Radiography Presentation
Radiography Presentation
In addition to producing high quality radiographs one should also be skilled in radiographic interpretation. Interpretation of radiographs takes place in three basic steps: (1) detection, (2) interpretation, and (3) evaluation. All of these steps make use of the radiographer's acuity. Visual acuity is the ability to resolve a spatial pattern in an image. The ability of an individual to detect discontinuities in radiography is also affected by the lighting condition in the place of viewing, and the experience level for recognizing various features in the image. The following material is to help develop an understanding of the types of defects found in weldments and how they appear in a radiograph.
Discontinuities:
Discontinuities are interruptions in the typical structure of a material. These interruptions may occur in the base metal, weld material or "heat affected" zones. Discontinuities, which do not meet the requirements of the codes or specifications used to invoke and control an inspection, are referred to as defects.
Slag Wagontracks Tungsten Spatter Arc Craters Cracks Longitudinal Transverse Crater Throat Toe Root Underbead and Heataffected zone Hot Cold or delayed
Base Metal Discontinuities Lamellar tearing Laminations and Delaminations Laps and Seams Porosity Uniformly Scattered Cluster Linear Piping Heat-affected zone microstructure alteration Base Plate laminations Size or dimensions
Porosity :
is the result of gas entrapment in the solidifying metal. Porosity can take many shapes on a radiograph but often appears as dark round or irregular spots or specks appearing singularly, in clusters, or in rows. Sometimes, porosity is elongated and may appear to have a tail. This is the result of gas attempting to escape while the metal is still in a liquid state and is called wormhole porosity. All porosity is a void in the material and it will have a higher radiographic density than the surrounding area
Cluster porosity :
is caused when flux coated electrodes are contaminated with moisture. The moisture turns into a gas when heated and becomes trapped in the weld during the welding process. Cluster porosity appear just like regular porosity in the radiograph but the indications will be grouped close together.
Slag inclusions:
are nonmetallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or between weld and base metal. In a radiograph, dark, jagged asymmetrical shapes within the weld or along the weld joint areas are indicative of slag inclusions.
occurs when the weld metal fails to penetrate the joint. It is one of the most objectionable weld discontinuities. Lack of penetration allows a natural stress riser from which a crack may propagate. The appearance on a radiograph is a dark area with well-defined, straight edges that follows the land or root face down the center of the weldment.
Incomplete fusion
Incomplete fusion
is a condition where the weld filler metal does not properly fuse with the base metal. Appearance on radiograph: usually appears as a dark line or lines oriented in the direction of the weld seam along the weld preparation or joining area.
Offset or mismatch
are terms associated with a condition where two pieces being welded together are not properly aligned. The radiographic image shows a noticeable difference in density between the two pieces. The difference in density is caused by the difference in material thickness. The dark, straight line is caused by the failure of the weld metal to fuse with the land area.
Cracks
can be detected in a radiograph only when they are propagating in a direction that produces a change in thickness that is parallel to the x-ray beam. Cracks will appear as jagged and often very faint irregular lines. Cracks can sometimes appear as "tails" on inclusions or porosity.
Tungsten inclusions
Tungsten is a brittle and inherently dense material used in the electrode in tungsten inert gas welding. If improper welding procedures are used, tungsten may be entrapped in the weld. Radiographically, tungsten is more dense than aluminum or steel, therefore it shows up as a lighter area with a distinct outline on the radiograph.
Burn-Through
results when too much heat causes excessive weld metal to penetrate the weld zone. Often lumps of metal sag through the weld, creating a thick globular condition on the back of the weld. These globs of metal are referred to as icicles. On a radiograph, burn-through appears as dark spots, which are often surrounded by light globular areas (icicles).
Oxide inclusions
are usually visible on the surface of material being welded (especially aluminum). Oxide inclusions are less dense than the surrounding material and, therefore, appear as dark irregularly shaped discontinuities in the radiograph
LOP
LOPD LOF LOFD
1"(25.4mm)
2"(50.8mm) 1"(25.4mm) 2"(50.8mm) i)1/4"+Density > thinner of the nominal thickness ii)Thinner of the wall thickness +Density >thinner of nominal wall thickness Same as above W > 1/16" W > 1/8" i) No internal crack ii) Crater Crack
1"(25.4mm)
3"(76.2mm) 1"(25.4mm) 2"(50.8mm)
8%
8% 8%
BT
1/2"(12.7)
6 7 8 9 10 11
2"(50.8mm)
12
CP
1/2"(12.7)
API 1104
Rounded Indication
Thickness t Random 1/4t Isolated 1/3t
0.8
1.2 1.6 2.0 2.3
1.06
1.6 2.1 2.65 3.2
2.8
3.2 3.6 4.0 4.0 4.0
3.7
4.25 4.8 5.35 5.84 6.35
Any Question