difficult science. First of all, we are not looking at direction at all. We are not saying whether Satyam will move up or down. Secondly, we are forecasting possible maximum swing in magnitude irrespective of direction. For example, we are saying that Satyam will close between Rs 249 to Rs 325 tomorrow and the probability of this happening is 99%. The implication is that the probability of Satyam closing below Rs 249 or above Rs 325 is 1%. Thus historical volatility can be used to forecast the possible swing in magnitude of that particular scrip. Using historical volatility and implied volatility, one can also know whether the option is underpriced or overpriced. Suppose historical volatility is less than the implied volatility of scrip then various possibilities can emerge. For example there is a situation where historical volatility of the scrip is 50%, but the implied volatility is 65%. This indicates some possibilities. One possibility is that the market is expecting the future volatility of the scrip to increase and is accordingly factoring in such expectations. Another possibility is that the market is mis-pricing the option
and that the option value will come back low shortly. The third possibility could be that there is some news about the company that could affect the price favourably and this news is being reflected in the options become more expensive to begin with and in a short time, the underlying scrip will also reflect this phenomenon. Depending on what one see from these possibilities (and there could be others too), one could take an appropriate stand. For example, if one believes that volatility will rise, one can go in for option strategies that could suit such an event happening. If one believes that the option is being mispriced, as an aggressive player, one can sell such options with a belief that he/she can buy them back at a later date. Such a strategy would need to be supported by a hedging strategy, as mere selling of options will leave with unlimited risk. If one believes that there is some positive news, he might be tempted to buy the options inspite of high Volatility (or buy the underlying). Suppose historical volatility is greater than the implied volatility of scrip then also various possibilities can emerge. It could indicate that the option itself is being underpriced in the market (which could make it a good buy on its own merit). It could indicate that the market believes that the days of high volatility in that scrip are over and it will now trade a lower level. Another possibility is that there is some bad news whereby the underlying stock price is expected to move down and the option has first started reflecting this possibility. Once we have found the historical volatility, we can also predict the swing in which the option price will fall as discussed earlier. We have found the historical volatility of Digital scrip, which is 39.97% annually, and 2.49% daily. Therefore the volatility of Digital scrip for next nine days is 7.49%. From this we can say that maximum price movement during next nine days will be approx. Rs48 with 66% probability.
Volatility affects the option price significantly. Volatility can be helpful in deciding which strategy to adopt Volatility is subject to the forces of supply and demand. Implied volatility will tend to rise during periods when demand from options buyers is strongest and will fall when demand is weakest. The key for all options trader is to buy
volatility when it is perceived to be low and to sell volatility when it is perceived to be high There are numerous strategies available for taking advantage of increases or decreases in volatility. If a rise in implied volatility is expected, one can adopt any one of the following strategies. Long straddle Long strangle Short butterfly
If a fall in implied volatility expected, one can adopt any one of the following strategies. Short straddle Short strangle Long butterfly
Example
This example explains how to select view by taking into consideration all the topics that we discussed above like fair value of options, volatility, open interest, Greeks and put/call ratio. Scrip: Digital On June 13, 2002 the historical volatility for Digital scrip was 39.97%. From this historical volatility we can find the fair value of option price using BlackScholes pricing model whose formula is given below. c = S N(d1) X e-rt N(d2) Where c, S, X, N(x), d1, d2, and t are same as described above. Here in this example, S= 651 X= 630 t= 14/365 =0.038 r = 10% = 39.97% X e-rt = 630 e-0.10 *0.038 = 627.61 d1= ln (S/Xe-rt)/t + 0.5t = 0.509 d2= d1- t = 0.431 N(0.5080)= 0.6943 N(0.4300)= 0.6664 Therefore the fair value of option of 630 strike price is C=33.05 Thus the fair value of call option of Digital with strike price 630 on June 13,2002 should be Rs 33.05 but the option on that day was priced at Rs 50.
This indicates that the Digital 630 call option is overpriced and knowing this one can sell Digital 630 call at premium 50 and then he/she can buy them back at later date. Now, lets look the above example in terms of volatility. As found from the historical data, the historical volatility of the Digital scrip on June 13, 2002 was 39.97% whereas the implied volatility of Digital 630 call option was 74.40%. Thus the historical volatility is less than the implied volatility. This indicates various possibilities as discussed earlier. But as there was no any special news about the company or about the IT industry, we can say that the option is overpriced and therefore one can follow the suggestion given in the above paragraph. If we look the above problem in terms of open interest, we found the same result. This is indicated by the fact that from June 11 to June 13 the open interest for Digital futures has increased but this is due to bearishness so one can buy put option or sell call option. The put/call ratio for June 13,2002 was 0.38. This indicates the uncertain view. But as we have already explained that the put/call ratio should be used in conjunction with other indicators, we can take bearish view. Thus one can use different indicators to decide the view as explained in the above example.
CHAPTER 8 INDICATORS OF INVESTING IN FUTURES & OPTION
CH 8 INDICATORS OF INVESTING IN FUTURES & OPTION: 1. OPEN INTEREST 2. PUT/CALL RATIO 3. VOLUME 4. COST OF CARRY 5. MARKET WIDE POSITION LIMIT 6. ROLL OVER POSITION 7. PUT CALL PARITY
CHAPTER 9 OPEN INTEREST
CH 9 OPEN INTEREST
Open Interest is the number of open contracts of a given future or option contract. An open contract can be a long or short contract that has not been exercised, closed out, or allowed to expire. Open interest is really more of a data field than an indicator. A fact that is sometimes overlooked is that a futures contract always involves a buyer and a seller. This means that one unit of open interest always represents two people, a buyer and a seller. Open interest increases when a buyer and seller create a new contract. This happens when the buyer initiates a long position and the seller initiates a short position. Open interest decreases when the buyer and seller liquidate existing contracts. This happens when the buyer is selling an existing long position and the seller is covering an existing short position. Open interest remains unchanged when only buyer close out his/her position or only seller close out his/her position. Interpretation Incidentally, in individual stocks, open interest can be a better indicator of demand than trading volumes in the underlying. Volumes are often used as an indication of bullishness. However, daily volumes reflect short-term daily trades that are closed out by settling rather than delivery. These day trades distort the picture of long-term demand. In a stock that has a futures or derivatives market, it is possible to "correct" the volumes indicator by looking at the open interest position. Open interest reflects trading views that are not settled intra-session and hence can reflect sentiment in the stock more effectively. By itself, open interest only shows the liquidity of a specific contract or market. However, combining volume analysis with open interest sometimes provides subtle clues to the flow of money in and out of the market: Rising volume and rising open interest confirm the direction of the current trend. Falling volume and falling open interest signal that an end to the current trend may be imminent.
The following are some interpretation that can be made using open interest. Rising open interest in an uptrend is bullish Declining open interest in an uptrend is bearish. Rising open interest in a downtrend is bearish. Declining open interest in a downtrend is bullish. Within an uptrend, a sudden leveling off or decline in open interest often warns a change in trend. Very high open interest at market tops is dangerous and can intensify downside pressure. There are a few interesting contrarian theories that revolve around the "Open Interest" in derivative contracts. The number of open contracts at the end of the day will vary according to demand for the underlying stock. In case of futures trades, one must decide whether this is due to greater bullishness or bearishness since futures contracts aren't differentiated according to price -- they are simply bought and sold at a certain spread.
But options are differentiated according to price as well as position. Analysts can easily break down open interest into puts and calls. Then, the open interest put-call ratio can be analysed in a fashion similar to the traded putcall ratio.
How to interpret the open interest?

Scrip: HDIL. DATE June 3 June 4 June 5 June 6 June 7 June 10 June 11 June 12 June 13 June 14 June 17 June 18 SPOT PRICE 641.00 635.00 647.80 635.00 624.00 650.90 661.00 652.60 651.00 644.00 643.00 644.30 VOLUME 683600 531600 747200 663600 668400 603200 831200 490400 1243200 525200 332000 468000 OPEN INTEREST 398800 414400 482800 444000 486800 467600 480800 486800 498800 501600 503600 470800 PUT-CALL RATIO 0.75 0.55 0.54 1.03 0.75 0.79 0.66 0.50 0.38 0.44 0.45 0.26
The above table shows spot price, futures volume, futures open interest and put/call ratios on daily bases. As we have mentioned earlier that one must keep in mind that one must decide that increase in open interest is due to bullishness or bearishness in case of futures contracts. As we can see from the table that from June 3,09 to June 5,09 the open interest for futures contracts has increased considerably and this increase is due to bullishness so one can buy call option or sell put option. From the table we find that the spot price of the scrip has increased during the next three to four days. To decide when to close out the position one can use volumes as indicator. For example, on June 11,2009 the volume was increasing in large amount, this indicates that the next day the price of the scrip will fall and so the options price. So one can close out his/her position on June 11, 2009. Similarly from June 11 to June 13 the open interest for futures has increased but this is due to bearishness so one can buy put option or sell call option.
CHAPTER 10 PUT/CALL RATIO
CH 10 PUT/CALL RATIO
The Put/Call Ratio ("P/C Ratio") is a market sentiment indicator that shows the relationship between the numbers of Puts to Calls traded. Traditionally, options are traded by unsophisticated, impatient investors who are lured by the potential for huge profits with a small capital outlay. Interestingly, the actions of these investors provide excellent signals for market tops and bottoms. Interpretation A Call gives an investor the right to purchase lot size of stock at a predetermined price. Investors who purchase Calls expect stock prices to rise in the coming months. Conversely, a Put gives an investor the right to sell lot size of stock at a pre-set price. Investors purchasing Puts expect stock prices to decline. (An exception to these general rules is that Puts and Calls can also be purchased to hedge other investments, even other options.) Because investors who purchase Calls expect the market to rise and investors who purchase Puts expect the market to decline, the relationship between the numbers of Puts to Calls illustrates the bearish/bullish expectations of these traditionally ineffective investors. The higher the level of the P/C Ratio, the more bearish these investors are on the market. Conversely, lower readings indicate high Call volume and thus bullish expectations. The P/C Ratio is a contrarian indicator. When it reaches "excessive" levels, the market usually corrects by moving the opposite direction. The following table, general guidelines for interpreting the P/C Ratio. However, the market does not have to correct itself just because investors are excessive in their bullish/bearish beliefs! P/C ratio Less than 0.35 Greater than 0.75 Greater than 0.35 and less than 0.75 Indication Extremely bullish Excessively bearish Uncertain
Calculation
The Puts/Calls Ratio is calculated by dividing the volume of Puts by the volume of Calls. P/C Ratio=Volume Traded For Put Options/Volume Traded For Call Options Note: As with all technical analysis tools, we should use the P/C Ratio in conjunction with other market indicators. There are some constraints with regard to P/C ratio. For example on June 6, 2009 the P/C ratio for HDIL scrip was 1.03. According to above table this indicates extremely bearishness but in actual as the war clouds disappeared, Digital was up on June 7,2009. Therefore as mentioned above we must use P/C ratio in conjunction with the other market indicators.
DYNAMICS IN PUT CALL RATIO:

But as per recent observation it is quiet evident that the above mentioned ratios doesnt work as per its interpretation. So we have found out the recent observation as per Open Interest as well as Volume basis as below. Indication Extremely bullish Extremely bearish Uncertain
P/C ratio Less than 0.65 Greater than 1.35 Greater than 0.65 and less than 1.35
CHAPTER 11 ANALYSIS
CH 11 [a] STUDY OF SHORT TERM TREND OF NIFTY DERIVATIVES USING:
Put/Call Ratio Open Interest
Put/ Call Ratio:
There are two ways in which we can determine Put/Call Ratio: o On the basis of Volume o On the basis of Open Interest PUT/CALL RATIO ON THE BASIS OF VOLUME OF NIFTY FUTURES FOR THE MONTH OF FEB-2010.
CLOSING PUT CALL RATIO 1.01 1.11 1.18 1.07 0.99 1.05 1.11 1.05 1.03
DATE 29/1/20 10 1/2/201 0 2/2/201 0 3/2/201 0 4/2/201 0 5/2/201 0 6/2/201 0 8/2/201 0 9/2/201
TRADING DAY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PRE. DAY PUT/CAL L RATIO 1.08 1.01 1.11 1.18 1.07 0.99 1.05 1.11 1.05
PRE. DAY NIFTY CLOSING 4867 4882 4899 4830 4925.8 4845.35 4718.65 4757.25 4760.4
CLOSIN G DAY NIFTY 4882 4899 4830 4925.8 4845.35 4718.65 4757.25 4760.4 4792.65
VIEW BULLIS H BEARI SH BEARI SH BULLIS H BULLIS H BEARI SH BEARI SH BULLIS H BULLIS
RESUL T SUCCE SS FAILUR E SUCCE SS SUCCE SS FAILUR E SUCCE SS FAILUR E SUCCE SS SUCCE
0 10/2/20 10 11/2/20 10 15/2/20 10 16/2/20 10 17/2/20 10 18/2/20 10 19/2/20 10 22/2/20 10
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1.03 0.84 0.93 1.01 0.94 0.84 1.12 1.06
0.84 0.93 1.01 0.94 0.84 1.12 1.06 0.91
4792.65 4757.2 4826.85 4801.95 4855.75 4914 4886.8 4845.95
4757.2 4826.85 4801.95 4855.75 4914 4886.8 4845.95 4856.6
H BULLIS H BEARI SH BEARI SH BULLIS H BULLIS H BEARI SH BULLIS H BULLIS H
SS FAILUR E FAILUR E SUCCE SS SUCCE SS SUCCE SS SUCCE SS FAILUR E SUCCE SS
SUCCESS / FAILURE RATIO:

From the above mentioned 17 trading days, in 11 trading days it follows the Put/Call Ratios (Volume) Criterion, so the success ratio is 65%, while in 6 trading it has turned around the other way.
PUT/CALL RATIO ON THE BASIS OF OPEN INTEREST OF NIFTY FUTURES FOR THE MONTH OF FEB-2010.
DATE TRADIN G DAY 29/1/20 10 1/2/201 0 2/2/201 0 3/2/201 0 4/2/201 0 5/2/201 0 6/2/201 0 8/2/201 0 9/2/201 0 10/2/20 10 11/2/20 10 15/2/20 10 16/2/20 10 17/2/20 10 18/2/20 10 19/2/20 10 22/2/20 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
PRE. DAY PUT/CA LL RATIO 1.1 1.04 1.09 1.2 1.08 1.17 1.08 0.98 0.97 0.94 1 0.91 1.02 0.96 1.08 1.12 1.06
CLOSING PUT CALL RATIO 1.04 1.09 1.2 1.08 1.17 1.08 0.98 0.97 0.94 1 0.91 1.02 0.96 1.08 1.12 1.06 0.97
PRE. DAY NIFTY CLOSING 4867 4882 4899 4830 4925.8 4845.35 4718.65 4757.25 4760.4 4792.65 4757.2 4826.85 4801.95 4855.75 4914 4886.8 4845.95
CLOSING DAY NIFTY 4882 4899 4830 4925.8 4845.35 4718.65 4757.25 4760.4 4792.65 4757.2 4826.85 4801.95 4855.75 4914 4886.8 4845.95 4856.6
VIEW BULLIS H BEARI SH BEARI SH BULLIS H BEARI SH BULLIS H BULLIS H BULLIS H BEARI SH BULLIS H BEARI SH BEARI SH BULLIS H BEARI SH BEARI SH BULLIS H BULLIS H
RESUL T SUCCE SS FAILUR E SUCCE SS SUCCE SS SUCCE SS FAILUR E SUCCE SS SUCCE SS SUCCE SS SUCCE SS SUCCE SS SUCCE SS SUCCE SS FAILUR E SUCCE SS FAILUR E SUCCE SS
SUCCESS / FAILURE RATIO:

From the above mentioned 17 trading days, in 13 trading days it follows the Put/Call Ratios (Open Interest) Criterion, so the success ratio is 76.47% while in 4 trading days it has turned around the other way.
PUT/CALL RATIO ON THE BASIS OF COMBINATION OF OPEN INTEREST & VOLUME OF NIFTY FUTURES FOR THE MONTH OF FEB2010.
DAY 1 2 3 4 OI VIEW BULLIS H BEARI SH BEARI SH BULLIS H VOL. VIEW BULLISH BEARIS H BEARIS H BULLISH COMMON VIEW YES YES YES YES RESUL T SUCCE SS FAILUR E SUCCE SS SUCCE SS
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
BEARI SH BULLIS H BULLIS H BULLIS H BULLIS H BEARI SH BULLIS H BEARI SH BULLIS H BEARI SH BEARI SH BULLIS H
BULLISH BEARIS H BEARIS H BULLISH BULLISH BULLISH BEARIS H BEARIS H BULLISH BULLISH BEARIS H BULLISH
NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES YES NO YES YES
NA NA NA SUCCE SS SUCCE SS NA NA SUCCE SS SUCCE SS NA SUCCE SS FAILUR E
SUCCESS /FAILURE RATIOS:
From the above mentioned 16 trading days, in 10 trading days, it has given the same view regarding the market, from this, in 8 trading days it is successful. Thus the success ratio is 80%.while in 6 trading days, it contradicts. Thus the combination of Volume & Open Interest gives high accuracy than the individual.
OPEN INTEREST:
The following are some interpretation that can be made using open interest. Rising open interest in an uptrend is bullish Declining open interest in an uptrend is bearish. Rising open interest in a downtrend is bearish. Declining open interest in a downtrend is bullish. Within an uptrend, a sudden leveling off or decline in open interest often warns a change in trend. Very high open interest at market tops is dangerous and can intensify downside pressure. There are a few interesting contrarian theories that revolve around the "Open Interest" in derivative contracts. The number of open contracts at the end of the day will vary according to demand for the underlying stock. In case of futures trades, one must decide whether this is due to greater bullishness or bearishness since futures contracts aren't differentiated according to price -- they are simply bought and sold at a certain spread.
TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHANGE IN OPEN INTEREST AND PRICE OF THE NIFTY FUTURES FOR THE MONTH OF FEB 2010 AND ITS EFFECT ON THE NEXT DAY PRICES.
CLOSI NG DAY O.I 279861 50 299233 00 298965 00 322162 50 299249 50 306680 50 313763 00 313498 00 312655 50 292302 00 298737 00 285371 50 289280 50 286658 50 305416 50 264996 00 247624 00 227274 00 207020 50 148600 50 NEXT DAY NIFTY CLOSI NG 4882 4899 4830 4925.8 4845.3 5 4718.6 5 4757.2 5 4760.4 4792.6 5 4757.2 4826.8 5 4801.9 5 4855.7 5 4914 4886.8 4845.9 5 4856.6 4870.5 5 4862 4863.2
DATE 29/1/20 10 1/2/201 0 2/2/201 0 3/2/201 0 4/2/201 0 5/2/201 0 6/2/201 0 8/2/201 0 9/2/201 0 10/2/20 10 11/2/20 10 15/2/20 10 16/2/20 10 17/2/20 10 18/2/20 10 19/2/20 10 22/2/20 10 23/2/20 10 24/2/20 10 25/2/20 10
TRADI NG DAY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
PREV DAY O.I 229327 50 279861 50 299233 00 298965 00 322162 50 299249 50 306680 50 313763 00 313498 00 312655 50 292302 00 298737 00 285371 50 289280 50 286658 50 305416 50 264996 00 247624 00 227274 00 207020 50
PREV.CLO SING NIFTY 4843.7 4872.05 4882 4899 4830 4925.8 4845.35 4718.65 4757.25 4760.4 4792.65 4757.2 4826.85 4801.95 4855.75 4914 4886.8 4845.95 4856.6 4870.55
CLOSI NG NIFTY 4872.0 5 4882 4899 4830 4925.8 4845.3 5 4718.6 5 4757.2 5 4760.4 4792.6 5 4757.2 4826.8 5 4801.9 5 4855.7 5 4914 4886.8 4845.9 5 4856.6 4870.5 5 4862
VIEW BULLISH BULLISH BEARISH BEARISH BEARISH BEARISH BEARISH BEARISH BEARISH BEARISH BEARISH BEARISH BEARISH BEARISH BULLISH BULLISH BULLISH BEARISH BEARISH BULLISH
RESULT SUCCES S SUCCES S SUCCES S FAILURE SUCCES S SUCCES S NEAUTR AL NEAUTR AL NEAUTR AL SUCCES S FAILURE SUCCES S FAILURE FAILURE FAILURE FAILURE SUCCES S FAILURE SUCCES S SUCCES S
SUCCESS /FAILURE RATIOS:

From the above mentioned 20 trading days, in 10 trading days it follows the Open Interest Criterion, so the pure success ratio is 50.00% while in 7 trading days it has turned around the other way. And in 3 trading days, it has given the neutral result.
CH 11(B) THE RISK MINIMISATION TRADING STRATEGIES USING FUTURES AND OPTIONS ON THE BASIS OF: Bullish Outlook Bearish Outlook Volatile Outlook Range bound Outlook Opportunistic Outlook BY USING:
o OPTIONS o COMBINATIONS
OF FUTURES & OPTIONS
TRADING STRATEGIES USED FOR BULLISH OUTLOOK (1) Long Call Ladder (2) Bull Spread (3) Covered Call Writing (4) Protective Put Buying (5) Collar Strategy (6) Short Combo (7) Long Strap TRADING STRATEGIES USED FOR BEARISH OUTLOOK (1) Long Put Ladder
(2) Bear Spread (3) Covered Put Writing (4) Protective Call Buying (5) Reverse Collar Strategy (6) Long Combo (7) Long Strip
TRADING STRATEGIES RANGEBOUND OUTLOOK (1) Long Condor (2) Double Top (3) Christmas Tree (4) Short Guts (5) Ratio Spread (6) Butterfly
USED
FOR
TRADING STRATEGIES USED FOR VOLATILE OUTLOOK (1) Long Guts (2) Short Condor (3) Butterfly Spread (4) Long straddle (5) Long strangle
TRADING STRATEGIES OPPORTUNISTIC OUTLOOK (1) Conversion (2) Reversal (3) Long Box
USED
FOR
TRADING STRATEGIES USED FOR BULLISH OUTLOOK

(1) Long Condor Ladder
DESCRIPTION: - Buy a Call at a low Strike price K1, sell a call at a high Strike price K2 & sell a call at a higher Strike price K3 PAYOFF: At St < K1, fixed profit of Net Premium Received At K2 > St > K1, Profit increases linearly with the St At K3 > St > K2 , Fixed Profit ; i.e Net Premium Received + Diference between K2 & K3 At St > K3, Profit falls linearly with St When to Use: - When u have a Bullish Outlook but not very Bullish Market expectation: Direction bearish/volatility bearish. In this case the holder expects the market to settle between B and C but feels that volatility will not rise. Profit & loss characteristics at expiry: Profit: Limited to the difference between strikes A and B plus (minus) net credit (debit). Loss: Unlimited if underlying rallies. At A or below, loss limited to net cost. Break-even: Lower break-even reached when the underlying exceeds the lower strike option A, by the same amount as the net cost of the position. Higher break-even point reached when the intrinsic value of option A, plus (minus) the net credit (debit) from establishing the position, is equal to the intrinsic value of the two higher strike options at B and C. Current Price of the Stock =So= Strike Price of Call Option=K1= Premium of Call Option =K1= Rs. Strike Price of Call Option=K2= Premium of Call Option =K2= Rs. 648 640 20.2 660 14.45
Strike Price of Call Option=K3= 680 Premium of Call Optionk3 6.95
PAY-OFF TABLE:
St 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 Premium for K1 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 Gain / Loss on K1 -20.2 -20.2 -20.2 -20.2 -20.2 -20.2 -19.2 -18.2 -17.2 -16.2 -15.2 -14.2 -13.2 -12.2 -11.2 -10.2 -9.2 -8.2 -7.2 -6.2 -5.2 -4.2 -3.2 -2.2 -1.2 -0.2 0.8 1.8 2.8 3.8 4.8 5.8 6.8 7.8 8.8 9.8 10.8 11.8 12.8 13.8 Premium for K2 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 Gain / Loss on K2 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 13.45 12.45 11.45 10.45 9.45 8.45 7.45 6.45 5.45 4.45 3.45 2.45 1.45 0.45 Premium for K3 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 Gain / Loss on K3 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 Total Gain/Loss 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 3.2 4.2 5.2 6.2 7.2 8.2 9.2 10.2 11.2 12.2 13.2 14.2 15.2 16.2 17.2 18.2 19.2 20.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2
675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682
20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2
14.8 15.8 16.8 17.8 18.8 19.8 20.8 21.8
14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45
-0.55 -1.55 -2.55 -3.55 -4.55 -5.55 -6.55 -7.55
6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95
6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 5.95 4.95
21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 20.2 19.2
(2) Bull Spread

DESCRIPTION: - Long on 1 Call at low Strike price K1 & Short on 1 Call at higher strike price K2 PAYOFF: At St K1, Loss is Fixed; i.e Net Premium Paid At K2 St K1, Loss Reduces linearly with increase in Price At St > K2, Profit is Fixed; i.e K2 - K1 - Net Premium paid Market Expectation: Market bullish/volatility neutral. The spread has the advantage of being cheaper to establish than the purchase of a single call, as the premium received from the sold call reduces the overall cost. The spread offers a limited profit potential if the underlying rises and a limited loss if the underlying falls. When to Use: - Mildly Bullish Perspective Profit and loss characteristics at expiry: Profit: Limited to the difference between the two strikes minus net premium cost. Maximum profit occurs where the underlying rises to the level of the higher strike B or above. Loss: Limited to any initial premium paid in establishing the position. Maximum loss occurs where the underlying falls to the level of the lower strike A or below. Break-even: Reached when the underlying is above strike A by the same amount as the net cost of establishing the position.
Current Price of the Stock =So= Strike Price of Call Option=K1= Premium of Call Option =K1= Rs. Strike Price of Call Option=K2= Premium of Call Option =K2= Rs.
648 660 14.45 680 6.95
PAY-OFF TABLE:
St 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 Premium for Kc1 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 Gain / Loss on Kc1 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -13.45 -12.45 -11.45 -10.45 -9.45 -8.45 -7.45 -6.45 -5.45 -4.45 -3.45 -2.45 -1.45 -0.45 0.55 1.55 2.55 3.55 4.55 5.55 6.55 7.55 8.55 9.55 10.55 11.55 12.55 Premium for Kc2 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 Gain / Loss on Kc2 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 5.95 4.95 3.95 2.95 1.95 0.95 -0.05 Total Gain/Loss -7.5 -7.5 -7.5 -7.5 -7.5 -7.5 -7.5 -7.5 -7.5 -7.5 -7.5 -6.5 -5.5 -4.5 -3.5 -2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
(3) Covered Call Writing

DESCRIPTION: - Long on Underlying & Short on Call Option at a very high Strike Price PAYOFF: At St = (So - Premium Received), Profit = zero When St < (So - Premium Received), Loss on Underlying is reduced by the Amount of Premium When K > St > (So - Premium Received), Gain on Underlying is increased by the Amount of Premium When St > K, profit is fixed, i.e St - So + Premium Received When to Use :- When the trader feels that the Stock Price will Increase but not upto the level of Strike Price Current price of the stock S0 = 648 Strike Price = K 680 Premium of Call Option C=6.95
PAY-OFF TABLE
Price of Stock on Expiry Day 635 638 641 645 648 652 655 658 662 665 668 672 675 677 680 683 687 690 692 Gain / Loss on Stock (St So) -13 -10 -7 -3 0 4 7 10 14 17 20 24 27 29 32 35 39 42 44 Premium Received (C) 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 Profit / Loss on Option Position 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 3.95 -0.05 -3.05 -5.05 Total Profit / Loss -6.05 -3.05 -0.05 3.95 6.95 10.95 13.95 16.95 20.95 23.95 26.95 30.95 33.95 35.95 38.95 38.95 38.95 38.95 38.95
(4) Protective Put Buying

DESCRIPTION: - Long on the Underlying & Long on the Put Option PAYOFF: At St = K or St < K , Maximum Loss is fixed; i.e Put Premium + ( So - K ) At St = So + Premium Paid, there is no profit no Loss At K < St < So + Premium Paid, Loss on underlying is Increased by the amount of Premium Paid At St > So + Premium Paid, Profit is reduced by the amount of Premium Paid When to Use :- When the trader wants to hold the Stock but is worried about the fall in Price of the Stock Current Price of the Stock So = 648 Strike Price = K = 640 Premium of Put Option P = Rs.11.9
PAY-OFF TABLE
Price of Stock on Expiry Day 620 622 624 626 628 630 634 638 640 645 648 652 658 660 665 670 675 680 Gain / Loss on Stock (St So) -28 -26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -14 -10 -8 -3 0 4 10 12 17 22 27 32 Premium Paid 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 Profit / Loss on Option Position 8.1 6.1 4.1 2.1 0.1 -1.9 -5.9 -9.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 Total Profit / Loss -19.9 -19.9 -19.9 -19.9 -19.9 -19.9 -19.9 -19.9 -19.9 -14.9 -11.9 -7.9 -1.9 0.1 5.1 10.1 15.1 20.1
(5) Collar Strategy

DESCRIPTION :- Combination of Covered Call Writing & Protective Put Buying Long on Underlying, Short on Call Option at a high Price & long on Put Option at a lower Strike Price than that of Call Option PAYOFF: At St = So +Premium Paid - Premium Received, there is no profit no loss At St < or = Strike price of Put Kp, Loss is fixed At St > or = Strike Price of Call (Kc), Profit is fixed WHEN TO USE: - A Trader holds an underlying & feels that the stock is very volatile & can go in any direction Current Price of the Stock=648 Strike Price of Put Option= 640 Premium of Put Option = 11.9 Strike Price of Call Option= 680 Premium of Call Option =6.95
Price of Stock on Expiry Day ( St ) 628 632 635 640 645 648 650 653 658 662 665 668 672 675 678 680 685 688
Gain / Loss on Stock (St - So) -20 -16 -13 -8 -3 0 2 5 10 14 17 20 24 27 30 32 37 40
Premium Paid (P) 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9
Profit / Loss on Put Position 0.1 -3.9 -6.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9
Premium Received (C) 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95
Profit / Loss on Call Position 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 1.95 -1.05
Total Profit / Loss -12.95 -12.95 -12.95 -12.95 -7.95 -4.95 -2.95 0.05 5.05 9.05 12.05 15.05 19.05 22.05 25.05 27.05 27.05 27.05
PAYOFF
TABLE
(6) Short Combo

Long on Call Option at a high Strike Price & Short on Put at a Low Strike Price
DESCRIPTION: -
PAYOFF: At St < Kp, Loss keeps on decreasing linearly with rise in Price At Kc > St > Kp, Loss is Fixed At St > Kc, Profit keeps on increasing linearly with rise in Price WHEN TO USE: - Moderately Bullish Outlook
Current Price of the Stock =648
Strike Price of Call OptionKc=660 Premium of Call Optio = 14.45
Strike Price of Put OptionKp=640 Premium of Put Option=P= 11.9
PAY-OFF TABLE
Price of Stock on Expiry Day ( St ) 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 Premium Paid (C) 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 Profit / Loss on Call Position -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -13.45 -12.45 -11.45 -10.45 -9.45 -8.45 -7.45 -6.45 -5.45 -4.45 -3.45 Premium Put (P) 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 Profit / Loss on Put Position 1.9 2.9 3.9 4.9 5.9 6.9 7.9 8.9 9.9 10.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 Total Profit / Loss -12.55 -11.55 -10.55 -9.55 -8.55 -7.55 -6.55 -5.55 -4.55 -3.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -2.55 -1.55 -0.55 0.45 1.45 2.45 3.45 4.45 5.45 6.45 7.45 8.45
672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700
14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45
-2.45 -1.45 -0.45 0.55 1.55 2.55 3.55 4.55 5.55 6.55 7.55 8.55 9.55 10.55 11.55 12.55 13.55 14.55 15.55 16.55 17.55 18.55 19.55 20.55 21.55 22.55 23.55 24.55 25.55
11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9
11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9
9.45 10.45 11.45 12.45 13.45 14.45 15.45 16.45 17.45 18.45 19.45 20.45 21.45 22.45 23.45 24.45 25.45 26.45 27.45 28.45 29.45 30.45 31.45 32.45 33.45 34.45 35.45 36.45 37.45
(7) Long Strap

DESCRIPTION: - Long on 2 Call & 1 Put at the same Strike Price PAYOFF: As St approaches from low Price towards K, Loss Increases linearly with St At St > K, Loss keeps on reducing & will start making Profit WHEN TO USE :- The chances of Market going up are more than the chances of going down Current Price of the St=648 Strike Price of Call Option=640 Premium of Call Option= 20.2 Strike Price of Put Option=640 Premium of Put Option= 11.9.
PAY-OFF TABLE
St 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671
Premium for Kc 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4
Gain / Loss on Kc -40.4 -40.4 -40.4 -40.4 -40.4 -40.4 -40.4 -40.4 -40.4 -40.4 -40.4 -38.4 -36.4 -34.4 -32.4 -30.4 -28.4 -26.4 -24.4 -22.4 -20.4 -18.4 -16.4 -14.4 -12.4 -10.4 -8.4 -6.4 -4.4 -2.4 -0.4 1.6 3.6 5.6 7.6 9.6 11.6 13.6 15.6 17.6 19.6 21.6
Premium for Kp 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9
Gain / Loss on Kp -1.9 -2.9 -3.9 -4.9 -5.9 -6.9 -7.9 -8.9 -9.9 -10.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9
Total Gain/Loss -42.3 -43.3 -44.3 -45.3 -46.3 -47.3 -48.3 -49.3 -50.3 -51.3 -52.3 -50.3 -48.3 -46.3 -44.3 -42.3 -40.3 -38.3 -36.3 -34.3 -32.3 -30.3 -28.3 -26.3 -24.3 -22.3 -20.3 -18.3 -16.3 -14.3 -12.3 -10.3 -8.3 -6.3 -4.3 -2.3 -0.3 1.7 3.7 5.7 7.7 9.7
TRADING STRATEGIES USED FOR BEARISH OUTLOOK (1) Long Put Ladder
DESCRIPTION: - Short on Put at a very low Strike , Short on Put at a High Strike Price & Long on Put at a Higher Strike Price PAYOFF: At St <( K1- Difference Between K1 & K2 + Net PremiumPaid) , Loss Increases Linearly with fall in St At St = ( K1- Difference Between K1 & K2 + Net PremiumPaid), there is no pfofit no loss At K1 > St > ( K1- Difference Between K1 & K2 + Net PremiumPaid), Profit increases linearly with the St At K2 > St > K1, Profit is fixed; i.e Difference between K1 & K2 - Net Premium Paid At K3 > St > K2 , Profit decreases linaerly with increase in Price At St > K3, Fixed Loss; i.e Net Premium Paid WHEN T0 USE: - When u have a Bullish Outlook but not very Bullish Market expectation: Direction bullish/volatility bearish. Holder expects underlying to (continue to) be between strikes A and B and firmly believes that the market will not fall. Profit & loss characteristics at expiry: Profit: Limited to the difference B-C, plus (minus) net credit (debit). Maximized between strikes A and B. Loss: Unlimited if underlying falls. At C or above Break-even: Lower break-even reached when the intrinsic value of the purchased put C plus (minus) net credit (cost) is equal to the intrinsic value of the sold options A and B. Higher break-even reached when underlying falls below strike C by the same as the net cost of the position. Current Price of the Stock 648 Strike Price of Put OptK1=620 Prem of Put Op=Rs.7.85 Strike Price of Put OptK2=640 PreM of Put OptK2= Rs.11.9 Strike Price of Put OptK3=660 Prem of Put OptK3= Rs.24.2
PAY-OFF TABLE
St 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 Premium for K1 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 Gain / Loss on K1 -22.15 -21.15 -20.15 -19.15 -18.15 -17.15 -16.15 -15.15 -14.15 -13.15 -12.15 -11.15 -10.15 -9.15 -8.15 -7.15 -6.15 -5.15 -4.15 -3.15 -2.15 -1.15 -0.15 0.85 1.85 2.85 3.85 4.85 5.85 6.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 Premium for K2 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 Gain / Loss on K2 -38.1 -37.1 -36.1 -35.1 -34.1 -33.1 -32.1 -31.1 -30.1 -29.1 -28.1 -27.1 -26.1 -25.1 -24.1 -23.1 -22.1 -21.1 -20.1 -19.1 -18.1 -17.1 -16.1 -15.1 -14.1 -13.1 -12.1 -11.1 -10.1 -9.1 -8.1 -7.1 -6.1 -5.1 -4.1 -3.1 -2.1 -1.1 -0.1 0.9 1.9 2.9 Premium for K3 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 Gain / Loss on K3 45.8 44.8 43.8 42.8 41.8 40.8 39.8 38.8 37.8 36.8 35.8 34.8 33.8 32.8 31.8 30.8 29.8 28.8 27.8 26.8 25.8 24.8 23.8 22.8 21.8 20.8 19.8 18.8 17.8 16.8 15.8 14.8 13.8 12.8 11.8 10.8 9.8 8.8 7.8 6.8 5.8 4.8 Total Gain/Loss -14.45 -13.45 -12.45 -11.45 -10.45 -9.45 -8.45 -7.45 -6.45 -5.45 -4.45 -3.45 -2.45 -1.45 -0.45 0.55 1.55 2.55 3.55 4.55 5.55 6.55 7.55 8.55 9.55 10.55 11.55 12.55 13.55 14.55 15.55 15.55 15.55 15.55 15.55 15.55 15.55 15.55 15.55 15.55 15.55 15.55
632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662
7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85
7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85
11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9
3.9 4.9 5.9 6.9 7.9 8.9 9.9 10.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9
24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2
3.8 2.8 1.8 0.8 -0.2 -1.2 -2.2 -3.2 -4.2 -5.2 -6.2 -7.2 -8.2 -9.2 -10.2 -11.2 -12.2 -13.2 -14.2 -15.2 -16.2 -17.2 -18.2 -19.2 -20.2 -21.2 -22.2 -23.2 -24.2 -24.2 -24.2
15.55 15.55 15.55 15.55 15.55 15.55 15.55 15.55 15.55 14.55 13.55 12.55 11.55 10.55 9.55 8.55 7.55 6.55 5.55 4.55 3.55 2.55 1.55 0.55 -0.45 -1.45 -2.45 -3.45 -4.45 -4.45 -4.45
(2) Bear Spread

DESCRIPTION: - Short on 1 Put at low Strike price K1 & Long on 1 Put at higher strike price K2 PAYOFF: At St K1, Profit is Fixed; i.e K2-K1 - Net Premium Paid At K2 St K1,Profit Reduces linearly with increase in Price At St > K2, loss is Fixed ; i.e Net Premium paid
Market expectation: Market bearish/volatility neutral. The spread has the advantage of being cheaper to establish than the purchase of a single put, as the premium received from the sold put reduces the overall cost. The spread offers a limited loss exposure if the underlying rises, and a limited profit if the underlying falls. When to Use :- Mildly Bearish Perspective Profit & loss characteristics at expiry: Profit: Limited to the difference between the two strikes minus net premium cost. Maximum profit occurs where underlying falls to the level of the lower strike A or below. Loss: Limited to the initial premium paid in establishing the position. Maximum loss occurs where the underlying rises to the level of the higher strike B or above. Break-even: Reached when the underlying is below strike price B by the same amount as the net cost of establishing the position. Current Price of the Stock =648 Strike Price of Put OptK1=620 Premium of Put OptK1= Rs.7.85 Strike Price of Put OptK2=640 Premium of Put OptK2= Rs.11.9
PAY-OFF TABLE
St 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 Premium for Kp1 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 Gain / Loss on Kp1 -12.15 -11.15 -10.15 -9.15 -8.15 -7.15 -6.15 -5.15 Premium for Kp2 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 Gain / Loss on Kp2 28.1 27.1 26.1 25.1 24.1 23.1 22.1 21.1 Total Gain/Loss 15.95 15.95 15.95 15.95 15.95 15.95 15.95 15.95
(3) Covered Put Writing

DESCRIPTION: - Short Position in the underlying & Short Position on Put at a low Strike Price PAYOFF: At St = So + Premium Received, there is no profit , No Loss At St< K or St = K, Profit is fixed; i,e Gain on Underlying +/- Gain / Loss on Option Position At St > K, Profit on Underlying is Increased by the amount of Premium But only upto (So + Premium Received), after that there is loss WHEN TO USE: - When the Trader is Bearish Current Price of the Stock = 648 Strike Price = K = 640 Premium of Put Option = Rs.11.9
PAY-OFF TABLE
Price of Stock on Expiry Day ( St ) 625 628 630 635 638 640 642 645 648 652 658 660 665 670 675 Gain / Loss on Stock (So - St) 23 20 18 13 10 8 6 3 0 -4 -10 -12 -17 -22 -27 Premium Received (C) 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 Profit / Loss on Option Position -3.1 -0.1 1.9 6.9 9.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 Total Profit / Loss 19.9 19.9 19.9 19.9 19.9 19.9 17.9 14.9 11.9 7.9 1.9 -0.1 -5.1 -10.1 -15.1
(4) Protective Call Buying

DESCRIPTION: - Short on Underlying & Long on Call for a Higher Strike Price\ PAYOFF: At St = So - Premium Paid, there is no Profit no Loss At St =So or St > K, Loss is Fixed At K > St < So, Loss on Underlying is increased by the amount of Premium At St < So , Profit on Underlying is reduced by the amount of Premium Paid When to Use: - A Trader has a Short Position in the Underlying & worries that the Price will Rise Current Price of the Stock = 648 Strike Price = K = 660 Premium of Call Opt= Rs.14.45
PAY-OFF TABLE
Price of Stock on Expiry Day ( St ) 620 625 628 633 638 642 645 648 652 655 660 665 668 672 675 680 Gain / Loss on Stock (So - St) 28 23 20 15 10 6 3 0 -4 -7 -12 -17 -20 -24 -27 -32 Premium Paid (C) 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 Profit / Loss on Option Position -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -9.45 -6.45 -2.45 0.55 5.55 Total Profit / Loss 13.55 8.55 5.55 0.55 -4.45 -8.45 -11.45 -14.45 -18.45 -21.45 -26.45 -26.45 -26.45 -26.45 -26.45 -26.45
(5) Reverse Collar Strategy

DESCRIPTION: - Short on Underlying, Long on Call at higher Price & Short on Put at a low price. PAYOFF: At St = So - Premium Paid, there is no profit no loss At St Kp, Pofit is fixed At St Kc , Loss is fixed When to Use: - When u have a bearish Outlook Current Price of the Stock Strike Price of Put Option Premium of Put Option Strike Price of Call Option Premium of Call Option = 648 = 640 = Rs.11.9 = 660 =14.45
PAY-OFF TABLE
Price of Stock on Expiry Day ( St ) 625 630 635 640 642 645 648 652 655 658 660 663 668 672 675 680 Gain / Loss on Stock (So - St) 23 18 13 8 6 3 0 -4 -7 -10 -12 -15 -20 -24 -27 -32 Premium Paid (C) 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 Profit / Loss on Call Position -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -11.45 -6.45 -2.45 0.55 5.55 Premium Received (P) 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 Profit / Loss on Put Position -3.1 1.9 6.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 Total Profit / Loss 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 3.45 0.45 -2.55 -6.55 -9.55 -12.55 -14.55 -14.55 -14.55 -14.55 -14.55 -14.55
(6) Long Strip

DESCRIPTION: - Long on 1 Call Option & 2 Put Option at the same Strike Price
PAYOFF: As St approaches from low Price towards K, Profit Decreases & starts to make Losses At St > K, Loss keeps on reducing & will start making Profit WHEN TO USE :-The chances of Market going down are more than the chances of going up Current Price of the St =648 Strike Price of Call = 660 Prem of Call Opt=c=Rs.14.45 Strike Price of Put Opt= 660 Prem of Put Opt=P=Rs.24.25
PAY-OFF TABLE
St 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 Premium for Kc 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 Gain / Loss on Kc -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 Premium for Kp 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 Gain / Loss on Kp 31.5 29.5 27.5 25.5 23.5 21.5 19.5 17.5 15.5 13.5 11.5 9.5 7.5 5.5 3.5 1.5 -0.5 -2.5 -4.5 -6.5 -8.5 -10.5 -12.5 -14.5 -16.5 -18.5 -20.5 -22.5 -24.5 -26.5 -28.5 -30.5 -32.5 -34.5 -36.5 -38.5 -40.5 -42.5 -44.5 -46.5 -48.5 Total Gain/Loss 17.05 15.05 13.05 11.05 9.05 7.05 5.05 3.05 1.05 -0.95 -2.95 -4.95 -6.95 -8.95 -10.95 -12.95 -14.95 -16.95 -18.95 -20.95 -22.95 -24.95 -26.95 -28.95 -30.95 -32.95 -34.95 -36.95 -38.95 -40.95 -42.95 -44.95 -46.95 -48.95 -50.95 -52.95 -54.95 -56.95 -58.95 -60.95 -62.95
661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672
14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45
-13.45 -12.45 -11.45 -10.45 -9.45 -8.45 -7.45 -6.45 -5.45 -4.45 -3.45 -2.45
48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5
-48.5 -48.5 -48.5 -48.5 -48.5 -48.5 -48.5 -48.5 -48.5 -48.5 -48.5 -48.5
-61.95 -60.95 -59.95 -58.95 -57.95 -56.95 -55.95 -54.95 -53.95 -52.95 -51.95 -50.95
TRADING STRATEGIES USED FOR RANGEBOUND OUTLOOK (1)Long Condor

DESCRIPTION: - Long on Call at a Low Strike Price K1, Short on Call at high Strike Price K2 & K3, & Long on Call at a Higher Strike Price K4 PAYOFF: At St < K1, Loss is Fixed; i.e Net Premium Paid At K2 > St >K1,Profit Increases linearly with Price At K3 > St > K2, Profit is Fixed At K4 > St > K3 , Profit reduces linearly with increase in Price At St > K4, Loss is Fixed ; i.e Net Premium Paid When to Use :- When a Trader is Confident of a Range bound St ;i.e between K3 & K4 Market expectation: Direction neutral/volatility bearish. A Long Condor allows for a greater degree of volatility and hence a wider band of profit potential than a Long Butterfly. Profit & loss characteristics at expiry: Profit: Maximized where the underlying settles between the two strike prices B and C, but will decline as the market rises, or falls beyond these strikes. Loss: Occurs if the underlying rises towards strike D or falls towards strike A. Will be limited to the cost of establishing the position for either a rise or a fall in the underlying. Break-even: Lower break-even point reached when underlying reaches the lower strike price A plus the cost of establishing the spread, and the higher break-even when the underlying reaches the level of the higher strike D minus the cost of establishing the spread. Current Price of the Stock =So= Strike Price of Call Option=K1= Premium of Call Option =K1= Rs. Strike Price of Call Option=K2= Premium of Call Option =K2= Rs. Strike Price of Call Option=K3= Premium of Call Option =K3= Rs. Strike Price of Call Option=K4= Premium of Call Option =K4= Rs. 648 620 37.65 640 20.2 660 14.45 680 6.95
PAY-OFF TABLE
Premium St for K1 Gain / Loss on K1 Premium for K2 Gain / Loss on K2 Premium for K3 Gain / Loss on K3 Premium for K4 Gain / Loss on K4 Total Gain/Loss
615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648
37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65
-37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -36.65 -35.65 -34.65 -33.65 -32.65 -31.65 -30.65 -29.65 -28.65 -27.65 -26.65 -25.65 -24.65 -23.65 -22.65 -21.65 -20.65 -19.65 -18.65 -17.65 -16.65 -15.65 -14.65 -13.65 -12.65 -11.65 -10.65 -9.65
20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2
20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 19.2 18.2 17.2 16.2 15.2 14.2 13.2 12.2
14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45
14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45
6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95
-6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95
-9.95 -9.95 -9.95 -9.95 -9.95 -9.95 -8.95 -7.95 -6.95 -5.95 -4.95 -3.95 -2.95 -1.95 -0.95 0.05 1.05 2.05 3.05 4.05 5.05 6.05 7.05 8.05 9.05 10.05 10.05 10.05 10.05 10.05 10.05 10.05 10.05 10.05
649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685
37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65
-8.65 -7.65 -6.65 -5.65 -4.65 -3.65 -2.65 -1.65 -0.65 0.35 1.35 2.35 3.35 4.35 5.35 6.35 7.35 8.35 9.35 10.35 11.35 12.35 13.35 14.35 15.35 16.35 17.35 18.35 19.35 20.35 21.35 22.35 23.35 24.35 25.35 26.35 27.35
20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2
11.2 10.2 9.2 8.2 7.2 6.2 5.2 4.2 3.2 2.2 1.2 0.2 -0.8 -1.8 -2.8 -3.8 -4.8 -5.8 -6.8 -7.8 -8.8 -9.8 -10.8 -11.8 -12.8 -13.8 -14.8 -15.8 -16.8 -17.8 -18.8 -19.8 -20.8 -21.8 -22.8 -23.8 -24.8
14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45
14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 13.45 12.45 11.45 10.45 9.45 8.45 7.45 6.45 5.45 4.45 3.45 2.45 1.45 0.45 -0.55 -1.55 -2.55 -3.55 -4.55 -5.55 -6.55 -7.55 -8.55 -9.55 -10.55
6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95
-6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -5.95 -4.95 -3.95 -2.95 -1.95
10.05 10.05 10.05 10.05 10.05 10.05 10.05 10.05 10.05 10.05 10.05 10.05 9.05 8.05 7.05 6.05 5.05 4.05 3.05 2.05 1.05 0.05 -0.95 -1.95 -2.95 -3.95 -4.95 -5.95 -6.95 -7.95 -8.95 -9.95 -9.95 -9.95 -9.95 -9.95 -9.95
(2)Double Top
DESCRIPTION: - Short on 2 Put at low Strike Price K1, Long on 1 Call & 1 Put at higher Strike Price K2 & Short 2 Call at Higher Strike Price K3 PAYOFF: St < Kp1, Loss reduces Linearly with rise in St and becomes Profit At Kc2 > St> Kp1, Profit Reduces Linearly with rise in St At Kc3 > St > Kc2, Profit increases linearly with St At St > Kc3, Profit increases linearly with rise in St WHEN TO USE: - A Trader is confident of a Range Bound St, not too Volatile Current Price of the Stock =So= Strike Price of Put Option=Kp1= Premium of Put Option =K1= Rs. Strike Price of Call Option=Kc2= Premium of Call Option =K2= Rs. Strike Price of Put Option=Kp2= Premium of Put Option =Kp2= Rs. Strike Price of Call Option=Kc3= Premium of Call Option =Kc3= Rs. 648 640 11.9 660 14.45 660 24.25 680 6.95
PAY-OFF TABLE
St 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668
Premium for Kp1 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8
Gain / Loss on Kp1 -26.2 -24.2 -22.2 -20.2 -18.2 -16.2 -14.2 -12.2 -10.2 -8.2 -6.2 -4.2 -2.2 -0.2 1.8 3.8 5.8 7.8 9.8 11.8 13.8 15.8 17.8 19.8 21.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8
Premium for Kc2 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45
Gain / Loss on Kc2 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -13.45 -12.45 -11.45 -10.45 -9.45 -8.45 -7.45 -6.45 -4.45 -3.45 -2.45
Premium for Kp2 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25
Gain / Loss on Kp2 20.75 19.75 18.75 17.75 16.75 15.75 14.75 13.75 12.75 11.75 10.75 9.75 8.75 7.75 6.75 5.75 4.75 3.75 2.75 1.75 0.75 -0.25 -1.25 -2.25 -3.25 -4.25 -5.25 -6.25 -7.25 -8.25 -9.25 -10.25 -11.25 -12.25 -13.25 -14.25 -15.25 -16.25 -17.25 -18.25 -19.25 -20.25 -21.25 -22.25 -23.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25
Premium for Kc3 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9
Gain / Loss on Kc3 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9
Total Gain/Loss -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
N.R.INSTITUTE 669 23.8

670 671 672
OF 23.8 BUSINESS14.45 MANAGEMENT -5.45
(3) Christmas Tree

DESCRIPTION: - Long on 1 Call at low Strike Price K1, Short on 1 Call at higher Strike Price K2 & Short 1 Call at Higher Strike Price K3 PAYOFF: St Kc1, there is fixed profit of net premium Received At Kc2 St Kc1, Profit increases Linearly with rise in St At Kc3 St Kc2, There is fixed Profit of Net Premium received + K3- K2 At St > Kc3, Profit reduces linearly with rise in St WHEN TO USE :A Trader is confident of a Range Bound St, not too Volatile Current Price of the Stock =So= Strike Price of Call Option=Kc1= Premium of Call Option =K1= Rs. Strike Price of Call Option=Kc2= Premium of Call Option =K2= Rs. Strike Price of Call Option=Kc3= Premium of Call Option =Kc3= Rs. 648 640 20.2 660 14.45 680 6.95
PAY-OFF TABLE
St 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 Premium for Kc1 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 Gain / Loss on Kc1 -20.2 -20.2 -20.2 -20.2 -20.2 -20.2 -19.2 -18.2 -17.2 -16.2 -15.2 -14.2 -13.2 -12.2 -11.2 -10.2 -9.2 -8.2 -7.2 -6.2 -5.2 -4.2 -3.2 -2.2 -1.2 -0.2 0.8 1.8 2.8 3.8 4.8 5.8 6.8 7.8 8.8 9.8 10.8 11.8 12.8 13.8 14.8 15.8 16.8 Premium for Kc2 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 Gain / Loss on Kc2 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 13.45 12.45 11.45 10.45 9.45 8.45 7.45 6.45 5.45 4.45 3.45 2.45 1.45 0.45 -0.55 -1.55 -2.55 Premium for Kc3 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 Gain / Loss on Kc3 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 Total Gain/Loss 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 3.2 4.2 5.2 6.2 7.2 8.2 9.2 10.2 11.2 12.2 13.2 14.2 15.2 16.2 17.2 18.2 19.2 20.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2 21.2
678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710
20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2
17.8 18.8 19.8 20.8 21.8 22.8 23.8 24.8 25.8 26.8 27.8 28.8 29.8 30.8 31.8 32.8 33.8 34.8 35.8 36.8 37.8 38.8 39.8 40.8 41.8 42.8 43.8 44.8 45.8 46.8 47.8 48.8 49.8
14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45
-3.55 -4.55 -5.55 -6.55 -7.55 -8.55 -9.55 -10.55 -11.55 -12.55 -13.55 -14.55 -15.55 -16.55 -17.55 -18.55 -19.55 -20.55 -21.55 -22.55 -23.55 -24.55 -25.55 -26.55 -27.55 -28.55 -29.55 -30.55 -31.55 -32.55 -33.55 -34.55 -35.55
6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95
6.95 6.95 6.95 5.95 4.95 3.95 2.95 1.95 0.95 -0.05 -1.05 -2.05 -3.05 -4.05 -5.05 -6.05 -7.05 -8.05 -9.05 -10.05 -11.05 -12.05 -13.05 -14.05 -15.05 -16.05 -17.05 -18.05 -19.05 -20.05 -21.05 -22.05 -23.05
21.2 21.2 21.2 20.2 19.2 18.2 17.2 16.2 15.2 14.2 13.2 12.2 11.2 10.2 9.2 8.2 7.2 6.2 5.2 4.2 3.2 2.2 1.2 0.2 -0.8 -1.8 -2.8 -3.8 -4.8 -5.8 -6.8 -7.8 -8.8
(4) Ratio Spread

DESCRIPTION: - Long on 1 Call with low Strike Price & Short on 2 Calls at higher Strike Price PAYOFF: At St < K1, There is Fixed Loss; i.e Net Premium Paid At K2 St K1, Profit increases linearly with St At St > K2, Loss increases Linearly with Rise in Price WHEN TO USE: - When the Trader expects the St to be in a range bound Current Price of the Stock =So= Strike Price of Call Option=Kc1= Premium of Call Option=c1=Rs. Strike Price of Call Option=Kc2= Premium of Call Option=c2=Rs. 648 620 37.65 660 14.45
PAY-OFF TABLE
St 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 Premium for Kc1 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 Gain / Loss on Kc1 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -36.65 -35.65 -34.65 -33.65 -32.65 -31.65 -30.65 -29.65 -28.65 -27.65 -26.65 -25.65 -24.65 -23.65 -22.65 -21.65 -20.65 -19.65 -18.65 -17.65 -16.65 -15.65 -14.65 -13.65 -12.65 -11.65 -10.65 -9.65 -8.65 -7.65 -6.65 -5.65 -4.65 -3.65 Premium for Kc2 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 Gain / Loss on Kc2 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 Total Gain/Loss -8.75 -8.75 -8.75 -8.75 -8.75 -8.75 -8.75 -8.75 -7.75 -6.75 -5.75 -4.75 -3.75 -2.75 -1.75 -0.75 0.25 1.25 2.25 3.25 4.25 5.25 6.25 7.25 8.25 9.25 10.25 11.25 12.25 13.25 14.25 15.25 16.25 17.25 18.25 19.25 20.25 21.25 22.25 23.25 24.25 25.25
655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695
37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65
-2.65 -1.65 -0.65 0.35 1.35 2.35 3.35 4.35 5.35 6.35 7.35 8.35 9.35 10.35 11.35 12.35 13.35 14.35 15.35 16.35 17.35 18.35 19.35 20.35 21.35 22.35 23.35 24.35 25.35 26.35 27.35 28.35 29.35 30.35 31.35 32.35 33.35 34.35 35.35 36.35 37.35
28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9
28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 26.9 24.9 22.9 20.9 18.9 16.9 14.9 12.9 10.9 8.9 6.9 4.9 2.9 0.9 -1.1 -3.1 -5.1 -7.1 -9.1 -11.1 -13.1 -15.1 -17.1 -19.1 -21.1 -23.1 -25.1 -27.1 -29.1 -31.1 -33.1 -35.1 -37.1 -39.1 -41.1
26.25 27.25 28.25 29.25 30.25 31.25 30.25 29.25 28.25 27.25 26.25 25.25 24.25 23.25 22.25 21.25 20.25 19.25 18.25 17.25 16.25 15.25 14.25 13.25 12.25 11.25 10.25 9.25 8.25 7.25 6.25 5.25 4.25 3.25 2.25 1.25 0.25 -0.75 -1.75 -2.75 -3.75
TRADING OUTLOOK
STRATEGIES
USED
FOR
VOLATILE
(1) Long Guts

DESCRIPTION: - Long on Call at a low Strike Price & Long on Put at a high Strike Price PAYOFF: At St < K1, Profit Reduces Linearly with Increase in Price At K2 > St > K1, Loss is Fixed; i.e Difference between (K1 & K2) and Total Premium Paid At St > K3, Profit increases Linearly with Increase in Price When to Use: - When the stock is too volatile Market expectation: Market neutral/volatility bullish. The market is at, or about the A-B range and a large directional move in the underlying is anticipated. Position has characteristics comparable to an in-the-money strangle. Profit & loss characteristics at expiry: Profit: Unlimited in a rising or falling market. A substantial directional movement is required however. Loss: Limited to the initial premium paid less the difference between A and B; occurs if the underlying remains within the range A-B. Break-even: Reached if the underlying rises above the higher strike price B by the amount equal to the cost of establishing the position less A-B, or if the underlying falls below the lower strike price A by the amount equal to the cost of establishing the position less A-B. Current Price of the Stock =So= Strike Price of Put Option =Kp= Premium of Put Option =P= Rs. Strike Price of Call Option=Kc= Premium of Call Option =C= Rs. 648 680 36.5 620 37.65
PAY-OFF TABLE
Price of Stock on Expiry Day ( St ) 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 Premium Paid (C) 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 Profit / Loss on Call Position -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -37.65 -36.65 -35.65 -34.65 -33.65 -32.65 -31.65 -30.65 -29.65 -28.65 -27.65 -26.65 -25.65 -24.65 -23.65 -22.65 -21.65 -20.65 Premium Put (P) 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 Profit / Loss on Put Position 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.5 44.5 43.5 42.5 41.5 40.5 39.5 38.5 37.5 36.5 35.5 34.5 33.5 32.5 31.5 30.5 29.5 28.5 27.5 26.5 25.5 24.5 23.5 22.5 21.5 20.5 19.5 18.5 17.5 16.5 15.5 14.5 13.5 12.5 11.5 10.5 9.5 8.5 7.5 6.5 Total Profit / Loss 10.85 9.85 8.85 7.85 6.85 5.85 4.85 3.85 2.85 1.85 0.85 -0.15 -1.15 -2.15 -3.15 -4.15 -5.15 -6.15 -7.15 -8.15 -9.15 -10.15 -11.15 -12.15 -13.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15
638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687
37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65
-19.65 -18.65 -17.65 -16.65 -15.65 -14.65 -13.65 -12.65 -11.65 -10.65 -9.65 -8.65 -7.65 -6.65 -5.65 -4.65 -3.65 -2.65 -1.65 -0.65 0.35 1.35 2.35 3.35 4.35 5.35 6.35 7.35 8.35 9.35 10.35 11.35 12.35 13.35 14.35 15.35 16.35 17.35 18.35 19.35 20.35 21.35 22.35 23.35 24.35 25.35 26.35 27.35 28.35 29.35
36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5
5.5 4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 -0.5 -1.5 -2.5 -3.5 -4.5 -5.5 -6.5 -7.5 -8.5 -9.5 -10.5 -11.5 -12.5 -13.5 -14.5 -15.5 -16.5 -17.5 -18.5 -19.5 -20.5 -21.5 -22.5 -23.5 -24.5 -25.5 -26.5 -27.5 -28.5 -29.5 -30.5 -31.5 -32.5 -33.5 -34.5 -35.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5
-14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -14.15 -13.15 -12.15 -11.15 -10.15 -9.15 -8.15 -7.15
688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705
37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65 37.65
30.35 31.35 32.35 33.35 34.35 35.35 36.35 37.35 38.35 39.35 40.35 41.35 42.35 43.35 44.35 45.35 46.35 47.35
36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5
-36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5
-6.15 -5.15 -4.15 -3.15 -2.15 -1.15 -0.15 0.85 1.85 2.85 3.85 4.85 5.85 6.85 7.85 8.85 9.85 10.85
(2) Short Condor

DESCRIPTION: - Short on Put at Low Strike Price K1, Long on Put at Higher Strike Price K2 & K3; & Short On Put at a very High Strike Price K4 PAYOFF: At St < K1, Profit is Fixed; i.e Net Premium Received At K2 > St >K1,Profit Reduces linearly with increase in Price At K3 > St > K2, Loss is Fixed At K4 > St > K3 , Profit Increases linearly with increase in Price At St > K4, Profit is Fixed ; i.e Net Premium Received When to Use: - When the stock is too Volatile Market Expectation: Direction neutral/volatility bullish. Holder expects the market to move significantly, or volatility to rise, but the direction is uncertain. A Short Condor will require a larger directional move than a butterfly in order to yield a profit. Profit & loss characteristics at expiry: Profit: Limited and will occur if the market moves above the highest strike (D) or below the lower strike at A. Loss: Maximum losses are limited and will occur if the market remains between the exercise prices B and C. Break-even: Lower break even reached when underlying reaches the lower strike price A plus the net credit received from establishing the position, and the higher breakeven when the underlying reaches the level of the higher strike price D minus the credit received from establishing the position. Current Price of the Stock =So= Strike Price of Put Option=K1= Premium of Put Option =K1= Rs. Strike Price of Put Option=K2= Premium of Put Option =K2= Rs. Strike Price of Put Option=K3= Premium of Put Option =K3= Rs. Strike Price of Put Option=K3= Premium of Put Option =K3= Rs. 648 600 4.95 620 7.85 640 11.9 660 24.2
PAY-OFF TABLE
St 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 650 651 652
Premium for K1 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95
Gain / Loss on K1 -0.05 0.95 1.95 2.95 3.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95
Premium for K2 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85
Gain / Loss on K2 17.15 16.15 15.15 14.15 13.15 12.15 11.15 10.15 9.15 8.15 7.15 6.15 5.15 4.15 3.15 2.15 1.15 0.15 -0.85 -1.85 -2.85 -3.85 -4.85 -5.85 -6.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85 -7.85
Premium for K3 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9
Gain / Loss on K3 33.1 32.1 31.1 30.1 29.1 28.1 27.1 26.1 25.1 24.1 23.1 22.1 21.1 20.1 19.1 18.1 17.1 16.1 15.1 14.1 13.1 12.1 11.1 10.1 9.1 8.1 7.1 6.1 5.1 4.1 3.1 2.1 1.1 0.1 -0.9 -1.9 -2.9 -3.9 -4.9 -5.9 -6.9 -7.9 -8.9 -9.9 -10.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9
Premium for K4 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2
Gain / Loss on K4 -40.8 -39.8 -38.8 -37.8 -36.8 -35.8 -34.8 -33.8 -32.8 -31.8 -30.8 -29.8 -28.8 -27.8 -26.8 -25.8 -24.8 -23.8 -22.8 -21.8 -20.8 -19.8 -18.8 -17.8 -16.8 -15.8 -14.8 -13.8 -12.8 -11.8 -10.8 -9.8 -8.8 -7.8 -6.8 -5.8 -4.8 -3.8 -2.8 -1.8 -0.8 0.2 1.2 2.2 3.2 4.2 5.2 6.2 7.2 8.2 9.2 10.2 11.2 12.2 13.2 14.2 15.2 16.2
Total Gain/Loss 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 8.4 7.4 6.4 5.4 4.4 3.4 2.4 1.4 0.4 -0.6 -1.6 -2.6 -3.6 -4.6 -5.6 -6.6 -7.6 -8.6 -9.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -10.6 -9.6 -8.6 -7.6 -6.6 -5.6 -4.6 -3.6 -2.6 -1.6 -0.6 0.4 1.4
649N.R.INSTITUTE 4.95
OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 4.95 7.85 -7.85
(3) Butterfly Spread

DESCRIPTION: - Long on 1 Call at low Strike Price K1, Short on 2 Calls at higher Strike Price K2 & Long 1 Call at Higher Strike Price K3 PAYOFF: St Kc1, there is fixed profit of net premium Received At Kc2 St Kc1, Profit increases Linearly with rise in St At Kc2, there is Maximum Profit ;i.e Net premium received + K2 - K1 At Kc3 St Kc2, Profit reduces linearly with rise in St At St > Kc3, there is fixed profit of net premium Received WHEN TO USE: - A Trader feels that the stock is too volatile Market expectation: Direction neutral/volatility bearish. In this case, the holder expects the underlying to remain around strike B, or it is felt that there will be a fall in implied volatility. Position is less risky than selling straddles or strangles as there is a limited downside exposure. Profit & loss characteristics at expiry: Profit: Maximum profit limited to the difference in strikes between A and B minus the net cost of establishing the position. Maximized at mid strike B (assuming A-B and B-C are equal). Loss: Maximum loss limited to the net cost of the position for either a rise or a fall in the underlying. Break-even: Reached when the underlying is higher than A or lower than C by the cost of establishing the position. Current Price of the Stock =So= Strike Price of Call Option=Kc1= Premium of Call Option =K1= Rs. Strike Price of Call Option=Kc2= Premium of Call Option =K2= Rs. Strike Price of Call Option=Kc3= Premium of Call Option =Kc3= Rs. 648 640 20.2 660 14.45 680 6.95
PAY-OFF TABLE
St 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 Premium for Kc1 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 Gain / Loss on Kc1 -20.2 -20.2 -20.2 -20.2 -20.2 -20.2 -20.2 -20.2 -20.2 -20.2 -20.2 -19.2 -18.2 -17.2 -16.2 -15.2 -14.2 -13.2 -12.2 -11.2 -10.2 -9.2 -8.2 -7.2 -6.2 -5.2 -4.2 -3.2 -2.2 -1.2 -0.2 0.8 1.8 2.8 3.8 4.8 5.8 6.8 7.8 8.8 9.8 10.8 11.8 Premium for Kc2 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 Gain / Loss on Kc2 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 26.9 24.9 22.9 20.9 18.9 16.9 14.9 12.9 10.9 8.9 6.9 4.9 Premium for Kc3 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 Gain / Loss on Kc3 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 Total Gain/Loss 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 2.75 3.75 4.75 5.75 6.75 7.75 8.75 9.75 10.75 11.75 12.75 13.75 14.75 15.75 16.75 17.75 18.75 19.75 20.75 21.75 20.75 19.75 18.75 17.75 16.75 15.75 14.75 13.75 12.75 11.75 10.75 9.75
673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695
20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2
12.8 13.8 14.8 15.8 16.8 17.8 18.8 19.8 20.8 21.8 22.8 23.8 24.8 25.8 26.8 27.8 28.8 29.8 30.8 31.8 32.8 33.8 34.8
28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9
2.9 0.9 -1.1 -3.1 -5.1 -7.1 -9.1 -11.1 -13.1 -15.1 -17.1 -19.1 -21.1 -23.1 -25.1 -27.1 -29.1 -31.1 -33.1 -35.1 -37.1 -39.1 -41.1
6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95
-6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -6.95 -5.95 -4.95 -3.95 -2.95 -1.95 -0.95 0.05 1.05 2.05 3.05 4.05 5.05 6.05 7.05 8.05
8.75 7.75 6.75 5.75 4.75 3.75 2.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
(4) Long straddle

DESCRIPTION: - Long on 1 Call & 1 Put at the same strike price PAYOFF: At St =(K - total Premium paid) & At St = (K + total premium paid), there is no profit & no Loss At St (K - total Premium paid), Profit keeps on decreasing with rise in St At K St (K - total Premium paid), Loss keeps on increasing with rise in St At St = K , There is maximum loss ; i.e total premium paid At K St (K + total Premium paid), Loss keeps on reducing with rise in St At St > (K + total Premium paid), Profit keeps on increasing with rise in St Risk: Limited, but should not really be viewed as a low risk strategy because you are paying out for two options which are both wasting assets Reward: Unlimited WHEN TO USE: You believe that the stock/index is about to make a large move in either direction. A good time to utilize straddles is where there has been a prolonged period of extreme quietness (in prices) and implied volatility is around multiyear lows. If this is the case look to do longer dated months rather than the shorter ones VOLATILITY EXPECTATION: Very bullish. Volatility increases improve the position substantially. Volatility should therefore be monitored closely. PROFIT: Unlimited for an increase or decrease in the underlying LOSS: Limited to the premium paid in establishing the position. Loss will be greatest if the underlying is at the initiated strike at expiry. BREAKEVEN: Reached if the underlying rises or falls from option strikes by the same amount as the premium cost of establishing the position. TIME DECAY: Hurts a lot, remember you have double time erosion because of the two options bought. Decay depends a lot on volatility if volatility increases time decay will decrease etc. Current Price of the Stock =So= Strike Price of Call Option=Kc= Premium of Call Option =Kc= Rs. Strike Price of Put Option=Kp= Premium of Call Option =Kp= Rs. 648 660 14.45 660 24.25
PAY-OFF TABLE
St 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 Premium for Kc 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 Gain / Loss on Kc -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 Premium for Kp 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 Gain / Loss on Kp 25.75 24.75 23.75 22.75 21.75 20.75 19.75 18.75 17.75 16.75 15.75 14.75 13.75 12.75 11.75 10.75 9.75 8.75 7.75 6.75 5.75 4.75 3.75 2.75 1.75 0.75 -0.25 -1.25 -2.25 -3.25 -4.25 -5.25 -6.25 -7.25 -8.25 -9.25 -10.25 -11.25 -12.25 -13.25 -14.25 -15.25 Total Gain/Loss 11.3 10.3 9.3 8.3 7.3 6.3 5.3 4.3 3.3 2.3 1.3 0.3 -0.7 -1.7 -2.7 -3.7 -4.7 -5.7 -6.7 -7.7 -8.7 -9.7 -10.7 -11.7 -12.7 -13.7 -14.7 -15.7 -16.7 -17.7 -18.7 -19.7 -20.7 -21.7 -22.7 -23.7 -24.7 -25.7 -26.7 -27.7 -28.7 -29.7
652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701
14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45
-14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -13.45 -12.45 -11.45 -10.45 -9.45 -8.45 -7.45 -6.45 -5.45 -4.45 -3.45 -2.45 -1.45 -0.45 0.55 1.55 2.55 3.55 4.55 5.55 6.55 7.55 8.55 9.55 10.55 11.55 12.55 13.55 14.55 15.55 16.55 17.55 18.55 19.55 20.55 21.55 22.55 23.55 24.55 25.55 26.55
24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25
-16.25 -17.25 -18.25 -19.25 -20.25 -21.25 -22.25 -23.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25
-30.7 -31.7 -32.7 -33.7 -34.7 -35.7 -36.7 -37.7 -38.7 -37.7 -36.7 -35.7 -34.7 -33.7 -32.7 -31.7 -30.7 -29.7 -28.7 -27.7 -26.7 -25.7 -24.7 -23.7 -22.7 -21.7 -20.7 -19.7 -18.7 -17.7 -16.7 -15.7 -14.7 -13.7 -12.7 -11.7 -10.7 -9.7 -8.7 -7.7 -6.7 -5.7 -4.7 -3.7 -2.7 -1.7 -0.7 0.3 1.3 2.3
702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710
14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45
27.55 28.55 29.55 30.55 31.55 32.55 33.55 34.55 35.55
24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25
-24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25
3.3 4.3 5.3 6.3 7.3 8.3 9.3 10.3 11.3
(5) Long strangle

DESCRIPTION: - Long on 1 Call at a high Strike Price K2 & 1 Put at the Lower strike price K1 PAYOFF: At St =(K1 - total Premium paid) & At St = (K2 + total premium paid), there is no profit & no Loss At St (K1 - total Premium paid), Profit keeps on decreasing with rise in St At K1 St (K1 - total Premium paid), Loss keeps on increasing with rise in St At K2 St K1 , Thereis fixed loss ; i.e total premium paid At K2 St (K2 + total Premium paid), Loss keeps on reducing with rise in St At St > (K2 + total Premium paid), Profit keeps on increasing with rise in St Risk: Limited Reward: Unlimited The Trade: Buying out-of-the-money calls and puts WHEN TO USE: You believe the stock/index will have an explosive move either up or down. This strategy is similar to the buy straddle but the premium paid is less but then a larger move is needed to show a profit. VOLATILITY EXPECTATION: Very bullish, increases in volatility work marvels for the position PROFIT: The profit potential is unlimited although a substantial directional movement is necessary to yield a profit for both a rise and fall in the underlying. LOSS: Occurs if the market is static; limited to the premium paid in establishing the position BREAKEVEN: Occurs if the market rises above the higher strike price at B by an amount equal to the cost of establishing the position or if the market falls below the lower strike price at A by the amount equal to the cost of establishing the position. , TIME DECAY: This position is a big wasting asset. As time passes, value of position erodes toward expiration value. If volatility increases, erosion slows, if volatility decreases, erosion speeds up. Current Price of the Stock =So= Strike Price of Call Option=Kc= Premium of Call Option =Kc= Rs. 648 660 14.45
Strike Price of Put Option=Kp= Premium of Call Option =Kp= Rs.
640 11.9 Gain / Loss on Kp 28.1 27.1 26.1 25.1 24.1 23.1 22.1 21.1 20.1 19.1 18.1 17.1 16.1 15.1 14.1 13.1 12.1 11.1 10.1 9.1 8.1 7.1 6.1 5.1 4.1 3.1 2.1 1.1 0.1 -0.9 -1.9 -2.9 -3.9 -4.9 -5.9 -6.9 -7.9 -8.9 -9.9 -10.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9
PAY-OFF TABLE
St 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 Premium for Kc 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 Gain / Loss on Kc -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 Premium for Kp 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 Total Gain/Loss 13.65 12.65 11.65 10.65 9.65 8.65 7.65 6.65 5.65 4.65 3.65 2.65 1.65 0.65 -0.35 -1.35 -2.35 -3.35 -4.35 -5.35 -6.35 -7.35 -8.35 -9.35 -10.35 -11.35 -12.35 -13.35 -14.35 -15.35 -16.35 -17.35 -18.35 -19.35 -20.35 -21.35 -22.35 -23.35 -24.35 -25.35 -26.35 -26.35 -26.35
643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692
14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45
-14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -13.45 -12.45 -11.45 -10.45 -9.45 -8.45 -7.45 -6.45 -5.45 -4.45 -3.45 -2.45 -1.45 -0.45 0.55 1.55 2.55 3.55 4.55 5.55 6.55 7.55 8.55 9.55 10.55 11.55 12.55 13.55 14.55 15.55 16.55 17.55
11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9
-11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9
-26.35 -26.35 -26.35 -26.35 -26.35 -26.35 -26.35 -26.35 -26.35 -26.35 -26.35 -26.35 -26.35 -26.35 -26.35 -26.35 -26.35 -26.35 -25.35 -24.35 -23.35 -22.35 -21.35 -20.35 -19.35 -18.35 -17.35 -16.35 -15.35 -14.35 -13.35 -12.35 -11.35 -10.35 -9.35 -8.35 -7.35 -6.35 -5.35 -4.35 -3.35 -2.35 -1.35 -0.35 0.65 1.65 2.65 3.65 4.65 5.65
693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700
14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45
18.55 19.55 20.55 21.55 22.55 23.55 24.55 25.55
11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9
-11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9 -11.9
6.65 7.65 8.65 9.65 10.65 11.65 12.65 13.65
TRADING STRATEGIES USED FOR OPPORTUNISTIC OUTLOOK 1) Conversion
DESCRIPTION: - Long on Underlying, Long on Put & short on Call at the same Strike Price PAYOFF: At any St, there is Fixed Profit WHEN TO USE: - Trader is Risk Averse
Current Price of the Stock =So= Strike Price of Call Option=Kc= Premium of Call Option=c=Rs. Strike Price of Put Option=Kp= Premium of Put Option=P=Rs.
648 660 14.45 660 24.25
PAY-OFF TABLE
Price of Stock on Expiry Day ( St ) 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 Gain / Loss on Stock (St - So) -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Premium Paid (P) 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 Profit / Loss on Put Position -4.25 -5.25 -6.25 -7.25 -8.25 -9.25 -10.25 -11.25 -12.25 -13.25 -14.25 -15.25 -16.25 -17.25 -18.25 -19.25 -20.25 -21.25 -22.25 -23.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 Premium Received (C) 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 Profit / Loss on Call Position 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 13.45 12.45 11.45 10.45 9.45 8.45 7.45 6.45 5.45 4.45 3.45 2.45 1.45 0.45 -0.55 -1.55 -2.55 -3.55 -4.55 -5.55 Total Profit / Loss 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
681 682 683 684 685
33 34 35 36 37
24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25
-24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25 -24.25
14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45
-6.55 -7.55 -8.55 -9.55 -10.55
2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
(2) Reversal
DESCRIPTION: - Short on Underlying, Short on Put & Long on Call at the same Strike Price PAYOFF: At any St, there is Fixed Profit WHEN TO USE: - Trader is Risk Averse Current Price of the Stock =So= Strike Price of Call Option=Kc= Premium of Call Option=c=Rs. Strike Price of Put Option=Kp= Premium of Put Option=P=Rs. 655 660 14.45 660 24.25
PAY-OFF TABLE
Price of Stock on Expiry Day St 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 Gain / Loss on Stock (So - St) 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 Premium Received (P) 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 Profit / Loss on Put Position -10.75 -9.75 -8.75 -7.75 -6.75 -5.75 -4.75 -3.75 -2.75 -1.75 -0.75 0.25 1.25 2.25 3.25 4.25 5.25 6.25 7.25 8.25 9.25 10.25 11.25 12.25 13.25 14.25 15.25 16.25 17.25 18.25 19.25 20.25 21.25 22.25 23.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 Premium Paid (C) 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 Profit / Loss on Call Position -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -14.45 -13.45 -12.45 -11.45 -10.45 -9.45 -8.45 -7.45 Total Profit / Loss 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8
668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685
-13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -22 -23 -24 -25 -26 -27 -28 -29 -30
24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25
24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.25
14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45 14.45
-6.45 -5.45 -4.45 -3.45 -2.45 -1.45 -0.45 0.55 1.55 2.55 3.55 4.55 5.55 6.55 7.55 8.55 9.55 10.55
4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8
(3) Long Box

DESCRIPTION: - Long on Call & Short on Put at a low Strike Price K1, & Long on Put & short on Call at a High Strike Price K2 PAYOFF: At any St, There is fixed profit of Net Premium Received When to Use: - When u have a Bearish Outlook Market expectation: Direction neutral/volatility neutral. This is a 'locked trade', and hence its value is wholly independent of the price of the underlying. Where the synthetic long underlying price at one strike is trading at a lower price than the synthetic short underlying at the higher strike, such that the differential may be exploited. Profit and loss characteristics at expiry: If the pricing differential can be exploited, a profit will occur, the extent of the mis-pricing translating into the level of profit realized. The Box is regularly used by traders to close out positions near expiry. Generally traded at par (zero) for options on futures, and at the net cost of carry for index and equity options. Can be problematic if all positions are not closed out at exactly the same time.
Current Price of the Stock =So= Strike Price of Call Option=Kc1= Premium of Call Option=c1=Rs. Strike Price of Put Option=Kp1= Premium of Put Option=P1= Rs. Strike Price of Call Option=Kc2= Premium of Call Option=C2=Rs. Strike Price of Put Option =Kp2= Premium of Put Option =P2= Rs.
648 620 34.65 620 7.85 680 6.95 680 36.5
PAY-OFF TABLE
St 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 Premium for Kc1 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 Gain / Loss on Kc1 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -34.65 -33.65 -32.65 -31.65 -30.65 -29.65 -28.65 -27.65 -26.65 -25.65 -24.65 -23.65 -22.65 -21.65 -20.65 -19.65 -18.65 -17.65 -16.65 -15.65 -14.65 Premium for Kp1 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 Gain / Loss on Kp1 -12.15 -11.15 -10.15 -9.15 -8.15 -7.15 -6.15 -5.15 -4.15 -3.15 -2.15 -1.15 -0.15 0.85 1.85 2.85 3.85 4.85 5.85 6.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 Premium for Kc2 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 Gain / Loss on Kc2 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 Premium for Kp2 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 Gain / Loss on Kp2 43.5 42.5 41.5 40.5 39.5 38.5 37.5 36.5 35.5 34.5 33.5 32.5 31.5 30.5 29.5 28.5 27.5 26.5 25.5 24.5 23.5 22.5 21.5 20.5 19.5 18.5 17.5 16.5 15.5 14.5 13.5 12.5 11.5 10.5 9.5 8.5 7.5 6.5 5.5 4.5 3.5 Total Gain/Loss 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65
641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685
34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65 34.65
-13.65 -12.65 -11.65 -10.65 -9.65 -8.65 -7.65 -6.65 -5.65 -4.65 -3.65 -2.65 -1.65 -0.65 0.35 1.35 2.35 3.35 4.35 5.35 6.35 7.35 8.35 9.35 10.35 11.35 12.35 13.35 14.35 15.35 16.35 17.35 18.35 19.35 20.35 21.35 22.35 23.35 24.35 25.35 26.35 27.35 28.35 29.35 30.35
7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85
7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.85
6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95
6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.95 5.95 4.95 3.95 2.95 1.95
36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5
2.5 1.5 0.5 -0.5 -1.5 -2.5 -3.5 -4.5 -5.5 -6.5 -7.5 -8.5 -9.5 -10.5 -11.5 -12.5 -13.5 -14.5 -15.5 -16.5 -17.5 -18.5 -19.5 -20.5 -21.5 -22.5 -23.5 -24.5 -25.5 -26.5 -27.5 -28.5 -29.5 -30.5 -31.5 -32.5 -33.5 -34.5 -35.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5 -36.5
3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65
FINDINGS: (1) (2) Open Interest & Put/Call Ratio are the most important indicators which help to determine the trend of Nifty for the next trading day. Put/Call Ratio can be calculated on the basis of: (a) (b) Open Interest Volume
For calculating Put/Call Ratio, Open Interest turned to more accurate base than Volume for determining the trend of nifty for the next trading day as it sort out all the outstanding positions from the total Volume. (3) In determining the trend of the nifty for the next trading day, Analysis of Put/Call Ratio proves to be more accurate compared to the Open Interest Analysis. For even better Outcome, one can use the combination of Open Interest & Volume for calculating the Put/Call Ratio to determine the trend of nifty in the next trading day. Basically there are types four types of Outlooks prevailing in the derivatives market Bullish View Bearish View Range bound View Volatile View
(4)
(5) (a) (b) (c)
(d) (6)
The following table reflects the best suited strategies against each view: VIEW BULLISH STRATEGY (a)Collar Strategy
(7)
(b) Short Combo (c)Long Strap BEARISH (a) Reverse Collar (b) Long Combo (c) Long Strip Volatile (a)Long Guts (b) Long Straddle (c)Short Condor Range Bound (a)Double Top (b) Christmas Trees By practicing such type of trading strategy, one can earn unlimited profits if the market turns in favorable zone & if the market moves other way round, loss exposure is limited to a certain extent. By practicing such trading strategies, an investor can predict his maximum loss in advance which is not the case if he trades without framing such trading strategies.
(8)
(9) There are certain Opportunistic trading strategy in the market in which one can earn fixed amount of profit, irrespective of the market movement, such type of Trading strategies are known as Arbitrage Trading strategies which are not readily available but one has to grab such opportunities from the market from the price movements.
CONCLUSION: There are many indicators which can be used while trading in derivative market but widely used & more effective are open interest & put call ratio. Investors can study both together & can arrive at meaningful trend. These indicators can also be jointly used with technical analysis indicators to find out profitable buying & selling points. Trading strategy can be framed by individual taking several considerations like view for the market-bullish, bearish or uncertain, type of trader-hedger, speculator or arbitrageur, risk appetite, period of investment, type of analysis-fundamental or technical analysis etc.But important thing is to minimize loss & take the right opportunity. Now a day markets are very volatile, so it is in the interest of investors to frame volatile market strategies as stated above rather than to have one view. Investors should have constant look on the market to execute opportunistic strategies which gives fix amount of profit irrespective of market fluctuations. Investors rather than keeping one view bullish or bearish its better to have volatile market strategy with limited loss and limited profits.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS: OPTIONS AND FUTURES IN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE D. C. PATWARI OPTIONS, FUTURES AND OTHER DERIVATIVES JOHN C. HULL TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF FUTURES MARKET JOHN MURPHY FUTURES AND OPTIONS N.D. VOHRA & B.R. BAGRI
WEB SITES:
www.sebi.com www.bseindia.com www.nseindia.com www.derivativesindia.com www.hathwaysecurities.com www.moneycontrol.com www.arcadiastock.com www.anagram.com SOFTWARE: CAPITALINE NEO ODIEN DIET OF NSE
GLOSSARY
American-style Option: An option contract that may be exercised at any time between the date of purchase and the expiration date. At-the-money: Option whose exercise price is the same as the market price of the underlying asset. Bear: Someone who thinks market prices will decline. Bull: Someone who thinks market prices will rise. Call: An option contract granting the purchaser the right to buy the underlying instruments at the agreed strike price. A call obliges the seller to sell the underlying instrument at the agreed strike price, if the option is assigned to him. Cash settlement: Settlement of a contract by payment or receipt of a settlement amount instead of the physical delivery of the underlying asset. Closing: Conducting a transaction, which offsets the original trade and liquidates an existing position. Contract unit: The number of units of the underlying instrument on which the contract bears, i.e. contract size. This may vary according to the underlying on which the contract bears. European-style options: An option that can be exercised by the buyer only on the contract expiration date. Exercise: A decision, reserved for the option holder, to request execution of the contract. Expiration date: The date on which the option contract expires. Hedge: A conservative strategy used to limit investment loss by effecting a transaction, which offsets an existing position. Holder: The party who purchased an option.
In-the-money: A call is said to be "in-the-money" when the value of the underlying instrument is greater than the option strike price. A put is "in-themoney" when its strike price is greater than the value of the underlying instrument. Intrinsic value: The intrinsic value of an option is the difference between the actual price of the underlying security and the strike price of the option. The intrinsic value of an option reflects the effective financial advantage that would result from the immediate exercise of that option. Liquidity: Market situation in which quick purchase or sale of a security is possible without causing substantial changes in prices. Long position: An investors position where the number of contracts bought exceeds the number of contracts sold. He is a net holder. Lot size: Number of contract you want to buy or sell Maintenance Margin: A set minimum margin that a customer must maintain in his margin account. Mark-To-Market: Valuation of a financial instrument according to the current trading value (price) on the exchange. Open interest: The number of outstanding option contracts in the exchange market or in a particular class or series. Option: A contract that conveys the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a particular item at a certain price for a limited time. Only the seller of the option is obligated to perform. Out-of-the-money: A call is "out-of-the-money" when the value of the underlying instrument is less than the option strike price. A put is "out-of-themoney" when its strike price is less than the value of the underlying instrument. Premium: The price of an optionthe sum of money that the option buyer pays and the option seller receives for the rights granted by the option.
Put: An option contract granting the purchaser the right to sell the underlying instruments at the agreed strike price. A put obliges the seller to purchase the
underlying instrument at the agreed strike price, if the option is assigned to him. Short position: An investors position where the number of contracts sold exceeds the number of contracts bought. The person is a net seller. Spot Price: Refers to the underlying current market price. Strike price or exercise price: The price at which the option holder may purchase (in case of call) or sell (in case of put) the underlying instrument. Time value: It is determined by the remaining lifespan of the option, the volatility and the cost of refinancing the underlying asset (interest rates). Time value = option price - intrinsic value Underlying asset, underlying instrument: The instrument (shares, bonds, stock index) that can be purchased (in case of call) or sold (in case of a put) by a buyer who exercises his option. Volatility: It is a measure for the fluctuation range of the underlying price. The greater the volatility, the higher the option price.

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A Project On Study of Nifty Derivatives & Risk Minimization Trading Strategy

N.R. Institute of Business Management Batch :2008-2010

N.R.INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

N. R. Institute of Business Management CERTIFICATE FROM INSTITUTE

Dr. Hitesth Ruparel Choksi

Director _________________ Date: 20/03/2010 Place: Ahmedabad

Core faculty _________________

N.R.INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

N.R.INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

N.R.INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

PLACE: AHMEDABAD DATE : 20/03/2010

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CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY GLOSSARY

179 180 181

N.R.INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CAPITAL

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CH. 1 INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN CAPITAL MARKET

PAST OF SHARE MARKET

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N.R.INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

CAHPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO DERIVATIVES

Factors driving the growth of financial derivatives

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N.R.INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

N.R.INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Types of Traders in Derivatives Market:

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CHAPTER 3 DEVELOPMENT OF DERIVATIVES MARKET IN INDIA

CH 3 DEVELOPMENT MARKET IN INDIA

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N.R.INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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N.R.INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Student Share broker Broking houses

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CHAPTER 5 STOCK MARKET DERVATIVES

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CH 5 Stock Market Derivatives

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Instruments available in India

Underlying S&P CNX Nifty Instrument Type

Same Same as index index futures futures

BSE also offers similar products in the derivatives segment

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N.R.INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO FUTURES

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N.R.INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

N.R.INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Frequently used terms in futures market

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S&P CNX Nifty Futures

Contract Specifications Trading Parameters

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Futures on Individual Securities

Contract Specifications Trading Parameters

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