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Chapt 2

This document provides an overview of matter and the different states it can exist in. It defines matter as anything that takes up space and has mass. Matter can exist as solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas. Changes between these states are physical changes and do not alter the composition of the substance. Chemical changes result in new substances forming. The document also discusses mixtures and their properties. Energy and its different forms are introduced, along with the laws of conservation of mass and energy.

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gaglion
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT or read online on Scribd
122 views

Chapt 2

This document provides an overview of matter and the different states it can exist in. It defines matter as anything that takes up space and has mass. Matter can exist as solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas. Changes between these states are physical changes and do not alter the composition of the substance. Chemical changes result in new substances forming. The document also discusses mixtures and their properties. Energy and its different forms are introduced, along with the laws of conservation of mass and energy.

Uploaded by

gaglion
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

Matter and Change


What is Matter?
 Matter is anything that takes up space
and has mass.
 Mass is the amount of matter in an
object.
 Mass is resistance to change in motion
along a smooth and level surface.
 Examples
Types of Matter
 Substance- a particular kind of matter -
pure
 Mixture- more than one kind of matter
Properties
 Words that describe matter (adjectives)
 Physical Properties- a property that can
be observed and measured without
changing the substance.
 Chemical Properties- a property that
can only be observed by changing the
type of substance.
Properties
 Words that describe matter (adjectives)
 Extensive Properties- only depends on
the amount of matter
 Intensive Properties- only depends on
the type of matter, not the amount
 Used to identify a substance
States of matter
 Solid- mater that can not flow and has
definite volume.
 Liquid- definite volume but takes the
shape of its container (flows).
 Gas- a substance without definite
volume or shape and can flow.
 Vapor- a substance that is currently a
gas but normally is a liquid or solid at
room temperature.
States of Matter
Definite Definite Temp. Com-
Volume? Shape? increase pressible?
Small
Solid YES YES NO
Expans.

Small
Liquid YES NO NO
Expans.

Gas Large
NO NO YES
Expans.
Freeze Condense

Melt Evaporate

Solid Liquid Gas


States of Matter
 There are more
 Plasma
– high temperature low pressure
– electrons separate from nucleus
– Most common in the universe
 More at very low temp
– Bose- Einstein condensate
– Quantum superfluids
Another Way to Change States
 Pressure
 For some substances it will turn solids
to liquids
 For others it will turn liquids to solids

– Silly putty
 Will turn gas to liquid-

– Compressor in refrigerator and AC


Physical Changes
 A change that changes appearances,
without changing the composition.
 Examples?
 Chemical changes - a change where a
new form of matter is formed.
 Also called chemical reaction.
 Examples?
 Not phase changes
– Ice is still water.
Mixtures
 Made up of two substances.
 Variable composition.
 Heterogeneous- mixture is not the
same from place to place.
 Chocolate chip cookie, gravel, soil.
 Homogeneous- same composition
throughout.
 Kool-aid, air.
 Every part keeps its properties.
Separating mixtures
 Only a physical change- no new matter
 Filtration- separate solids from liquids
with a barrier
 Distillation- separate because of
different boiling points
– Heat mixture
– Catch vapor in cooled area
 Chromatography- different substances
are attracted to paper or gel, so move
at different speeds
Chromatography
Phases
 A part of a sample with uniform
composition, therefore uniform
properties
 Homogeneous- 1 phase
 Heterogeneous – more than 1
Solutions
 Homogeneous mixture
 Mixed molecule by molecule
 Can occur between any state of matter.
 Solid in liquid- Kool-aid
 Liquid in liquid- antifreeze
 Gas in gas- air
 Solid in solid - brass
 Liquid in gas- water vapor
Solutions
 Like all mixtures, they keep the
properties of the components.
 Can be separated by physical means
 Not easily separated- can be separated
without creating anything new.
Substances
 Elements- simplest kind of matter
 Cannot be broken down into simpler
 All one kind of atom.
 Compounds are substances that can be
broken down by chemical methods
 When they are broken down, the pieces
have completely different properties
than the compound. Salt
 Made of molecules- two or more atoms
stuck together
Compound or Mixture
Compound Mixture
One kind of piece- More than one kind -
Molecules Molecule or atoms
Making is a Making is a
chemical change physical change
Only one kind Variable composition
Which is it?

Mixture
Element
Compound
Chemical Reactions
 Another name for chemical change
 When one or more substances are
changed into new substances.
 Reactants- stuff you start with
 Products- What you make
 NEW PROPERTIES
 Because each substance has its own
properties
Indications of a chemical reaction
 Energy absorbed or released
 Color change
 Odor change
 Precipitate- solid that separates from
solution
 Not easily reversed
 Only clues not certainty
Chemical symbols
 There are 116 elements
 Each has a 1 or two letter symbol
 First letter always capitalized second
never
 Don’t need to memorize
 Some from Latin or other languages
Chemical symbols
 Used to write chemical formulas
 Subscripts tell us how many of each
atom
 H 2O

 C3H8
 HBrO3
Conservation of Mass
 Mass can not be created or destroyed
in ordinary (not nuclear) changes.
 All the mass can be accounted for.
 Mass at the start = mass at end
Energy
 The ability to do work.
 Work - cause a change or move an
object.
 Many types- all can be changed into the
other.
Types of energy
 Potential- stored energy
 Kinetic Energy- energy something has
because its moving
 Heat- the energy that moves because
of a temperature difference.
 Chemical energy- energy released or
absorbed in a chemical change.
 Electrical energy - energy of moving
charges
Types of Energy
 Radiant Energy- energy that can travel
through empty space (light, UV,
infrared, radio)
 Nuclear Energy – Energy from
changing the nucleus of atoms
 All types of energy can be converted
into others.
 If you trace the source far enough back,
you will end up at nuclear energy.
Conservation of Energy
 Energy can be neither created or
destroyed in ordinary changes (not
nuclear), it can only change form.
 Its not just a good idea, its the law.
What about nuclear?
 E = mc2
 energy = mass x (speed of light)2
 speed of light = 3 x 108
 A little mass can make a lot of energy
 Law of Conservation of Mass - Energy
the total of the mass and energy
remains the same in any change

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