Frequency Hopping

FREQUENCY HOPPING
Frequency
Call is transmitted through several frequencies in order to average the interference (interference diversity) minimise the impact of fading (frequency diversity)
F1 F2 F3
Time
Fading
Slow fading Fast fading
Mobile station
Base station
distance
-70 dBm
dBm
-90
-110
The Benefits of Frequency Hopping

1. Frequency diversity; Compensates the frequency
selective fast fading
Signal Level
F1 F2 F3
MS Location
Distance
Bursts sent on frequency F2 are degraded or lost, but the initial signal may still be reconstructed from the bursts on frequencies F1 and F3.
The Benefits of Frequency Hopping

2. Interference diversity; the interference is averaged
over multiple users
Interference
No hopping F1
Interference
F1
With hopping
F3
F1
F1 F2 F2 F3 F2 F 3
F2
F3
average
MS_1 MS_2
MS_3
MS_1
MS_2
MS_3
Converting Quality to Capacity

Field strenght Serving carrier worst interference average strongest interference interference margin
average weakest interference no FH FH with improved quality FH with tighter frequency reuse
BB-FH
TRX-1
F1(+ BCCH)
MS does not see any difference
F2
TRX-3
Frequency
F3 RF
F1 F2 F3
Time
PSTN
MSC
Dig.
BSC TCSM
TRX-1
F1, F2, F3 BCCH RF
RF-FH
TRX-2
Dig.
General Parameters btsIsHopping BB (BaseBand Hopping) RF (Radio Frequency Hopping) N (No Hopping)
CA MA MAIO HSN = Cell Allocation = Mobile Allocation = Mobile Allocation Index Offset = Hopping Sequence Number
Baseband Hopping hoppingSequenceNumber1 (TS 0) 0 ... 63 (0 = cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom) hoppingSequenceNumber2 (TS 1 ... 7) 0 ... 63 (0 = cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom)
BB hopping management
BCCH timeslot, does not hop.
RTSL-0 RTSL-1 RTSL-2 RTSL-3 RTSL-4 RTSL-5 RTSL-6 RTSL-7
TRX-1 TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4
BCCH 0 1 2
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
f1 f2 f3 f4
Timeslot 0 of TRXs 2-4 hop over MA(f2,f3,f4). This hopping group uses HSN-1
All timeslots 1-7 hop over MA(f1,f2,f3,f4). This hopping group uses HSN-2
TDMA frame: TRX-1 / f1 TRX-2 / f2 TRX-3 / f3
TCH-1 (MAIO 0)
TCH-2 (MAIO 1) TCH-3 (MAIO 2)
MAI : 0
1 2
2 0 1
0 1 2
1 2 0
2 0 1
MA list MAI
f1 0
f2 1
f3 2
MAI = (S + MAIO) modulo N S = calculated on frame basis by MS and BTS using GSM hopping algorithm and MA/HSN/FN parameters N = length of MA list
RF ( Synthesized Hopping) (from 3rd generation BTS onward)
mobileAllocationList
1 ... GSM: 1..124 and 975..1023, 0 GSM 1800: 512..885 GSM 1900: 512..810 Note! Max. 63 Frequencies mobileAllocationId 1 128 usedMobileAllocation 1 128 hoppingSequenceNumber1 0 63 (0 = cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom)
RF hopping management
BCCH TRX, does not hop.
RTSL-0 RTSL-1 RTSL-2 RTSL-3 RTSL-4 RTSL-5 RTSL-6 RTSL-7
BCCH 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
MA = {f1}
MA = {f2, f3, f4,..}
HSN-1
MAIOs have to be different for different TRXs within the same hopping group -> no collisions.
TDMA frame: TRX-1 TRX-2
TCH-1 (MAIO 0)
TCH-2 (MAIO 1)
MAI / freq. : 0 / f1
1 / f2
2 / f3 0 / f1
0 / f1 1 / f2
1 / f2 2 / f3
2 / f3 0 / f1
MA list MAI
f1 0
f2 1
f3 2
MAI = (S + MAIO) modulo N S = calculated on frame basis by MS and BTS using GSM hopping algorithm and MA/HSN/FN parameters N = length of MA list
MAIO HSN offset

(sector 1)
MAIO TRX-1
TRX-2
BCCH
TCH TCH TCH BCCH TCH TCH
0 1 2 3
f1
BTS-1
3
TRX-3 TRX-4 TRX-5 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10 f11 f12
f2
(sector 2)
TRX-6
BTS-2
3 TRX-7
4
5 6 7 8 f3
TRX-8
TRX-9
(sector 3)
TCH
BCCH TCH TCH TCH
BTS-3
TRX-10 6 3 TRX-11 TRX-12
DOCUMENTTYPE TypeUnitOrDepartmentHere TypeYourNameHere
1 (1)
TypeDateHere
Sector HN S 1 N
MAIO-offset 0
MAIO-step 2
TRX TRX-1 TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4 TRX-5 TRX-6 TRX-7 TRX-8 TRX-9 TRX-10 TRX-11 TRX-12
MAIO value for all RTSLs BCCH, not allowed to hop MAIO=0 MAIO=2 MAIO=4 BCCH, not allowed to hop MAIO=6 MAIO=8 MAIO=10 BCCH, not allowed to hop MAIO=12 MAIO=14 MAIO=16
Value 1..62
12
Parameters MaioStep UnderlayMaioStep
1..62
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Flexible MAIO Management
Allows More Flexible RF Hopping enables Frequency Sharing i.e. sharing an MA list between the sectors at same site longer MA lists possible minimised interference New MAIO Step Parameter in BSS7 When used together with MAIO offset, no successive MAIOs will be allocated for TCHs sharing the same MA list

Single MA/HSN per Site - with MAIO Step
HSN same for all sectors
MA = f1, f2, f3, f4,....
MA list can include adjacent frequencies
Sector
1 1
HSN
MAIO Offset
MAIO step
TRX
TRX-1
MAIO, same for all RTSLs within the TRX

BCCH, not hopping
Band allocation: BCCH Hopping Freq's
TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4
0
2 4 BCCH, not hopping
2 2 N
TRX-5
TRX-6 TRX-7 TRX-8
6
8 10
3
3 N
TRX-9
BCCH, not hopping
12
TRX-10 TRX-11 TRX-12
12
14 16
Nor co-channels neither adj. channels used simultaneouly if number of frequencies > 2*number of TRXs
Operator can set the lowest MAIOs for the cells
Operator can also set the MAIO step size

RF-FH with reuse '1/1'using fractional loading
MAIO Offset Band allocation: BCCH Hopping frequencies MAIO Offset + Step Band allocation: BCCH Hopping Freq's
MA list
MA list
MA list and BCCH need planning MA list possibly shorter -> reduced gain
No need for MA list planning BCCH frequencies planned as usual
One MA list per site One MA list can contain a continuous band No risk of co-channel nor adjacent channel being used simultaneously within a site Single MA/HSN possible -> only BCCH frequency planning More tighter reuse possible e.g. RF-FH (1/1) and thus more capacity can be achieved
Parameter MaioStep UnderlayMaioStep
Value 1..62 1..62
BackgroundMaioStep BackgroundUnderlayMaioStep
1..62 / ND 1..62 / ND
Example 3/9 Reuse with MAIOManagement

Frequency band is divided into 3 groups. MA-lists are allocated one per site following 3/3 (omni) reuse pattern. Each cell in a sectorised site uses all the frequencies, but the same frequency is never used in two cells at the same time. Example ( a site using MA-list with 3 frequencies): MA-list: 3 6
3 1 2
3 1 3
2 3 2
9 9
3
3
3 1 2
3 3
6
2
TDMA frame n-1
TDMA frame n
TDMA frame n+1
MA1 = f1, f4, f7 MA2 = f2, f5, f8 MA3 = f3, f6, f9

Initially 3/9 Cluster, 3/3 with Frequency sharing
F6
F5
F9
F3 F9 F3 F6 F5 F7 F5 F2
F8
F8
F2 F3 F6 F9
F1
F4 F7
F3
F6 F9
F6 F9 F3 F1
F2 F8 F4 F7 F3 F6
F1
F4
Time
F9
As the hopping is random and sites not synchronised, adjacent channels are used at times in neighbouring sites
Random vs Cyclic hopping sequences Where to use?

Cyclic: In the areas where the interference is NOT a problem (low traffic areas)
Random:
In the areas where the interference is a problem (high traffic areas)
Hard/soft blocking
Hard blocking The whole radio resource is in use - no more calls can be established due to lack of free radio timeslots.
Dominates with large reuse factors
Soft blocking The capacity of individual cells is limited by the level of the interference rather than the number of TRXs available
Is dominating with tight reuse patterns.
Frequency load, RF FH
75 % 25 % HW load is 75% Fractional load FL is 3 TRX / 5 F = 0.6 = 60% Frequency load is HWL * FL = 45% 0 0 1 2 f1 f2, f3, f4, f5, f6 f3, f4, f5, f6, f2 f4, f5, f6, f2, f3
BCCH 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
Active slots
Empty slots
TRX-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency Load
frequency 1: 17 active slots / 5 frames 40 slots totally / 5 frames frequency load is 17/40 = 42.5 %
TRX-2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TRX-3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX-4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Active slots
Empty slots
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 frame 1 frame 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 time
How to allocate a fixed band?

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 2
3 1
4
3 1 2 1 3 1
2 4 3 1 3
1 2 5 4 7 2 3 6
7 2
1 5
1
1
3
1 2
4 3
2
2
4
4 7 3
FAR
Worsening C/I at the cell border
Increasing collision probability
Max. frequency load
8%
30%
~40%
~70%

Frequency Hopping

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FREQUENCY HOPPING

The Benefits of Frequency Hopping

The Benefits of Frequency Hopping

Converting Quality to Capacity

MS does not see any difference

F1, F2, F3 BCCH RF

TRX-1 TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4

TDMA frame: TRX-1 / f1 TRX-2 / f2 TRX-3 / f3

RF ( Synthesized Hopping) (from 3rd generation BTS onward)

TRX-1 TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4

MA = {f2, f3, f4,..}

TDMA frame: TRX-1 TRX-2

MAIO HSN offset

TRX-10 6 3 TRX-11 TRX-12

DOCUMENTTYPE TypeUnitOrDepartmentHere TypeYourNameHere

Parameters MaioStep UnderlayMaioStep

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

MA list can include adjacent frequencies

MAIO, same for all RTSLs within the TRX

Band allocation: BCCH Hopping Freq's

TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4

TRX-6 TRX-7 TRX-8

BCCH, not hopping

TRX-10 TRX-11 TRX-12

Operator can set the lowest MAIOs for the cells

Operator can also set the MAIO step size

RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

No need for MA list planning BCCH frequencies planned as usual

Parameter MaioStep UnderlayMaioStep

Value 1..62 1..62

Example 3/9 Reuse with MAIOManagement

TDMA frame n-1

TDMA frame n+1

MA1 = f1, f4, f7 MA2 = f2, f5, f8 MA3 = f3, f6, f9

Random vs Cyclic hopping sequences Where to use?

In the areas where the interference is a problem (high traffic areas)

TRX-1 TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4

How to allocate a fixed band?

Worsening C/I at the cell border

Increasing collision probability

Max. frequency load

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