COMPUTER NUMBER SYSTEM

1. POSITIONAL NUMBER SYSTEMS

Common Number Systems

System
Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal

Base Symbols
10 2 8 16 0, 1, 9 0, 1 0, 1, 7 0, 1, 9, A, B, F

Used by humans? Yes No No No

Used in computers? No Yes No No

Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 HexaBinary Octal decimal 0 0 0 1 1 1 10 2 2 11 100 101 110 111 3 4 5 6 7 3 4 5 6 7
p. 33

Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)
Decimal 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 HexaBinary Octal decimal 1000 10 8 1001 11 9 1010 12 A 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 13 14 15 16 17 B C D E F

Quantities/Counting (3 of 3)
Decimal 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 HexaBinary Octal decimal 10000 20 10 10001 21 11 10010 22 12 10011 10100 10101 10110 10111 23 24 25 26 27 13 14 15 16 17
Etc.

Conversion Among Bases

The possibilities:
Decimal Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

pp. 4046

Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base

Decimal to Decimal (just for fun)

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Next slide

Weight

12510 =>

5 x 100= 5 2 x 101= 20 1 x 102= 100 125

Base

Binary to Decimal
Decimal Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Binary to Decimal
Technique
Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the weight of the bit The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right Add the results

Example
Bit 0 1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1 x 21 0 x 22 1 x 23 0 x 24 1 x 25 1 = 2 = 0 = 8 = 0 = 32 4310

Octal to Decimal
Decimal Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Octal to Decimal
Technique
Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the weight of the bit The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right Add the results

Example

7248 =>

4 x 80 = 2 x 81 = 7 x 82 =

4 16 448 46810

Hexadecimal to Decimal
Decimal Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Hexadecimal to Decimal
Technique
Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the weight of the bit The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right Add the results

Example

ABC16 =>

C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12 B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176 A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560 274810

Decimal to Binary
Decimal Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Decimal to Binary
Technique
Divide by two, keep track of the remainder First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit) Second remainder is bit 1 Etc.

Example
12510 = ?2 2 125 2 62 1

2 2
2 2 2

31
15 7 3 1

0
1 1 1 1

12510 = 11111012

Octal to Binary
Decimal Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Octal to Binary
Technique
Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent binary representation

Example
7058 = ?2

111

000

101

7058 = 1110001012

Hexadecimal to Binary
Decimal Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Hexadecimal to Binary
Technique
Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit equivalent binary representation

Example
10AF16 = ?2

0001

0000

1010

1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112

Decimal to Octal
Decimal Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Decimal to Octal
Technique
Divide by 8 Keep track of the remainder

Example
123410 = ?8

8
8 8 8

1234 154
19

2 2

2
0

3
2

123410 = 23228

Decimal to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Decimal to Hexadecimal
Technique
Divide by 16 Keep track of the remainder

Example
123410 = ?16

16
16 16

1234 77
4

2 13 = D

123410 = 4D216

Binary to Octal
Decimal Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Binary to Octal
Technique
Group bits in threes, starting on right Convert to octal digits

Example
10110101112 = ?8

011

010

111

10110101112 = 13278

Binary to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Binary to Hexadecimal
Technique
Group bits in fours, starting on right Convert to hexadecimal digits

Example
10101110112 = ?16

10

1011

1011

10101110112 = 2BB16

Octal to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Octal to Hexadecimal
Technique
Use binary as an intermediary

Example
10768 = ?16 1 0 7 6

001 2

000 3

111

110 E

10768 = 23E16

Hexadecimal to Octal
Decimal Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Hexadecimal to Octal
Technique
Use binary as an intermediary

Example
1F0C16 = ?8 1 F 0 C

0001 1

1111 7 4

0000 1

1100 4

1F0C16 = 174148

Exercise Convert ...

Decimal 33 Binary 1110101 Octal

Hexadecimal

703
1AF

Exercise Convert
Answer

Decimal 33 117

Binary 100001 1110101

Octal 41 165

Hexadecimal 21 75

451
431

111000011
110101111

703
657

1C3
1AF

Common Powers (1 of 2)
Base 10
Power
10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3 103

Preface pico nano micro milli kilo

Symbol p n m k

Value .000000000001 .000000001 .000001 .001 1000

106
109 1012

mega
giga tera

M
G T

1000000
1000000000 1000000000000

Common Powers (2 of 2)
Base 2
Power
210 220 230

Preface kilo mega Giga

Symbol k M G

Value 1024 1048576 1073741824

What is the value of k, M, and G? In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory, the base-2 interpretation generally applies

Example
In the lab 1. Double click on My Computer 2. Right click on C: 3. Click on Properties

/ 230 =

Exercise Free Space

Determine the free space on all drives on a machine in the lab
Free space
Drive A: C: D: E: etc.

Bytes

GB

Review multiplying powers

For common bases, add powers
ab ac = ab+c

26 210 = 216 = 65,536

or

26 210 = 64 210 = 64k

Binary Addition (1 of 2)
Two 1-bit values
A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 A+B 0 1 1 10
two pp. 3638

Binary Addition (2 of 2)
Two n-bit values
Add individual bits Propagate carries E.g.,
10101 + 11001 101110
1 1

21 + 25 46

Multiplication (1 of 3)
Decimal (just for fun)
35 x 105 175 000 35 3675
pp. 39

Multiplication (2 of 3)
Binary, two 1-bit values
A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 AB 0 0 0 1

Multiplication (3 of 3)
Binary, two n-bit values
As with decimal values E.g., 1110
x 1011 1110 1110 0000 1110 10011010

Fractions
Decimal to decimal (just for fun)
3.14 => 4 x 10-2 = 0.04 1 x 10-1 = 0.1 3 x 100 = 3 3.14

pp. 4650

Fractions
Binary to decimal
10.1011 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625 1 x 2-3 = 0 x 2-2 = 1 x 2-1 = 0 x 20 = 1 x 21 = 0.125 0.0 0.5 0.0 2.0 2.6875

pp. 4650

Fractions
Decimal to binary
3.14579 .14579 x 2 0.29158 x 2 0.58316 x 2 1.16632 x 2 0.33264 x 2 0.66528 x 2 1.33056 etc. p. 50

11.001001...

Exercise Convert ...

Decimal 29.8 Binary
101.1101 3.07 C.82

Octal

Hexadecimal

Exercise Convert
Answer

Decimal 29.8 5.8125 3.109375 12.5078125

Binary Octal 11101.110011 35.63 101.1101 11.000111 1100.10000010 5.64 3.07 14.404

Hexadecimal
1D.CC 5.D 3.1C C.82

2 NONPOSITIONAL NUMBER SYSTEMS

Although non-positional number systems are not used in computers, we give a short review here for comparison with positional number systems. A nonpositional number system still uses a limited number of symbols in which each symbol has a value. However, the position a symbol occupies in the number normally bears no relation to its valuethe value of each symbol is fixed. To find the value of a number, we add the value of all symbols present in the representation.

2.63

In this system, a number is represented as:

and has the value of:

There are some exceptions to the addition rule we just mentioned, as shown in Example 2.24.

2.64

Example 2.24

Roman numerals are a good example of a non-positional number system. This number system has a set of symbols S = {I, V, X, L, C, D, M}. The values of each symbol are shown in Table 2.3

To find the value of a number, we need to add the value of symbols subject to specific rules (See the textbook).
2.65

Example 2.24

(Continued)

The following shows some Roman numbers and their values.

2.66

Thank you