A Study On Working Women and Their Investment

A Study on Working Women and their investments
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In the ancient times, women were not allowed even to get education. Their role was
purely to look after home. Their world was limited to their families. But then, the
people slowly started recognizing the importance of education for women. And today,
we find many highly educated women. They are progressing in real sense because in
almost all sectors we find women working successfully. They know how to manage
work life balance. Now-a-days, we find more and more women who are financially
independent. Women and men are the same in many ways but there are good reasons
that a woman might require a different approach to financial planning. There are all
sorts of reasons that women seek financial advice. Every woman will face unique
personal situations. Some of these situations are demographic; some societal; some
family related. They decide to make more investment in short-term and long-term
decisions about money. Financial investment is the purchase of a financial security such
as stock, bond or mortgage. As a woman & an investor, shaping of financial future is
as the many other roles they play in life. Women have more earning potential & more
influence over financial decisions than ever before. Women represent almost half of
the workforce & many businesses are owned or managed by women. Many women
influence or control the majority of all consumer decisions.
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CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The developing countries like India face the enormous task of finding sufficient capital
in their development efforts. Most developing countries find it difficult to get out of the
-vicious circle of poverty of low income, low saving, low investment, low employment,
etc. With a high capital-output ratio, India needs very high rates of investments to make
a leap forward in the efforts of attaining high levels of growth. Since the beginning of
planning, the emphasis was on investment as the primary instrument of economic
growth and the increase in national income. In order to have production as per target,
investment was considered the crucial determinant and capital formation had to be
supported by the appropriate volume of saving.
Economists and policymakers have observed that demographic factors like age,
gender, marital status, qualifications, occupation, annual income, geographic location,
etc. have an impact on the investment decision. With that, an investor’s ability to handle
risks may be related to individual characteristics such as age, time horizon, liquidity
needs, portfolio size, income, investment knowledge, taxes, etc. To make financial
decisions, people should be aware of all the investment alternatives. In the present day,
the financial markets are quite complex, with each investor having his or her own
specific financial needs based on his financial goals and risk appetite. There are a large
number of investment instruments available like equity, Bond, Bank Fixed Deposit,
Company Fixed Deposit, Insurance, Post Office schemes, Mutual Funds, Real State,
Share Market, Gold silver, PPF, etc.
Some of them are marketable and liquid while others are nonmarketable and some of
them also highly risky while others are almost riskless. The people have to choose
Proper Avenue among them, depending upon her/his specific needs, risk preference,
and return expected. Financial investment is the purchase of financial security such as
stock, bond or mortgage. As a woman & an investor, shaping of financial future is as
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the many other roles they play in life. Women today, have more earning potential &
more influence over financial decisions than ever before.
Women represent almost half of the workforce & many businesses are owned or
managed by women. It becomes important for women to focus on finances now more
than ever. A general profile of women investors is changing in tune with time. But they
lag in various spheres of investment such as awareness and preference of investment.
So, an attempt has been made by the researcher to identify the factors influencing
women investor’s behaviour to evaluate the level of awareness among women investors
and to analyse the preference of women investors towards various investment outlets.
Employed women have a greater propensity to save and invest because of their
independent earning power. They are also motivated by the investment behaviour of
their colleagues in their workplace. They are supposed to be risk-averse, safety-
oriented and guided by the certainty of returns. With an increasing level of knowledge
and awareness, Women are slowly participating in the risk investment portfolios and
they are becoming analytic in their investment behaviour.
Women in India now participate in all activities such as education, politics, media,
science, and technology, etc. With a changing scenario, women have started actively
participating in investing their surplus money, though it all depends upon the various
parameters such as degree of their risk-taking capability, the influence of family
members and friends and the dare to get exposed to modern and innovative investment
avenues. The present research study is focused on the working women’s attitude
towards investment and the marital status and age factors responsible for the investment
behaviour of women. While investing, the family-related matters such as child
education, child marriage, life protection, and medical expenses have a much more
impact on the minds of married working women than on unmarried one.
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CHAPTER- 2
WOMEN EMPOWWEMENT
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO WOMEN IMPOVERMENT
In ancient times, women were not allowed to even get an education. Their role was
purely to look after a home. Their world was limited to their families. But then, people
slowly started recognizing the importance of education for women. And today, we find
many highly educated women. They are progressing in the real sense because in almost
all sectors we find women working successfully. And of course, while doing so, they
haven’t forgotten their job of homemaker. On both the fronts i.e. home & job, they are
doing just fine. They know how to manage work-life balance. Nowadays, we find more
and more women who are financially independent. No doubt, today’s women are more
successful. They are getting paid handsome salaries. But what about their investment
behaviour? Are they financially aware enough to make their own investments? If yes,
then what are their investment patterns? What are their perceptions towards savings and
investment, what is their risk-bearing capacity? The answers to these questions are
necessary for getting a picture of the role of Indian working women while taking
investment decisions. Financial investment is the purchase of financial security such as
stock, bond or mortgage. As a woman & an investor, shaping of financial future is as
the many other roles they play in life. Women today, have more earning potential &
more influence over financial decisions than ever before. Women represent almost half
of the workforce & many businesses are owned or managed by women. Many women
influence or control the majority of all consumer decisions. As a result, it becomes
important for women to focus on finances now more than ever. Throughout their lives,
as a woman, they face different financial challenges than their male counterparts. If
women are going to take control of their financial future, it’s important that they
recognize those differences & empower themselves. Earning money is only half the
equation for achieving financial independence. Effectively putting your money to work
for you is equally important. In addition, circumstances are frequently different for
women, and whatever choices you make will be better as a result of greater knowledge
of the underlying issues & your options.
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“Women empowerment” and “women equality with men” is a universal issue. Women
empowerment is a term that is used to encourage, inspire and celebrate women. It is
also used to celebrate the strides that women and girls have taken in terms of gender
equality, financial independence, and high confidence.
Women empowerment is all about giving women the power and control of their lives to become
anything they want and to do what they want in situations where they were not allowed once
upon a time. It refers to the creation of an environment for women where they can make
decisions of their own for their benefits as well as for the society.
Women, today is playing an important role in the family, businesses, and society.
Women who were the most dormant segment of the Indian population have now
become active participants in all walks of life. Now, women are becoming not only a
significant unit of society but also their contribution to family, businesses, and society
is being recognized. The roles played by women are many, and one cannot afford to
ignore the importance of women. In businesses also, women are playing an important
role as they are sometimes the entrepreneurs who are generating new opportunities.
They also have representation in the boards of the companies where they are deciding
the future of the organizations. She may be a president or a prime minister of your
country who is actively working for the growth of the country.
The role of women, both in the household and in business, cannot be undermined. It is
also believed that the full participation of both men and women is critical for
development. As more women become breadwinners and business owners who
generate income and make financial decisions for their households, the power of the
purse—and the market opportunity it represents—will grow exponentially. The role of
women in investment decision making in the family is also critical.
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2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
Empowered women define their attitudes, values, and behaviours about their real
interests. They have autonomy because they claim their freedom from existing male
hierarchies, whether they live in traditional societies or modern industrial societies.
Empowered women maintain equal mindedness. They act out roles that challenge male
dominance. They respond as equals and co-operate to work towards the common good.
Empowered women use their talent to live fulfilling lives. They not only survive the
harshness of their subjugation but also transcend their subjugation.
Empowered women maintain their strength in the face of pressures from religion and
work and contribute towards the empowerment of all women.
Empowered women define their values and formulate their beliefs them self, they do
not derive their sense of being from male authorities nor do they live vicariously
through men.
The parameters of women empowerment are:

•Raising self-esteem and self-confidence of women.
•Elimination of discrimination and all forms of violence against women and a girl child.
•Building and strengthening partnerships with civil society particularly women’s
organizations.
•Enforcement of constitutional and legal provisions and safeguarding rights of women.
•Providing information, knowledge, skills for self-employment. Elimination of
discrimination against women’s participation in the areas of Access to food, Equal
wages, Family resources, Property rights, Family resources, Free access to credit,
Control over. savings, earnings and resources, Guardianship and custody of children
and their maintenance. Gender sensitization training in schools, colleges and other
professional institutions for bringing about institutional changes.
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Women have to swim against the stream that requires mere strength. Such strength
comes from the process of empowerment. The women empowerment can be done
through providing proper education, health, and nutrition facilities
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2.3 IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN EMPOVERMENT
Talented
Women are as talented as men. Previously, women were not allowed higher education
like men and hence their talents were wasted. But nowadays, they are also allowed to
go for higher studies and it encourages women to show their talents which will not only
benefit her individually but to the whole world at large. Today. Many women are
occupying the top position of multinational companies.
Inspiration for others

There are a lot of women in India who have done exceptionally well in various fields
of life. Women like PT Usha, PV Sindhu, Sania Mirza, Saina Nehwal, etc have won
various trophies and medals in their respective fields and showed the girl power to
Indian people. After looking at them, a lot of girls came out of their houses and showed
what actual talent they carry inside them.
The overall development of society

The main advantage of Women Empowerment is that there will be an overall
development of the society. The money that women earn does not only help
them and or their families, but it also helps develop society.
Economic Benefits
Women Empowerment also leads to more economic benefits, not to the individuals but
society as well. Women's empowerment leads to more financial independence for
women and girls. They are taught how they can use their skills to get income that they
can use to support their families. Women empowerment helps women to stand on their
legs, become independent and also to earn for their family which grows the country’s
economy.
Reduction in domestic violence

Empowering girls also leads to reduced levels of domestic violence. Educated women
and girls can stand for themselves and escape from incidences of domestic violence.
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Reduction in corruption
Women Empowerment is also advantageous in the case of corruption. Women
empowerment helps women to get educated and know their rights and duties.
Reduce Poverty
Women Empowerment also reduces poverty. This also contributes significantly to the
family welfare. This is because their children are more likely to acquire a good
education and they are also able to save and invest for the benefit of their families.
National Development
Women are increasingly participating in the national development process. They are
making the nation proud by their outstanding performances in almost every sphere
including medical science, social service, engineering, etc. This leads to more
developed economies. This is because of the women are able to work and acquire
income which translates to higher levels of a country’s GDP. By empowering women,
we enable the nation. Large organizations need a large pool of high-quality workforce.
Empowerment of women would help in increasing the total workforce of quality
people.
Self-esteem
Women should be treated equally with men in all spheres of life. This would help her
develop good emotional health. Improved health: Another importance of empowering
women is that it leads to healthier societies. This is because women by nature are the
caretakers of their homes and when empowered, they are better able to take care of their
homes.
Every Woman deserves to be treated with respect and dignity. Not allowing them to get
educated or not providing them with a safe working environment is against basic human
rights. Empowering women would help is in dealing with human rights issues.
Empowering women also include providing them education related to cleanliness and
hygiene. When they understand the benefits of maintaining a clean and hygiene
environment, they would make an effort towards it.
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Educated
Women's empowerment leads to an increased level of literacy in the world. This is the
case when these girls gain an education that can help them better their lives. Many
people do want their daughters to study and thus a lot of women remain illiterate. But
girls should be allowed to study till the time she feels it is good for her. This is not only
good for her but also from the country’s perspective as well.
Gender equality
Empowerment of women is also important in accomplishing the world goal of gender
equality. By empowering girls, this goal is achieved as they are better able to compete
with their male counterparts in places such as government, learning institutions, and
even leadership positions.
Political representation
Girl empowerment also contributes to equality in political representation. This is
because the girls have more confidence to compete for leadership and political seats.
Women empowerment helps realize the potential and the dreams that are
manifested in the female population hence giving them momentum to propagate
themselves
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2.4 ROLE OF WORKING WOMEN
Women are at the heart of development. They control most of the non-money economy
(subsistence agriculture, bearing, and rearing children, domestic labour) and take an
important part in the money economy (trading, the 'informal sector', wage
employment). Everywhere in the world, women have two jobs -around the home and
outside it. Women are half the world's population, receive one-tenth of the world's
income, account for two-thirds of the world's working hours, and own only one-
hundredth: of the world's property.
The process of industrialization, urbanization and the increased educational and

employment opportunities for women have brought about changes in the traditional
attitudes and values of urban women in India. The role of women in our society even
as career women, not to speak of householders is not insignificant. They have played a
significant role in the socio-economic and political development of our country. The
old order which confined women to the home as servants, and helpers to their menfolk,
is being replaced now by a new one in which women increasingly undertake to
fulfilling many roles, within the home as wives, mothers and homemakers and outside
it, as partners and co-workers of men in all types of enterprises. The few fortunate
women who have the benefits of higher education seem to be quite obvious of their
immense responsibilities for the emancipation of the women in the countryside and of
the working and middle-class families in urban areas.
The production side of women's work at home is gradually decreasing leading to a

reduction of woman's role at home. Women perceive more and more clear that if they
really want to contribute to the welfare of their family and society the most effective
way is to go out of home and earn money. Besides, soaring prices and rise in
materialism make man work against time in his attempt to survive in the fast-changing
society, and also to accumulate more and more goods. If he cannot do it alone, his wife
has to provide more, either by bringing in a fat dowry or by going out to work. Thus
we have a working woman.
Today, the state has accepted women's empowerment and women as active agents
participating in their own development. Most of the countries now recognize the need
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for gender justice and equality. Women can change the nature of power rather than the
power to change the nature of women. Women try to devote most of their 5 times for
maintaining their living standards with the help of earnings through employment in
urban areas. The emancipation of women is one of the indicators of economic
development and social changes. The position of women in society is an index of its
level of civilization. Women constitute one half of the population that is one-half of the
country's human resources. Apart from the fact that they constitute one-half of the
country's 'manpower',
women play an important role in shaping the personalities of the nations' young human
resources. The position of women has changed not only in the sphere of marriage and
family but also in the spheres of education, employment, and political life. Women's
employment has an important role in women's empowerment. Employing women
particularly in the organized sector ensures better living conditions for herself and her
family.
If women are to empower themselves they have to be provided with wholesome

opportunities and rights, access to basic civic amenities, right to education, right to earn
a livelihood, right to equal wages, right to question, and fight justice, right to decision-
making to live the way they want, protection against violence and injustice to them.
They need the strength to free themselves from the oppressive and dependent conditions
of living. If national development and women's development have to be purposive and
relevant, women have to be equal partners with men and participants. The powerful and
deep-rooted cultural forces, outdated value systems, discriminatory socialization
process, and oppressive social structural forces that obstruct such access need to be
confronted and reversed. Women have achieved only limited access to some fields of
life. More often they are the implementers of decisions, and not the decision-makers
for their own cause or any other related cause. She is under constant pressure on the
home front and at the workplace. The dual roles and responsibilities have resulted in a
lot of tension, stress, and strain for women. She is therefore hard-pressed in finding
time to devote to herself, for her own personality development.
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At present, women occupy positions in every field of activity and command honorand
respect similar to men. Thus, it may be understood that some of the sociological,
economic, and psychological characterization of women have been changed because of
education and employment. Indian women are patient in nature and do have the
capacity to accept everything. Normally they do have more confidence in the male
members of the family. Our culture makes them good subordinates and executors of
decisions made by the male members. Moreover, in general women are capable of
working hard physically on all occasions and mostly at all ages. The women's uplift
depends upon two requisites, self-reliance, and economic independence. Women's
participation in economic activity is important for their personal advancement and
improvement of their status in society. Women must join the labour force of the country
on an equal feeling with men and get integrated into the system. Educational, political,
economic and social changes have changed women's status, their roles and their way of
life. But this could also change their feminine character a little. Indeed, they work, but
they work for the family that too from economic impulses. They work to support their
family. The working women, on the whole, never sought to sublimate or bypass the
demands of family life. Rather their homes and families have either come first or have
stood at par with their work. This role is very significant, as far as the art of maintaining
a stable family life and thereby a stable society is concerned.
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CHAPTER-3
INVESTMENT
3.1 MEANING OF INVESTMENT

Savings and Investments form an integral part of one’s life. Investment refer to the
employment of funds intending to earn a favourable return on it. In other words,
investment is a process, where money is being utilized with a hope of making more
money. Investment is the commitment of money that has been saved by deferring the
consumption and purchasing an asset, either real or financial with an expectation that it
could yield some positive future returns. Investment is allocating money to assets with
the hope that in the future it would provide some benefit such as the generation of
income. Property and gold are some common examples of the traditional type of
investment. The value of property, gold, mutual funds, and shares bought today may
see a significant increase in the future.
Investment may be defined as

“A commitment of fund made in the expectation of some positive rate of return”
OR
It can be defined as “A sacrifice of current money or other resources for future
benefits”
The expectation of a return in the form of income or price appreciation is the core
premise of investment. The spectrum of assets in which one can invest and earn a return
is a very wide one. Risk and return go hand -in-hand in investing; low risk generally
means low expected returns, while higher returns are usually accompanied by higher
risk. Generally, investment is the application of money to earning more money.
According to economics, investment is the utilization of resources to increase income
or production output in the future. According to finance, the practice of investment
refers to the buying of a financial product or any valued item with anticipation that
positive returns will be received in the future.
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The safety of the principals of concern in any investment, although some investors are
more risk-tolerant than others and are thus more willing to lose some of their principal
in return for the chance of generating a higher profit. The investor's ability to tolerate
risk and the incremental return associated with increasing amounts of risk are two
primary factors that distinguish types of investments from one another and help
determine appropriate investments for a given investor.
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3.2 TYPES OF INVESTMENT
While the universe of speculations is an immense one, here are the most common types
of investments:
Stocks
A purchaser of an organization's stock turns into a fragmentary proprietor of that
organization. Proprietors of an organization's stock are known as its investors and can
take an interest in its development and accomplishment through gratefulness in the
stock cost and normal profits paid out of the organization's benefits
Bonds
Securities are obligation commitments of elements, for example, governments,
districts, and enterprises. Purchasing a bond suggests that you hold a portion of a
substance's obligation, and are qualified to get occasional interest payments and the
arrival of the bond's presumptive worth when it develops.
Funds
Funds are pooled instruments oversaw by speculation supervisors that empower
financial specialists to put resources into stocks, bonds, favoured offers, wares and so
forth. The two most normal sorts of assets are mutual funds and exchange-exchanged
funds or ETFs. Shared assets don't exchange on trade and are esteemed toward the finish
of the exchanging day; ETFs exchange on stock trades and like stocks, are esteemed
continually all through the exchanging day. Shared assets and ETFs can either latently
follow files, for example, the S&P 500 or the Dow Jones Industrial Average, or can be
effectively overseen by finance chiefs.
Options and Derivatives

Subordinates are budgetary instruments that get their incentive from another
instrument, for example, a stock or list. An alternative is a well-known subsidiary that
gives the purchaser the privilege yet not the commitment to purchase or sell a security
at a fixed cost inside a particular time span. Subordinates generally employ leverage,
making them a high-hazard, high-reward recommendation.
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Commodities
commodities incorporate metals, oil, grain, and creature items, just as budgetary
instruments and monetary standards. They can either be exchanged through item fates
- which are understandings to purchase or sell a particular amount of awareness at a
predetermined cost on a specific future date - or ETFs. Products can be utilized for
supporting danger or for theoretical reason.
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3.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF INVESTMENT
A wise investment program is one that is reliable with the destinations of the financial
specialist, i.e., it ought to have all the upsides of productive speculation. Coming up
next are the fundamental fixings/attributes of a wise venture program.
Return
All ventures are portrayed by the desire for an arrival. Actually, speculations are made
with the essential target of determining an arrival. The arrival might be gotten as yield
in addition to capital appreciation. The distinction between the deal cost and the price
tag is capital appreciation. The dividend or premium got from the speculation is the
yield. Various kinds of speculations guarantee differentiate of return. The arrival from
a venture relies on the idea of speculation, the development time frame and a large
group of different components.
Risk
Risk is inalienable in any speculation. The risk may identify with loss of capital, delay
in reimbursement of capital, default of intrigue, or fluctuation of profits. While a few
speculations like government securities & bank stores are nearly hazard less, others are
progressively hazardous. The risk of an investment depends on the accompanying
components.
The longer the development time frame, the more is the hazard.
The bring down the credit value of the borrower, the higher is the risk. The risk
fluctuates with the idea of the venture. Interests in possession protections like equity
shares carry higher hazard contrasted with interest’s underwater instrument like
debentures & bonds.
Safety
The wellbeing of a venture suggests the certainty of the return of capital without loss
of money or time. Wellbeing is another highlight which financial specialists want for
his speculations. Each speculator hopes to get back his capital on the development
immediately.
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Liquidity
Liquidity implies effectively deal or convert the capital or venture into money with no
misfortune. In this way, most speculators favour fluid ventures.
Market capacity
It is another element of venture that they are attractive. It implies purchasing and selling
or transferability of protections in the market.
Stability Of Income
Investors invest their capital with high expectation of income. So, return on their
investment should be adequate and stable.
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3.4 OBJECTIVES OF INVESTMENT
An investment is made on the grounds that it serves some goal for a speculator.
Contingent upon the existence stage and hazard craving of the financial specialist, there
are three principles objectives of venture: security, development, and salary. Each
speculator puts in view of a particular target, and every venture has its own special
arrangement of advantages and dangers.
Safety
While no investment alternative is totally sheltered, there are items that are favoured by
financial specialists who are chance loath. A few people contribute with a goal of
protecting their cash, regardless of the pace of profit, they get for their capital. Such
close safe items incorporate fixed stores, investment accounts, government securities,
and so on.
Growth
While wellbeing is a significant goal for some financial specialists, a dominant part of
them contributes to get capital increases, which implies that they need the contributed
sum to develop. There are a few alternatives in the market that offer this advantage.
These incorporate stocks, shared assets, gold, property, items, and so forth. Note that
capital additions pull in charges, the level of which changes as per the quantity of long
periods of investment.
Income
A few people contribute with the target of creating a second wellspring of pay. Thusly,
they put resources into items that offer returns consistently like bank fixed stores,
corporate and government securities, and so on.
Other objectives while the previously mentioned destinations are the most widely
recognized ones among speculators today, some different goals include:
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Tax
Exemption Some individuals put their cash in different money related items exclusively
for diminishing their assessment obligation. A few items offer duty exceptions while
many offer tax reductions on long haul benefits.
Liquidity
Many venture choices are not fluid. This implies they can't be sold and changed over
into money in a flash. Notwithstanding a few people lean toward putting resources into
alternatives that can be utilized during crises. Such fluid instruments incorporate stock,
currency showcase instruments and trade exchanged assets, to give some examples.
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3.5 IMPORTANCE OF INVESTMENT
"The more you sweat in harmony time; the less you seep in the war". This is relevant
to all parts of your life. In the event that you don't put away your cash and feel that there
will be no need for cash in your battled life, at that point one day abruptly you will be
in a disgraceful circumstance where you need cash for instruction or drug of your
relative.
At that point just you will understand the estimation of cash, it will be past the point
where it is possible to do anything and you will be in a difficult situation at that point.
What's more, you will be languishing over not putting your cash in your life at some
point or another. So it is smarter to be late than never.
The following are not many of the numerous favourable circumstances of interest in
your life.
Financial Independence
First and the foremost thing is a venture gives you money related opportunity. On the
off chance that you put away your cash from the earliest starting point, you need not to
stress over the future budgetary needs. As the future is unsure, and there might be a
circumstance in your life where you require a lot of cash to escape that circumstance
with negligible loss. So to viably shield yourself from such sort of circumstance, you
should teach the propensities for sparing and contributing. It might be a result of your
kids' instruction, marriage or medicine. Leave it alone anything which requests parcel
of cash, you may outperform it if you ave put away your cash from the earliest starting
point itself. Thus, venture gives you more financial freedom to depend upon.
Expands Wealth
Other than making you monetarily autonomous, speculation makes you rich moreover.
As you invest more and more cash for quite a while, it will make you more extravagant.
In the current age, it is of most extreme significance to be rich as it gives more
advantages in each and every aspect of your life. So speculation builds your profits and
simultaneously makes you well off. As you become increasingly well off, you will have
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progressively monetary opportunity and the other way around. So wealth is also a
significant factor in our way of life.
Satisfying Personal Goals

On the off chance that you have a longing for having an extravagant condo and a lavish
vehicle of your own, at that point clearly these wants might be satisfied by an arranged
speculation and investment funds. As you contribute more, you will, in general, become
more extravagant. Furthermore, as you become more extravagant, you may discover no
trouble in accomplishing your personal objective. Accomplishing individual objectives
is the embodiment of your achievement in each part of your life.
Desires of Family individuals

It is your social duty towards your relatives to take care of them. It likewise incorporates
dealing with their own wants too. What's more, you are the primary dependable
individual to satisfy their desires from time to time. So in the event that you contribute
cautiously and get great returns and become rich by that, you may effectively satisfy all
the wants of yourself just as your relatives moreover. So speculation assumes an
imperative job in fulfilling your relative's desires.
Expands Knowledge
As speculation doesn't mean insignificant purchasing and selling just, and it needs
intensive research in the different parts of financial exchange and the organization, it
will improve your insight. It builds up your insight into different fields. Learning more
information makes you to mindful and which thus makes you an effective speculator.
Increases Vision
Vision is not about to see the things happening but it is to see through the future
happenings. For investing, you need a good vision into the future and should be able
to interpret the futuristic phenomenon of a company's prospective. So good vision
fetches you more returns and will contribute to your success at all the fields.
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3.6 TYPES OF FINANCIAL PRODUCTS FOR INVESTMENT
Financial products are grouped into the primary classifications relying on their
inalienable capacity from the financial specialist's point of view. Because of putting
resources into one of the accessible kinds of budgetary items, a speculator either turns
into a proprietor, a lender, or increases the option to buy or sell an item. A portion of
the more mainstream money related items include shares, bonds, investment assets,
warrants and choices.
Offers, which are typically thought of as stock, speak to possession in an organization.

They are normally offered on open exchanging markets trade for a specific fiscal worth.
Speculators follow through on the predefined cost for a measure of offers with the
expectation that the worth will increment after some time. The organization selling the
offers gets the assets it needs to keep its activities above water. Offers can likewise earn
dividend pay, which speaks to a segment of the issuing organization's benefits that are
come back to its investors.
Bonds are budgetary items that speak to an obligation that the giving organization owes
to its speculators. In contrast to shares, the financial specialist doesn't have a
proprietorship guarantee. This kind of venture regularly has a lower yield or return than
shares do, yet it likewise conveys less hazard. Financial specialists trade money which
is taken care of by the organization at a specific future date, alongside premium.
On the off chance that a financial specialist wishes to exchange his bonds before the
date that they are planned to develop, he may sell them back. The estimation of the
bond will in all likelihood not have reached its face esteem, which speaks to the sum
that is planned to be repaid at development. The financial specialist will get the market
estimation of the security, which might be less or more than he initially paid for it.
Privately owned businesses and the legislature both offer bonds to the overall
population.
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Venture reserves are monetary items that may comprise of currency market, value or
security reserves. They don't for the most part put resources into one specific
organization or source. These assets use pooled wellsprings of money to buy an
assortment of stocks, securities or generally safe interests so as to enhance and decrease
chance. Contingent on a speculator's monetary objectives, venture assets may go from
high hazard global offers to stable securities with a low pace of return like an investment
account.
Warrants and alternatives both comprise of the choice to purchase and the choice to sell
a money related item. The financial specialist doesn't gain proprietorship or loan boss
status. Alternatives are the benefit to purchase or sell stock at a specific cost, while
warrants are the benefit to purchase or sell bonds. The reason behind these kinds of
ventures is alluded to as supporting, which is the expectation that the market estimation
of the stock or security will change in the manner the financial specialist predicts.
Financial products refer to instruments that help you spare, contribute, get protection or
get a home loan. These are given by different banks, money related foundations, stock
businesses, protection suppliers, Mastercard organizations and government supported
substances. Money related items are arranged as far as their sort or basic asset class,
instability, hazard and return.
Types of financial products
Shares:
These represent ownership of a company. While shares are initially issued by
corporations to finance their business needs, they are subsequently bought and sold by
individuals in the share market. They are associated with high risk and high returns.
Returns on shares can be in the form of dividend pay-outs by the company or profits on
the sale of shares in the stock market. Shares, stocks, equities, and securities are words
that are generally used interchangeably.
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Bonds:
These are issued by companies to finance their business operations and by governments
to fund budget expenses like infrastructure and social programs. Bonds have a fixed
interest rate, making the risk associated with them lower than that with shares. The
principal or face value of bonds is recovered at the time of maturity.
Treasury Bills:
These are instruments issued by the government for financing its short-term needs.
They are issued at a discount to the face value. The profit earned by the investor is the
difference between the face or maturity value and the price at which the Treasury bill
was issued.
Options:
Options are the rights to buy and sell shares. An option holder does not actually
purchase shares. Instead, he purchases the rights on the shares.
Mutual Funds:
These are professionally managed financial instruments that involve the diversification
of investment into a number of financial products, such as shares, bonds, and
government securities. This helps to reduce an investor’s risk exposure while increasing
the profit potential.
Certificate of Deposit:
Certificates of deposit (or CDs) are issued by banks, thrift institutions, and credit
unions. They usually have a fixed term and a fixed interest rate.
Annuities:
These are contracts between individual investors and insurance companies, where
investors agree to pay an allocated amount of premium and at the end of a pre-
determined fixed term, the insurer will guarantee a series of payments to the insured
party.
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Credit Default Swaps (CDS):

Credit default swaps are highly leveraged contracts that are privately negotiated
between two parties. These swaps insure against losses on securities in case of a
default. Since the government does not regulate CDS related activities, there is no
specific central reporting mechanism that determines the value of these contracts.
Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDO):
These are securities that are created by collateralizing various similar debt obligations
such as bonds and loans. CDOs can be bought and sold. The buyer gains the right to
a part of the debt pool’s principal and interest income.
One of the most significant factors to consider when choosing financial products is your
risk appetite. Risky investments are usually associated with higher returns than safer
investments. According to empirical data, shares usually outperform all other
investments over the long term. However, in the short term, shares can be extremely
risky due to their random and volatile nature.
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3.7 DIFFERENT WAYS TO MAKE INVESTMENT
Draw a personal financial roadmap

Before you make any investing decision, sit down and take an honest look at your entire
financial situation --especially if you’ve never made a financial plan before.
The first step to successful investing is figuring out your goals and risk tolerance either
on your own or with the help of a financial professional. There is no guarantee that
you’ll make money from your investments. But if you get the facts about saving and
investing and follow through with an intelligent plan, you should be able to gain
financial security over the years and enjoy the benefits of managing your money.
Evaluate your comfort zone in taking on risk

All investments involve some degree of risk. If you intend to purchase securities -such
as stocks, bonds, or mutual funds-it's important that you understand before you invest
that you could lose some or all of your money.
The reward for taking on risk is the potential for a greater investment return. If you have
a financial goal with a long-time horizon, you are likely to make more money by
carefully investing in asset categories with greater risk, like stocks or bonds, rather than
restricting your investments to assets with less risk, like cash equivalents. On the other
hand, investing solely in cash investments may be appropriate for short-term financial
goals. The principal concern for individuals investing in cash equivalents is inflation
risk, which is the risk that inflation will outpace and erode returns over time.
Consider an appropriate mix of investments

By including asset categories with investment returns that move up and down under
different market conditions within a portfolio, an investor can help protect against
significant losses. Historically, the returns of the three major asset categories –stocks,
bonds, and cash –have not moved up and down at the same time. Market conditions
that cause one asset category to do well often cause another asset category to have
average or poor returns. By investing in more than one asset category, you'll reduce the
risk that you'll lose money and your portfolio's overall investment returns will have a
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smoother ride. If one asset category's investment return falls, you'll be in a position to
counteract your losses in that asset category with better investment returns in another
asset category.
In addition, asset allocation is important because it has a major impact on whether you
will meet your financial goal. If you don't include enough risk in your portfolio, your
investments may not earn a large enough return to meet your goal. For example, if you
are saving for a long-term goal, such as retirement or college, most financial experts
agree that you will likely need to include at least some stock or stock mutual funds in
your portfolio.
Be careful if investing heavily in shares of employer’s stock or any individual stock

One of the most important ways to lessen the risks of investing is to diversify your
investments. Its common sense: don't put all your eggs in one basket. By picking the
right group of investments within an asset category, you may be able to limit your losses
and reduce the fluctuations of investment returns without sacrificing too much potential
gain.
You’ll be exposed to significant investment risk if you invest heavily in shares of your
employer’s stock or any individual stock. If that stock does poorly or the company goes
bankrupt, you’ll probably lose a lot of money (and perhaps your job).
Create and maintain an emergency fund

Most smart investors put enough money in a savings product to cover an emergency,
like sudden unemployment. Some make sure they have up to six months of their income
in savings so that they know it will absolutely be there for them when they need it.
Pay off high-interest credit card debt

There is no investment strategy anywhere that pays off as well as, or with less risk than,
merely paying off all high-interest debt you may have. If you owe money on high-
interest credit cards, the wisest thing you can do under any market conditions is to pay
off the balance in full as quickly as possible.
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Consider dollar-cost averaging

Through the investment strategy known as “dollar-cost averaging,” you can protect
yourself from the risk of investing all of your money at the wrong time by following a
consistent pattern of adding new money to your investment over a long period of time.
By making regular investments with the same amount of money each time, you will
buy more of an investment when its price is low and less of the investment when its
price is high. Individuals that typically make a lump-sum contribution to an individual
retirement account either at the end of the calendar year or in early April may want to
consider “dollar cost averaging” as an investment strategy, especially in a volatile
market.
Take advantage of “free money” from the employer

In many employer-sponsored retirement plans, the employer will match some or all of
your contributions. If your employer offers a retirement plan and you do not contribute
enough to get your employer’s maximum match, you are passing up “free money” for
your retirement savings.
Consider rebalancing the portfolio occasionally

Rebalancing is bringing your portfolio back to your original asset allocation mix. By
rebalancing, you'll ensure that your portfolio does not overemphasize one or more asset
categories, and you'll return your portfolio to a comfortable level of risk. You can
rebalance your portfolio based either on the calendar or on your investments. Many
financial experts recommend that investors rebalance their portfolios on a regular time
interval, such as every six or twelve months. The advantage of this method is that the
calendar is a reminder of when you should consider rebalancing. Others recommend
rebalancing only when the relative weight of an asset class increases or decreases more
than a certain percentage that you've identified in advance. The advantage of this
method is that your investments tell you when to rebalance. In either case, rebalancing
tends to work best when done on a relatively infrequent basis.
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Avoid circumstances that can lead to fraud

Scam artists read the headlines, too. Often, they’ll use a highly publicized news item to
lure potential investors and make their “opportunity” sound more legitimate. The SEC
recommends that you ask questions and check out the answers with an unbiased source
before you invest. Always take your time and talk to trusted friends and family members
before investing.
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3.8 VARIOUS FINANCIAL RISKS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE

MAKING INVESTMENT DECISION
Saving and investing are important to ensure you have the cash you need to meet your
financial goals and enjoy a comfortable retirement, but every financial decision carries
risks. Making wise financial decisions requires being aware of the risks involved and
how they are likely to affect you. Risks will vary depending on the circumstances, but
there are several common risks that are likely to affect you in many financial situations.
Market Risk
The value of a property can change over time based on consumer demand. For example,
if you buy a home, its value could go up if many people want to move to your
neighbourhood. On the other hand, the value of a home can go down if few people are
interested in buying. Many economic factors can influence consumer demand, such as
changes in interest rates, unemployment, lending practices and the growth rate of the
economy. The possibility of property losing value due to changes in market demand is
known as market risk and is a major concern when investing in things such as stocks
and real estate.
Taxation
The Internal Revenue Service makes you pay taxes on a wide range of income sources,
including cash you make from savings and investments. Taxes on investment profits
are higher if you sell an investment within a year after buying it, so trading investments
frequently can increase your taxes. Putting cash in tax-advantaged retirement plans such
as individual retirement account can help cut your taxes and increase the chances of
making money.
Fees and Expenses

Some investments come with expenses and fees that serve to reduce your total return.
For instance, you typically have to pay a transaction fee each time you buy or sell a
stock, and financial companies may charge a fee for keeping an account open. Fees and
expenses eat into investment returns over time and increase the risk of losing money.
For example, if you invest in a mutual fund that generates a 4 percent annual return, but
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the inflation rate is 3 percent and the fund charges a 2 percent annual fee, the real value
of your investment would actually fall by 1 percent due to the combined effects of
inflation and fees.
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CHAPTER – 4
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Any discussion on financial Investments attracts the attention of individuals. The

discussion can be between individuals or it can be an expert’s advice on the television
channel or internet or any other media of interest. It has been assumed that investment
is an area of men. Historically due to the culture prevalent in India and most of the
wage earners is the male members of the family, women were not involved in
investment-related discussions and were not participating in the investment decision-
making process.
Every government coming to power in India is promoting girl child education. With the
increase in the education level of women and job opportunities available, women are
finding more job opportunities in different sectors. Women by nature are savers and
with a continuous increase in the number of working women, the number of women
investors is on a rise. A study on the investment behaviour and savings pattern of
employed women will of great interest to all those who are involved in research,
financial intermediaries and product creators. Findings of the research could help
product developers to create products meeting the needs of women especially the
employed women.
Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. One can also define
research as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific
topic. In fact, research is an art of scientific investigation. The Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary of Current English lays down the meaning of research as “a careful
investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of
knowledge.” Redman and Mory define research as a “systematized effort to gain new
knowledge.’’ Some people consider research as a movement, from the known to the
unknown. It is actually a voyage of discovery. We all possess the vital instinct of
inquisitiveness for, when the unknown confronts us, we wonder and our inquisitiveness
makes us probe and attain a full and fuller understanding of the unknown. This
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inquisitiveness is the mother of all knowledge and the method, which man employs for
obtaining the knowledge of whatever the unknown, can be termed as research. Research
is an academic activity and as such the term should be used in a technical sense.
It is the pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison, and
experiment. In short, the search for knowledge through an objective and systematic
method of finding a solution to a problem is research. The systematic approach
concerning generalization and the formulation of a theory is also research. As such the
term ‘research’ refers to the systematic method consisting of enunciating the problem,
formulating a hypothesis, collecting the facts or data, analysing the facts and reaching
certain conclusions either in the form of solutions towards the concerned problem or in
certain generalizations for some theoretical formulation.
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4.2 OBJECTIVE
In every research there are certain steps that should be followed to solve the research
problem and to achieve the objectives of that research. Research methodology is away
to systematically solve the research problem. Therefore, it includes the various steps
that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying the research problem. It not only
includes the research methods but also considers the logic behind the methods that are
being used in the context of research study and explain the reasons of using and
not using of a particular method or technique so that research results are capable
of being evaluated either by the researcher himself or by others.
In general, research objectives describe what we expect to achieve by a project.
Research objectives divide research aim into several parts and address reach part
separately. As a rule of dumb, there would be one research aim and several research
objectives to facilitate the achievement of this aim.
OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY

The objectives of current study are as follows:
1)To understand the perception of different group of working women in investment.
2)To know about the investment that the working women usually prefer.
3)To find out from whom working women take advice before investing.
4)To know about awareness working women have about various schemes.
5)To know about social and economic factors.
6)To know about the investment plan working women prefer.
7)To know about the investment of working women in various schemes which are
specially meant for women.
8)To understand working women’s motive behind their savings.
9)To study about how they recommend to create awareness among other working
women about investment.
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4.3 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
PRIMARY DATA
For the present study, data was collected through primary source. The primary source
include collecting responses through a self-designed questionnaire, the all question are
related to working women and their investment.
SECONDARY DATA
For the present study, secondary data is also collected. The data collected through
various sources include various periodicals, articles, reports and web sources. The
details of the same are mentioned in the bibliography section
SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study is restricted to the market survey conducted on working women
with respect to the preference of various investment options while doing their financial
planning.
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4.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
• This is an academic effort and it is limited to cost, time and geographical area.
• The data is collected from 50-100 respondents only.
• An interpretation of this study based on the assumptions that the respondents
have given correct information.
• It is conducted in Ulhasnagar.
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4.5 SAMPLING
For the present study, simple random sampling method was used to collect the data
from 100 respondents in the area of Ulhasnagar.
In research terms a sample is a group of people, objects, or items that are taken from a
larger population for measurement. The sample should be representative of
the population to ensure that we can generalize the findings from the research sample
to the population as a whole.
In this project to collect information related to the project topic researcher has collected
the information from the respondents who are working women and how they make their
investment. With the help of those questions researcher have collected the information
of this study.
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4.6 AREA OF STUDY
Ulhasnagar is Municipal Corporation city in district of Thane, Maharashtra. The

Ulhasnagar city is divided into 76 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The
Ulhasnagar Municipal Corporation has population of 506,098 of which 269,048 are
males while 237,050are females as per report released by Census India 2011.
Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 51267which is 10.13 % of total population of
Ulhasnagar (M Corp). In Ulhasnagar Municipal Corporation, Female Sex Ratio is of
881 against state average of 929. Moreover Child Sex Ratio in Ulhasnagar is around
906 compared to Maharashtra state average of 894. Literacy rate of Ulhasnagar city is
87.49 %higher than state average of 82.34 %. In Ulhasnagar, Male literacy is around
91.08 % while female literacy rate is 83.40%. Ulhasnagar Municipal Corporation has
total administration over 111,799 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water
and sewerage. It is also authorise to build roads within Municipal Corporation limits
and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.
Ulhasnagar is situated 58 km from Mumbai. Originally known as Kalyan Military
transit camp. Ulhasnagar was set up to accommodate 6,000 soldiers and 30,000 others
during World War II. There were2,126barracks and about1,173housed personals.
A suburban railway station was built in 1955. In January 1960, Ulhasnagar

Municipality was formed, with Arjun K. Ballani as first chief, and a municipal council
was nominated. In 1965, elections were first held in this council. In the late 1970s,
Ulhasnagar was a town settled mainly by Sindhi refugees. Now this 28 square kilometre
area has 389,000 people of Sindhi descent, the largest enclave of Sindhis in India. The
town lies outside Mumbai city but within the
Mumbai Conurbation. In 2010, the estimated population of Sindhi Hindus in
Ulhasnagar was 400,000.
There are a number of criminal gangs in town working under the patronage of political
parties. Also for many illegal building projects in 1990s, politicians started to charge
money to look the other way.
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The town covers an area of 13 square kilometres and is divided into 285 blocks. It is a
centre for the production of rayon silk, dyes, ready-made garments, electrical /
electronic appliances & confectionaries. The total length of existing Roads & Streets in
the town measures 352 kilometres. The town is served by underground & open-surface
drainage, night soil being disposed of by septic tank latrines. The town gets a protected
water supply through MIDC. Sanctioned Water Quota at various tapping points is 112
MLD. Fire-fighting service is also available in the town. 60 private hospitals with a
total bed-strength of 840 beds 3 Government hospitals with total bed-strength of 356
beds, 255 dispensaries / clinics, 100 RMP and a family planning centre cater to the
curative and preventive health needs of the town population.
Ulhasnagar has number of small businesses manufacturing denims. Some of the

manufacturers export jeans worldwide from Ulhasnagar. The city is also known for its
furniture market, cloth market and electronic market. Apart from this Ulhasnagar has
various small-scale manufacturing units which produce confectionery, textile weaving,
furniture, printing press, etc.
According to the2011 Census of India, Ulhasnagar had a population of 506,098.

Ulhasnagar is the 22nd biggest city in Maharashtra and 88th in the country. Males
constituted 53%of the population and females 47%.
Among minority languages, Sindhi is spoken by 34.47%of the population and Marathi
by 19.63%. Due to the large Sindhi population, the area has earned the moniker USA
referring to the Ulhasnagar Sindhi Association.
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CHAPTER – 5
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
5.1 INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE REVIEW
Review of related literature is an important of research. It comprises a synthetic and a

synoptic understanding of the research works undertaken previously in the same area
over a period of time. It offers some insight regarding strong points and limitations of
the previous research studies and ensures the avoidance of an unnecessary duplication
and replication.
It is clearly evident that review of related literature serves as a guidepost, not only with
regard the quantum of work done in the field, but also enables one to perceive the gaps
in the concerned field of research and thus empowers the researcher to improve his own
investigation.
The introduction should include a clear statement of the topic and its parameters. You
should indicate why the research area is important, interesting, problematic or relevant
in some way. The literature review is an important part of a dissertation or thesis. It
should be through and accurate.
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5.2 REVIEW
Bajtelmit and Van Derhei (1996) find that the different gender has different opinion
regarding investment decisions. Women are not interested in risky investment and are
more conservative than men. Women don’t prefer risky investment unless it has high
return rate. Women always take cautious and less risky decisions.
Meenakshi Chaturvedi and Shruti khare (2012) suggests that there is growth in
middle class family due to increase of working women and in their income. So women
should have knowledge and information about investment options Genuine effort
should be made in this direction. So savings will be pooled and channelized in
productive investment.
Rajarajan (1999) studied investors of Chennai. He found that life cycle stage of
investor is important factor in deciding investment portfolio.
Sellappan R, Jamuna S., TRN Kavitha (Feb 2013) they concluded that married
women invest more than unmarried women. Younger women invest in shares, mutual
funds, insurance and fixed deposits. On the other, middle age women prefer to invest
in real estate.
Santhiyavalli G and Usharani M (March,2014). They took sample of 75 respondents.

They studied that women investors took less risk and prefer safe investment. Role of
women is very important in the economy of world. They concluded that women have
less interest in shares and debentures market. So step should be taken to encourage it.
Mistry Kritika (Sep 2015) She conducted research on 150 individual investor
behaviour in stock market in Bharuch district. Her objective is to identify the preferred
source of information influencing investment decision and to access the psychology of
investors in different market situations. She found that majority of small investors do
not consider various financial elements before investing in to stock market. Investor
does not take immediate decision. They firstly understand the market then react.
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Ajmi Jy. A. (2008), evaluated the determinants of risk tolerance of individual investors
from 1500 respondents with the help of the questionnaire. The research concluded that
men are less risk averse than women, less educated investors are less likely to take risk
and age factor is also important in risk tolerance and also investors are more risk
tolerance than the less wealthy investors.
Jagongo and Mutswenje (2014) analysed the factors influencing investment decisions
at the Nairobi Stock Exchange. A sample of 42 respondents is selected for this study.
The collected data are analysed using Descriptive analysis, Friedman’s ranking test and
Factor analysis. The most important factors that influence individual investment
decisions were: reputation of the firm, firms status in industry, expected corporate
earnings, profit and condition of statement, past performance firms stock, price per
share, feeling on the economy and expected divided by investors.
Sonali Patil, Dr. Kalpana Nandawar (2014), examined the different avenues of
investments as well as the factors while selecting the investment with the sample size
of salaried employees by conducting the survey through questionnaire in Pune, India.
Primary data needed for the study is collected through personal interviews using a
structured questionnaire. The collected primary data has been analyzed using
percentage, chisquare test, and Person Correlation Coefficient. The study concludes
that salaried employees consider the safety as well as good return on investment on
regular basis.
S. Gupta, P. Chawla and S. Harkant (2011) stated financial markets are constantly
becoming more efficient providing more promising solutions to the investors. Study
also proved that occupation of the investor is not affected in investment decision. The
most preferred investment avenue is insurance with least equity market. The study also
argued that return on investment and safety is the most preferred attributes for the
investment decision instead of liquidity.
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B. Raja Mannar, B. Ramachandra Reddy (2013) analysed investors perception and

expectations towards mutual funds. Investors differ in their choice of investments based
on the expected return against risk. Educational qualification of investors reflects on
the financial needs and investment objective. Marital status influences impact on
investment objective, willingness to take risk and volatility in investment value.
Monthly income and monthly savings significantly influence financial needs,
investment objective and volatility in investment value.
Further Fellner & Maciejovsky (2007) find that women prefer less volatile
investments and exhibit lower market activity, e.g. they submit fewer offers and engage
less often in trades. Women give a lot of priority and importance to the advices given
by Financial Advisors (FA) and depend on them for guidance. Female investors are
more detail oriented; and want to read more and understand financial matters better and
they ask many questions (Worley, 1998).
Jianakoplos & Bernasek (1998) test differences in investment behaviour on a large

data set drawn from the Survey of Consumer Finances (CFS) 1989. The analysis reveals
that single women are relatively more risk averse than single men or married couples.
Blau & Kahn (2000), Moore & Shierholz (2004), O’Neill (2003), some of their
studies concluded that since women earn less, they have lower wealth accumulation
and hence lower investment and saving rates.
According to Barber (2001) though women are not active investors, they make more
profits than men when they trade because by trading more, men hurt their performance
more than women. Preda (2001) comments that women are always excluded from
financial discussions, on the explicit ground that they cannot understand investments.
According to Chachoria (2000) women are the next generation financial decision
makers and they should be targeted from a financial perspective. She suggests that
marketing for financial products should be done differently for women. Through this
study an attempt is made to understand the savings and investment pattern of women.
The factors which influence their investment decision making are identified.
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Hood, Nofsinger and Varma (2014) examined the factors that influences the
investment decisions of socially responsible investors. They found that Social
characteristics and personal values had an impact on the stocks owned by individual
investors.
Brahmabhatt Kumari and Malekar (2012) studied the investment behaviour of

investors and investment preferences for the same. The results indicate that, People give
more preference to savings and safety but at the same time they want higher interest at
low risk in shorter span. They tested it on 100 respondents using Descriptive,
Regression and cluster analysis.
Chaturvedi and Khare (2012) studied the investment culture among the Indian
Investors on 526 respondents using Descriptive analysis. Findings demonstrate that,
most popular investment avenues are bank deposits and real estate, small saving
schemes and life insurance. Safety, income, liquidity and marketability capital
appreciation, tax benefit and diversification benefits are the major objectives.
Murithi, Narayanan and Arivazhagan (2012) analysed the investors behaviour

towards various investment avenues. They concluded that, the individual investors still
prefer to invest in financial products which give risk free returns.
Alleyene and Broome (2010) studied the individual factors that are likely to influence
the investment decisions of potential investors on 104 respondents using Hierarchical
Regression analysis. Their findings show that, attitudes and referent groups (peers,
family and significant others) and beliefs about potential obstacles and opportunities
significantly predict intentions to invest. G. Shanthi,
R. Murugesan (2006) analysed about the investment preferences of salaried women

employees having different avenues of investments as well as the factors while
selecting the investment and they analysed that salaried women consider the safety as
well as high return on investment on regular basis.
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Juwairiya. P. P (2014) had an analysis on financial literacy and investment pattern of

working women in Kerala with the objective to find out the financial literacy among
the working women’s in Kerala and their investment behaviour and it was conducted
in descriptive style by using both primary and secondary data. The study found that
investment behaviours of working women are conservative in nature.
Dev Prasad, M. R. Shollapur (2014) highlighted that the Indian Women Investors as
Emotional Decision Makers, this study expects to contribute to the literature by
focusing on the investment behaviour of Indian women investors in what is
predominantly still a male dominated market, whether the human emotions of greed,
fear, love, and disbelief influence the decision making process of women investors
considering investment opportunities in the Indian stock market.
Richard A. Duschl, Emmett Wright (1989) Investigated the manner and the degree
to which science teachers considered the nature of the subject matter in their decision
making addressing the planning and the delivery of instructional tasks. The goal of the
study was the development of grounded hypotheses about science teacher’s
pedagogical decision making.
Krishnamoorthy, c, (2008) In his study has analysed the profile and awareness of
salaried class investors and their attitude and satisfaction towards investment. In has
been concluded that all salaried people were aware of bank deposits, PF schemes,
insurance schemes, post office savings schemes, gold and however only few were
aware of UTI.
Dr. Katherine Phillips (2014) Women are getting empowerment through literacy and
employment. The biggest motivation of the working women is need the sheer economic
necessary with growing rate of inflation. To help the family by adding some meagre
resources women are working, which facilitate to meet the financial needs and reduces
the financial stress. But it is the best aid only to solve the temporary problems. Women
are aware of financial services offered by both governments are private financial
institutions to Save their hard-earned income.
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K.C. College
According to Prof. Priya Vasagadekar’s research (2014) on working women she

conclude that because of high level education, today’s women are getting the best job
offers with high take home pay packages. It has become the present day need for
working women in India to increase their wealth. As most of the women are low in
financial literacy, it becomes hardly possible for them to manage their portfolios on
their own. Also, the risk bearing capacity of working women in India is low. This is
due to lack of sound financial knowledge.
Dr. Sarita Bahl (2012) concluded that there are younger women have already
developed the plan for investment. Women working in private sector are more faith in
investing their money. Women invest their money when they start earning and become
independent. Majority of working women have invested their money. Working women
invest their money in insurance plans as they are not willing to take risk to attain gain
and want to have a safe future.
Dr. R. Sellappan, Ms. S. Jamuna& Ms. Tnr. Kavitha (2013)

find out that married women are more curious in making investment than the unmarried.
As well as the younger are mostly like to invest in shares mutual funds, insurance and
fixed deposits than the older women. The middle age persons prefer to invest in real
estate source of investment. So the government, Bankers and Financial institutions can
introduce lot of schemes of investment based on segmentation of the age and marital
status factors to acquire more funds.
Rajeshwari Jain (2014) finds that women prefer fixed deposit in bank a safe
investment option & for tax saving purpose. Women also select gold as good
investment. Richard B. Freeman (1979) in his analysis showed that from the late 1960s
through the mid-1970s when the number of young workers increased rapidly, the
earnings of young male workers fell relative to the earnings of older male workers,
altering male age-earnings profiles, particularly for college graduates. His study
suggested that the increased number of young male workers was the major causal force
underlying the increased earnings of older men relative to the earnings of younger men.
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Bajtelsmit, V. L. & Bernasek, A. (1996) in their research study explained for gender
differences in investment and risk-taking in an effort to help guide data collection and
identification of relevant variables for empirical research.
Hinz, R. P., McCarthy, D. D., & Turner, J. A. (1997) studied that financial wealth
had a significant and positive impact on the average level of risk chosen in a portfolio.
As it was an additional measure of financial sophistication, they again confirmed the
conclusion that more sophisticated investors entertain a higher average level of
portfolio risk. They showed that dummy variable for having no financial wealth had no
significant effect, statistically, on risk-taking.
Wang H. And S. Hanna, (1997) concluded that relative risk aversion decreased as
people aged (i.e., the proportion of net wealth invested in risky
assets increases as people age) when other variables are held constant. They concluded
that risk tolerance increased with age and therefore rejected the constant life-cycle risk
aversion hypothesis.
Barber, B. M., & Odean, T. (1999) in their research article, identified that rational
investors traded only if the expected gains exceeded transactions costs. Overconfident
investors overestimate the precision of their information and thereby the expected gains
of trading. They even traded when the true expected net gains were negative. Models
of investor overconfidence predicted that, since men were more overconfident than
women, men traded more and perform worse than women.
Grable, J. E., & Lytton, R. H. (1999) concluded that the classes of risk tolerance (i.e.,
above and below-average) differed most widely on a respondent’s educational level and
personal finance knowledge. These two variables contributed significantly to
explaining differences between levels of risk tolerance.
Herrmann, Andrew. F. (2007) provided the estimation results and discussed that
supported the initial hypotheses regarding the roles of race/gender in investment
preferences. Using multiple specifications and leveraging multiple risk/return
measures, the evidence pointed to significant effects with respect to both race and
gender.
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K.C. College
Croson, R., &Gneezy, U. (2009) discussed a number of studies that demonstrated how
strongly (and in what direction) social preferences manifest themselves in men and in
women. They included evidence on altruism and inequality aversion from ultimatum
and dictator game studies. They also included evidence on reciprocity from studies
using trust and related games. Finally, they briefly mentioned a large number of older
studies using the Prisoners’ Dilemma game and discussed in more detail various studies
using social dilemmas and/or public goods provision games.
Clark and Strauss, (2008) it has been observed that women are more risk averse than
men, the young are more risk seeking than the old, wealthier individuals manifest a
greater willingness to invest in equities and the poor are risk averse securities.
D. Julie R. Agnew, (2003) suggested through their research that there is substantiation
proving Women to be more risk averse then men in general and this means that women
would invest in less risky assets in their investment plans. Also, the differences in
financial literacy between men and women may also explain differences in their
investment decisions. There is some research on individual investors.
Vasagadekar Priya (2014) examined that women working in various industrial

sector in Pune. The investment habits, the role in investment decision making,
preferable investment avenues and risk bearing capacity are studied. It is clear from this
study; women generally prefer to invest in safe investment avenues like Post office
savings scheme and axed deposits in banks.
Singh BAL winder, Ms. Sharma Ruchika (2011) studied the investment pattern of
working women and the factors responsible for investment behaviour of married and
unmarried working women and found that working women rank basic savings purpose
to be the foremost consideration while investing. The facility to encase the investments
whenever required is also an important objective while deciding to invest.
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CHAPTER-6
DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
6.1 INTRODUCTION TO DATA ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION
After identifying a research topic, doing a literature background research, establishing

philosophical assumptions and focus problem, deciding on an appropriate research
paradigm and methodology with a specific purpose, designing a research plan and
collecting sufficient data, the next step in the research process is data analysis and
interpretation, which precedes reporting of research. Data analysis is, therefore, a
process that involves examining, and moulding collected data for interpretation to
discover relevant information, draw or propose conclusions and support decision-
making to solve a research problem. This involves interpreting data to answer research
questions and making research findings be ready for dissemination. Data analysis also
serves as a reference for future data collection and other research activities. Data
analysis and interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to the collected
information and determining the conclusions, significance, and implications of the
findings. It is an important and exciting step in the process of research. In all research
studies, analysis follows data collection.
According to C. R. Kothari (1989), “The term analysis refers to the computation of

measures along with searching for patterns of relationship that exist among data-
groups”. The analysis involves estimating the values of unknown parameters of the
population and testing of hypotheses for drawing inferences.
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6.2 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS
Table 1: Age
AGE PERCENTAGE
18-20 years 30%
21-30 years 30%
31-40 years 23%
41 and above 17%
AGE
18-20 years 21-30 years 31-40 years 41 and above
17%
30%
23%
30%
Figure 1- Age
Findings
It indicates that 30% of the working women belong to group 18-20, 30% of the women
to the group 21-30 years, 23% of the women to the group 31-40 years and 17% of the
women to the group 41 and above.
Interpretation
As shown in the figure 1 above the majority of working women belonging to group 18-
20 years is 30% and 21-30 years is also 30% because they are more efficient and new
generation is more keen towards making independent decision.
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Table 2-Martinal status
MARTINAL STATUS PERCENTAGE
Married 49%
Un-married 51%
MARTIAL STATUS
51% 49%
Married Un-married
Figure 2 – Marital status
Findings
It indicates that 49% of the working women are married and 51% of the working women
are not married.
Interpretation
As shown in the figure 2 above it tells us that marital status doesn’t affect their
efficiency towards working. The rate of married and un-married women is almost at
par.
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Table 3-Occupation
OCCUPATION PERCENTAGE
Self-Employee 23%
Private sector 32%
Government sector 23%
Student 22%
OCCUPATION
22% 23%
23%
32%
Self-Employee Private sector Government sector Student
Figure 3- Occupation
Findings
It indicates that 23% of the working women are self-employed, 32% of the women work
in private sector, 23% of the women work in government sector and 22% of women
working are still students.
Interpretation
It is seen that majority of the working women belong to private sector. They seem more
drawn towards it.
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Table 4-Education
EDUCATION PERCENTAGE
12th or below 10%
Graduate 47%
Post graduate 33%
Professional degree 10%
EDUCATION
12th or below Graduate Post graduate Professional degree
10% 10%
33%
47%
Figure 4 - Education
Findings
It indicates that 10% of the working women belong to the group 12th or below, 47% of
them are graduates, 33% of the women are post graduate and 10% of them own a
professional degree.
Interpretation
From the figure 4 above it is interpreted that majority of the women start working after
their graduations and pursue their masters while doing their jobs.
Professional degree is still a up coming course, that is the reason why there is a small
group of a women owning it.
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Table 5 - Monthly income
MONTHLY INCOME PERCENTAGE

Below 25,000 20%
25,000-50,000 24%
50,000-1,00,000 39%
1,00,000 or above 17%
MONTHLY INCOME
Below 25,000 25,000-50,000 50,000-1,00,000 1,00,000 or above
17% 20%
24%
39%
Figure 5 - Education
Findings
From the above figure it indicates that 17% of them earn more than 1,00,000. 39% of
the working women earn between 50,000-1,00,000. 24% of them earn between 25,000-
50,000 and 25% of the working women earn less than 25,000.
Interpretation
As interpreted by the survey majority of the women earn between 50,000-1,00,000
rupees that is the reason why they save and invest more.
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Table 6 - Do you invest in financial markets?
DO YOU
PERCENTAGE
INVEST?
YES 70%
NO 30%
DO YOU INVEST IN FINANCIAL MARKET?

YES NO
30%
70%
Figure 6 – do you invest in financial markets?

Findings
As shown in the figure above 70% of the women invest in financial markets and 30%
of the women do not invest.
Interpretation
As shown in the survey majority of the working women invest in financial markets as
they have knowledge about it. They prefer to invest their money and earn returns.
Women are also cautious investors. They prefer to invest in less risky investment and
earn maximum return.
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Table 7 - Which of the following do you invest in?
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING

PERCENTAGE
DO YOU INVEST IN?
Bank deposits 27%
Post office saving account 13%
Saving a/c 27%
Fixed deposit 36%
Insurance policies 18%
Chit fund (VC) 23%
Gold/Silver 18%
Share market 29%
None 9%
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DO YOU

INVEST IN?
PERCENTAGE
Share market 29%

Gold/Silver 18%
Chit fund (VC) 23%
Insurance policies 18%
Fixed deposit 36%
Saving a/c 27%
Post office saving account 13%
Bank deposits 27%
Figure 7 – which of the following do you invest in?

Findings
As shown in the figure 7 above women investing in fixed deposits is 36%. Bank
deposits has 27% of investment, share market has 29% of investment, gold/silver has
18% of investment, chit fund has 23% of investment, 18% of it is in insurance policies
and 27% of it is in saving a/c.
Interpretation
It is seen that majority of the women invest in fixed deposits as it is safe and returns are
given periodically.
Women also prefer to invest in share market, bank deposits, gold/silver and insurance
policies as it diversifies their portfolio and provide stable returns.
Least investment is post office saving a/c as it is not preferred by working women.
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Table 8 - Whose advice do you take before investing?
Whose advice do you take before

PERCENTAGE
investing?
Family and friends 27%
Financial advisor 26%
Newspaper column 17%
Self-decision 30%
WHOSE ADVICE DO YOU TAKE BEFORE

INVESTING?
Family and friends Financial advisor Newspaper column Self-decision
30% 27%
17% 26%
Figure 8- Whose advice do you take before investing?
Findings
As shown in the figure above women taking advice from their family and friends is
27%. Advice taken from financial advisor is 26%, newspaper column is 17% and
decision taken by their own is 30%.
Interpretation
It is interpreted that majority of the women make their own decisions before investing
in the market as they have knowledge about it and ask their family and friends for
advice. They are very cautious investors.
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Table 9 - What is the time horizon for your investment?

TIME HORIZION FOR
PERCENTAGE
INVESTNMENT
Long term (more than 10 years) 18%
Medium term (more than 5
42%
years)
Short term (more than 1 year) 40%
TIME HORIZION FOR INVESTNMENT

Long term (more than 10 years) Medium term (more than 5 years)
Short term (more than 1 year)
18%
40%
42%
Figure 9- Whose advice do you take before investing?

Findings
As shown in the figure above long-term investments made by working women is 18%,
medium term investments is 42% and short term investments is 40%.
Interpretation
It is interpreted that majority of the working women prefer medium term investments
as they need a investment that provides stable return within a period of time.
Long term investments are not preferred by them as money invested might not get liquid
easily.
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Table 10-What is frequency of investment activity?
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Daily 12%
Monthly 44%
Quarterly 31%
Annually 13%
FREQUENCY OF INVESTNMENT
Daily Monthly Quarterly Annually
13% 12%
31%
44%
Figure 10 – What is frequency of investment activity?
Findings
Form the above figure it is seen that 12% of the working women invest on daily basis.
44% of women invest monthly, 31% of them invest quarterly and 13% of the working
women invest annually.
Interpretation
Majority of the working women prefer to invest on monthly or quarterly basis. It may
be due to the fact that they receive their salary on a monthly basis and would either like
to same some amount or invest it as they want to diversify their portfolio.
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Table 11- Objective while investing?

OBJECTIVE WHILE
PERCENTAGE
INVESTING
Growth oriented 43%
Regular income oriented 21%
Long term profit seeking 24%
Balanced aspect 30%
Tax saving purpose 15%
Short term profit seeking 18%
OBJECTIVE WHILE INVESTING?

PERCENTAGE
Short term profit seeking 18%
Tax saving purpose 15%
Balanced aspect 30%
Long term profit seeking 24%
Regular income oriented 21%
Growth oriented 43%
Figure 11- Objective while investing?
Findings
Form the figure 11 above it shows that 18% of investments are made in short term profit
seeking, 15% of it is made in tax saving purpose, 30% of it is made in balanced aspect,
24% of it is made in long term profit seeking investment, 21% of it is in regular income
oriented investment and 43% is invested in growth oriented investment.
Interpretation
As seen in the figure above majority of the working women prefer to invest in growth-
oriented investment as women prefer to save some sum of their salary and want periodic
returns on it.
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Table 12- Do you invest in schemes specially meant for women?
DO YOU INVEST IN SCHEMES

PERCENTAGE
MEANT FOR WOMEN?
Yes 38.5%
No 61.5%
DO YOU INVEST IN SCHEME MEANT FOR

WOMEN?
Yes No
38%
62%
Figure 12 – Do you invest in schemes specially meant for women?
Findings
As seen in the figure above 61.5% of the working women do not invest and 38.5% of
the women prefer to invest in schemes specially meant for them.
Interpretation
It is interpreted that majority of the women do not invest in the schemes specially meant
for them as they might not be aware about them either the interest rate might not be up
to their satisfaction.
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Table 13 -Are you satisfied with present investment schemes?
SATISFIED WITH
PRESENT INVESTMENT PERCENTAGE
SCHEMES?
Yes 76%
No 24%
ARE YOU SATISFIED WITH PRESENT

INVESTMENT SCHEME?
Yes No
24%
76%
Figure 13 – Are you satisfied with present investment schemes?
Findings
As shown in the figure above 76% of the women are satisfied with the present
investment scheme and 24% of the women are not satisfied.
Interpretation
It is interpreted that majority of the working women are satisfied with the present
investment schemes as shown in the figure above.
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CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
7.1 CONCLUSION
As indicated by the investigation, distinctive segment factors, for example, age, marital
status and no. of wards don't significantly affect the venture conduct of ladies. The most
significant criteria about this examination are that it exhibits ladies are increasingly
worried about gathering their particular reason while making a venture. Consequently,
ladies, speculators incline toward medium-term ventures as opposed to making
arrangements for long haul benefits. Despite the fact that there has been an expansion
in the quantity of instructed working ladies, they are still for the most part reliant on
their spouses and money related counsellor for venture related data and for settling on
speculation choices. Ladies would prefer not to face a lot of challenges while making
money related ventures and in this way, they, for the most part, pick more secure
speculation roads like bank stores and fixed stores. While there is a portion of the ladies
who like to make their interest in money related items like offers and common assets.
As ladies, financial specialists, for the most part, get speculation related data through
their relatives, associates, operators, and counsels. The greater part of the ladies
prescribes making venture mindfulness through promotions, workshops, and courses.
The administration must endeavour to advance monetary education through its open
arrangements with the goal that ladies can have better money related to arranging
aptitudes.
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K.C. College
7.2 SUGGESTION
1. It is suggested that there should be more short term and medium-term

investments as working women prefer that.
2. More awareness should be created through workshops and seminars for
financial projects meant for women.
3. Initiatives must be taken to aware women about schemes specially meant for
them.
4. It is said that women should invest keeping in mind current and future prospects
of the investment being done.
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8. BIBLOGRAPHY
8.1 BOOKS REFERRED

Ijere, M. O. (1986). New Perspectives in Financing Nigerian Agriculture. Fourth
Dimension Publishers.
Managers, M. L. I. (2005). When it comes to investing, gender a strong influence

on behaviour. Retrieved on September 10, 2005.
Nagy, R. A., & Obenberger, R. W. (1994). Factors influencing individual investor

behaviour. Financial Analysts Journal, 50(4), 63-68.
Nweze, N. J. (1990). The structure, functioning and potentials of indigenous

cooperative credit associations in financing agriculture. The case of Anambra and
Benue States, Nigeria. An unpublished PhD dissertation. Dept of Agric.
Unpublished PhD thesis. Department of Agricultural Economics, University of
Nigeria Nuskka.
Sivakumar, K. (1994). Is your company creating Wealth for you?, Tlze Hindu, 12.
United nations development programme, U.N.D.P. (2007). Human Development

Report. Retrieved 20 February, 2014.
Rahman, M. M., Hossain, I. M., & Miah, A. S. (2000). Problems of women

entrepreneurship development: A study of Grameen Bank Finance on some
selected areas. Islamic University Studies, 3, 120-133.
B. Puneet; M. Yajulu (2013) Gender Differences in Investment Behaviour among•

Employees, Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management (2013)
67
K.C. College
8.2 WEBSITE REFERRED

Hyder.S (2013), Women’s Financial Independence Amongst Female Garments
Workers in Bangladesh, www.law.berkeley.edu/shainahyder.
MIDAS, SME foundation. (2009). Women Entrepreneurs in SMEs: Bangladesh

Perspective. Retrieved 18 March, 2014, from http://www.mfl.com.bd
www.niport.gov.bd/
http://ijrar.com/upload_issue/ijrar_issue_20542869.pdf
https://ijrar.com/upload_issue/ijrar_issue_20542869.pdf
http://www.businessworld.in/article/5-Investment-Tips-For-Working-Women-To-
Start-Financial-Journey/08-03-2019-167971
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8.3 QUESTIONNAIRE
1.Age
18-20 years
21-30 years
31-40 years
41 and above
2. Marital status
Married
Un-married
3. Occupation
Self-Employee
Private Sector
Government Sector
Student
4.Education
12th or below
Graduate
Post Graduate
Professional Degree
5.Monthly income
Below 25,000
25,000 - 50,000
50,000 - 1,00,000
1,00,000 or above
6.Do you invest in financial markets?

Yes
No
7.Which of the following do you invest in?

Bank Deposits
Post office
Saving A/c
Fixed Deposit
Insurance Policies
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K.C. College
Chit fund (VC)

Gold/Silver
Share market
None
8.Whose advice do you take before investing?

Family and Friends
Financial Adviser
News Paper Column
Self-Decision
9.What is the time horizon for your investment?

Long Term (more than 10 years)
Medium Term (more than 5 years)
Short Term (more than 1 year)
10.Frequency of investment activity?

Daily
Monthly
Quarterly
Annually
11.Objective while investing?

Growth Oriented
Regular Income Oriented
Long Term Profit Seeking
Balanced Aspect
Tax Saving Purpose
Short Term Profit Seeking
12.Do you invest in any schemes specially meant for women?

Yes
No
13.Are you satisfied with present investment schemes?

Yes
No
70
K.C. College

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1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO WOMEN IMPOVERMENT

2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

The parameters of women empowerment are:

2.3 IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN EMPOVERMENT

Inspiration for others

The overall development of society

Reduction in domestic violence

2.4 ROLE OF WORKING WOMEN

The process of industrialization, urbanization and the increased educational and

The production side of women's work at home is gradually decreasing leading to a

If women are to empower themselves they have to be provided with wholesome

3.1 MEANING OF INVESTMENT

Investment may be defined as

3.2 TYPES OF INVESTMENT

Options and Derivatives

3.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF INVESTMENT

3.4 OBJECTIVES OF INVESTMENT

3.5 IMPORTANCE OF INVESTMENT

Satisfying Personal Goals

Desires of Family individuals

3.6 TYPES OF FINANCIAL PRODUCTS FOR INVESTMENT

Offers, which are typically thought of as stock, speak to possession in an organization.

Types of financial products

Credit Default Swaps (CDS):

Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDO):

3.7 DIFFERENT WAYS TO MAKE INVESTMENT

Draw a personal financial roadmap

Evaluate your comfort zone in taking on risk

Consider an appropriate mix of investments

Be careful if investing heavily in shares of employer’s stock or any individual stock

Create and maintain an emergency fund

Pay off high-interest credit card debt

Consider dollar-cost averaging

Take advantage of “free money” from the employer

Consider rebalancing the portfolio occasionally

Avoid circumstances that can lead to fraud

3.8 VARIOUS FINANCIAL RISKS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE

Fees and Expenses

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Any discussion on financial Investments attracts the attention of individuals. The

OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY

4.3 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

4.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

4.6 AREA OF STUDY

Ulhasnagar is Municipal Corporation city in district of Thane, Maharashtra. The

A suburban railway station was built in 1955. In January 1960, Ulhasnagar

Ulhasnagar has number of small businesses manufacturing denims. Some of the

According to the2011 Census of India, Ulhasnagar had a population of 506,098.

5.1 INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE REVIEW

Review of related literature is an important of research. It comprises a synthetic and a

Santhiyavalli G and Usharani M (March,2014). They took sample of 75 respondents.

B. Raja Mannar, B. Ramachandra Reddy (2013) analysed investors perception and

Jianakoplos & Bernasek (1998) test differences in investment behaviour on a large

Brahmabhatt Kumari and Malekar (2012) studied the investment behaviour of

Murithi, Narayanan and Arivazhagan (2012) analysed the investors behaviour

R. Murugesan (2006) analysed about the investment preferences of salaried women