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    Atp Production

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    Mirriam Agpangan
    Cellular respiration produces ATP from energy-rich molecules like glucose through three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and oxidative phosphorylation along the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. In the mitochondria, the Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvate and produces more ATP and electron carriers. Finally, oxidative phosphorylation uses the electron carriers to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, producing a large amount of ATP as protons flow back through ATP synthase. Aerobic respiration can produce up to 36 ATP per glucose molecule. Anaerobic pathways like fermentation produce much less ATP without oxygen present.

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    Atp Production

    Uploaded by

    Mirriam Agpangan
    144 views20 pages
    Cellular respiration produces ATP from energy-rich molecules like glucose through three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and oxidative phosphorylation along the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. In the mitochondria, the Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvate and produces more ATP and electron carriers. Finally, oxidative phosphorylation uses the electron carriers to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, producing a large amount of ATP as protons flow back through ATP synthase. Aerobic respiration can produce up to 36 ATP per glucose molecule. Anaerobic pathways like fermentation produce much less ATP without oxygen present.

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    Cellular respiration produces ATP from energy-rich molecules like glucose through three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and oxidative phosphorylation along the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. In the mitochondria, the Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvate and produces more ATP and electron carriers. Finally, oxidative phosphorylation uses the electron carriers to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, producing a large amount of ATP as protons flow back through ATP synthase. Aerobic respiration can produce up to 36 ATP per glucose molecule. Anaerobic pathways like fermentation produce much less ATP without oxygen present.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    144 views20 pages

    Atp Production

    Uploaded by

    Mirriam Agpangan
    Cellular respiration produces ATP from energy-rich molecules like glucose through three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and oxidative phosphorylation along the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. In the mitochondria, the Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvate and produces more ATP and electron carriers. Finally, oxidative phosphorylation uses the electron carriers to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, producing a large amount of ATP as protons flow back through ATP synthase. Aerobic respiration can produce up to 36 ATP per glucose molecule. Anaerobic pathways like fermentation produce much less ATP without oxygen present.

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    of 20

    Presented by:

    Sharmaine Gay P. Manlangit Marissa M. Agpangan Sherhana C. Mansul Eliza V. Sikandal Wenneira Igasan Donaline Ho
    ATP Production - Dion 2

    ATP Production
    Before

    cells can use the energy of sunlight or energy /calories stored in carbohydrates, they must transfer the energy to molecules of ATP.
    ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP transfers energy to many different chemical reactions; almost all metabolic pathways directly or indirectly run on energy supplied by ATP.
    ATP Production - Dion 3

    ATP Production
    ATP can donate a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to another molecule, which then becomes primed and energized for specific reactions. (ready to be used for energy)
    ATP Production - Dion

    ATP Production
    In

    human cells, cellular respiration releases energy from energy-rich organic molecules and changes ADP into ATP.
    Aerobic respiration is the main ATPproducing pathway Anaerobic respiration produces much less ATP (because no oxygen is involved) and can only be used for short periods of time, such as in vigorous muscle exercise.
    ATP Production - Dion 5

    Aerobic Respiration
    Initial

    Breakdown of Glucose Glycolysis reactions occur in the cytoplasm (liquid stuff outside the nucleus) and results in the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate; small amounts of ATP are generated. Glucose is first phosphorylated in energy-requiring steps then split to form two molecules of PGAL.
    ATP Production - Dion 6

    By substrate-level phosphorylation, four ATP are produced; but because two ATP were used previously, there is a net gain of only two ATP. Enzymes remove H+ and electrons from PGAL to change NAD to NADH (which is used later in oxidative phosphorylation).
    The

    Aerobic Respiration

    end products of glycolysis are: two pyruvates, two ATP (net gain), and two NADH for each glucose molecule degraded.
    ATP Production - Dion

    The Krebs Cycle and Preparatory Steps


    Krebs

    cycle (occurring in the mitochondria) degrades pyruvate to carbon dioxide, water, ATP, H+ ions, and electrons. Pyruvate (produced in the cytoplasm) enters the mitochondria and is converted to acetyl-CoA, which then joins oxaloacetate already present from a previous "turn" of the cycle.
    ATP Production - Dion

    Krebs

    cycle serves three functions:

    H+ and e are transferred to NAD+ and FAD. Two molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. Most of the molecules are recycled to conserve oxaloacetate for continuous processing of acetyl-CoA.

    ATP Production - Dion

    The

    final stage of aerobic respiration occurs in the electron systems embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
    Oxidation phosphorylation (which takes place on the cristae of the mitochondria) processes the H+ ions and electrons to generate high yields of ATP. NADH and FADH2 give up their electrons to transport (enzyme) systems embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
    ATP Production - Dion 10

    The actual ATP synthesis is accomplished when H ions that have been pumped out of the inner mitochondrial compartment flow back through a channel protein called ATP synthase.

    ATP Production - Dion

    11

    Oxygen

    joins with the "spent" electrons and H+ to yield water.


    The production of ATP is completely dependent on the supply of oxygen that withdraws the electrons at the end of the transport systems.

    ATP Production - Dion

    12

    Glucose Breakdown
    Net

    ATP Yield of Aerobic Respiration

    The aerobic route is summarized: C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O Electron transport yields thirty-two ATP; glycolysis yields two ATP; Krebs yields two ATP for a grand total of thirty-six ATP per glucose molecule.
    The

    actual yield can vary with cell type.


    ATP Production - Dion 13

    ATP From Anaerobic Pathways


    Anaerobic

    pathways operate when oxygen is absent (or limited); pyruvate from glycolysis is metabolized to produce molecules other than acetyl-CoA. lactate fermentation, glycolysis produces two pyruvate, two NADH molecules, two ATP molecules, and two lactate, which tend to build up and cause temporary muscle cramps.
    ATP Production - Dion

    In

    14

    The ADP/ATP Cycle


    The

    ADP/ATP cycle is a method for renewing the supply of ATP that is constantly being used up in the cell.

    Energy

    input couples inorganic phosphate to ADP to form energized ATP.


    ATP Production - Dion 15

    Alternative Energy Sources


    Carbohydrates

    Lipids
    Proteins

    ATP Production - Dion

    16

    Alternative Energy Sources


    Carbohydrates

    are the bodys first source of energy.


    Excess carbohydrate intake is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle for future use. Free glucose is used until it runs low; then glycogen reserves are tapped.
    ATP Production - Dion 17

    Energy From Fats


    Lipids

    are used when carbohydrate supplies run low.


    Excess fats are stored away in cells of adipose tissue. Fats are digested into glycerol (which enters glycolysis) and fatty acids, which enter the Krebs cycle. Because fatty acids have many more carbon and hydrogen atoms, they are degraded more slowly and yield greater ATP amounts of ATP. Production - Dion

    18

    Energy From Proteins


    Proteins

    are used as the last resort for supplying energy for the body.
    Amino acids are released by digestion and travel in the blood. After the amino group is removed, the amino acid remnant is fed into the Krebs cycle.
    ATP Production - Dion 19

    ATP Production - Dion

    20

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