Chapter 8

Parallelism Measurement

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OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this chapter, the reader should be able to:

1. Explain the various parallelism tolerance zones for different applications.

2. Explain how parallelism of a surface inherently controls the flatness of that surface. 3. Explain the difference between bonus tolerances on controlled features and additional tolerances from size datums.
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OBJECTIVES:
4. Explain how parallelism of a surface is not additive to associated size tolerances. 5. Measure surface-to-surface parallelism on a surface plate.

6. Measure axis-to-surface parallelism on a surface plate. 7. Understand functional gaging of parallelism of size features at MMC.
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Is it possible to measure parallelism tolerance of 0.02 on a plain M.S plate by a micrometer having a resolution of 0.001mm? Yes or No

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Parallelism Tolerance:
orientation tolerance that relates a surface, centerplane, or an axis parallel to a datum plane or axis. Used as a refinement of size tolerances on noncylindrical parts for a variety of fit, form, or functional reasons, such as control of the stackup of tolerances or of two interrelated surfaces

Requires at least one primary datum reference (at times, more than one datum is necessary).
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Parallelism Tolerance Zones

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The tolerance zone for parallelism depends largely on the feature being controlled and the type of datum. For example, if the controlled feature is a surface and the datum

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Interpret the tolerance requirement with a sketch

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The controlled surface must be parallel within .002" with respect to primary datum A.

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Measuring Parallelism wrt Base A

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Surface to Surface Parallelism Measurement

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Interpret the tolerance requirement with a sketch

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Two perfectly parallel imaginary planes 0.005" apart and also parallel to the datum plane A Actual Axis*

Tolerance Zone 0.005

* can be anywhere within the zone of tolerance RFS

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Is it possible to design a gauge to check parallelism tolerance of the part ?

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How will you inspect the Parallelism Tolerance?

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Largest Gauge pin

Please carefully look at the photo

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What is the parallelism error measured?

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Interpret the tolerance requirement with a sketch

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How will you check for parallelism tolerance? 21

Interpret the tolerance requirement with a sketch

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Zone of Tolerance 0.005 RFS

Datum Axis B How will you check for parallelism tolerance?

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Gauge pin for controlled feature Gauge Pin B

Look at photo carefully

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Zero at one end TDC

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What is the measured parallelism error?

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Set up to measure the parallelism error in horizontal plane

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What is the measured parallelism error?

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Interpret the tolerance requirement with a sketch

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Zone of Tolerance 0.005 0.011

Datum Axis B
Virtual Size of controlled hole = ?

What is the maximum parallelism tolerance permissible?

Sketch the functional gauge arrangement

Study carefully. Detailed Design of this gauge?

Some facts to be considered during functional gage design:

1. The datum pin in the gage must be at MMC size of the datum feature within gaging tolerances. 2.Parallelism does not control location; therefore, the pin in the gage that checks parallelism must be movable, yet parallel to the datum pin in all positions within gage tolerances.

3.Pin must be at the virtual size of the controlled hole (which is the MMC of the hole minus the parallelism tolerance)

Inspection Procedure:
Part located on the MMC size datum pin Virtual size pin is aligned vertically and inserted into the controlled hole If the pin goes into the hole without force, the part is acceptable The functional gage checks only the virtual condition Hole size limits must be inspected separately
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Interpret the tolerance requirement with a sketch

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Primary & Secondary datums contacted

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Parallelism with multiple datums

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How many primary datums?

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Datum A

Datum B
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Slip Gauge Block Stack Datum B Datum C

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Measuring Parallelism wrt multiple offset datums

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A parallelism tolerance applied to a surface inherently controls the . of that surface to the extent of the stated parallelism tolerance.

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A parallelism tolerance applied to a surface inherently controls the flatness of that surface to the extent of the stated parallelism tolerance.

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KEY FACTS : 1. Parallelism tolerance must be called out to at least one datum (sometimes more than one).

2. The tolerance zone for parallelism depends heavily on the type of datum and the controlled feature
3. Parallelism of surface to surface cannot be gaged; it must be measured.

4.Parallelism of size features at MMC can be gaged with a functional gage

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5.The results of parallelism error are invariably stated in terms of FIM.

6. A parallelism tolerance applied to a surface inherently controls the flatness of that surface to the extent of the stated parallelism tolerance. 7. Parallelism tolerance cannot violate. the maximum boundary of perfect form at MMC for the related size tolerance.

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Questions & Answers on Parallelism Measurement

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8.1 The imaginary tolerance zone for parallelism depends largely on whether the datum is a plane or an axis. True or False?

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8.1 The imaginary tolerance zone for parallelism depends largely on whether the datum is a plane or an axis. True

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8.2 What is the tolerance zone for parallelism of the axis of a hole to a datum plane? (a) Two parallel planes (b) A cylindrical

zone
(c) Two parallel lines (d) A circle

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8.2 What is the tolerance zone for parallelism of the axis of a hole to a datum plane? (a) Two parallel planes (b) A cylindrical

zone
(c) Two parallel lines (d) A circle Answer: (a)

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8.3 Parallelism tolerances always require a datum reference. True or False?

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8.3 Parallelism tolerances always require a datum reference. True or False? Answer: True

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8.4 Parallelism tolerances are part of the form tolerance family. True or False?

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8.4 Parallelism tolerances are part of the form tolerance family. True or False? Answer: False

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8.5 What other geometric tolerance is automatically controlled when parallelism is applied to a surface? (a) Position (c) Flatness (b) Symmetry (d) Profile

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8.5 What other geometric tolerance is automatically controlled when parallelism is applied to a surface? (a) Position (c) Flatness Answer: (c) (b) Symmetry (d) Profile

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8.6

The resultant measurement of parallelism is a(n) ----------------------------------------------value.

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8.6

The resultant measurement of parallelism is a(n) FIM value.

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8.7 Surface-to-surface parallelism can be measured by taking multiple thickness measurements on the two surfaces with a micrometer. True or False?

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8.7 Surface-to-surface parallelism can be measured by taking multiple thickness measurements on the two surfaces with a micrometer. True or False?

Answer: False

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8.8 Some parallelism tolerance measurements can be in error due to misalignment because of the lack of a -----------------------------------------alignment datum.

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8.8 Some parallelism tolerance measurements can be in error due to misalignment because of the lack of a secondary alignment datum.

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8.9 When parallelism is applied to size features at MMC, a bonus tolerance can be allowed as the size feature departs from its MMC size. True or False?

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8.9 When parallelism is applied to size features at MMC, a bonus tolerance can be allowed as the size feature departs from its MMC size. True or False? Answer: True

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8.10 Parallelism of the axis of a hole to a surface also controls the location of the hole. True or False?

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8.10 Parallelism of the axis of a hole to a surface also controls the location of the hole. True or False? Answer: False

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8.11 Which of the following methods can be used to inspect the parallelism of a hole to a datum hole specified at MMC?
(a) Open setup measurements (b) Functional gage (c) Neither (a) nor (b) (d) Both (a) and (b)

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8.11 Which of the following methods can be used to inspect the parallelism of a hole to a datum hole specified at MMC?
(a) Open setup measurements (b) Functional gage (c) Neither (a) nor (b) (d) Both (a) and (b)

Answer: (d)
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8.12 If a surface has been identified as the datum for the parallelism of another feature, that datum must be contacted at three or more of the -------------------points on the surface.

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8.12 If a surface has been identified as the datum for the parallelism of another feature, that datum must be contacted at three or more of the highest points on the surface.

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8.13 Parallelism error cannot be used to violate the maximum ----------------------------------------------of perfect form when size tolerances are involved (reference general rule 1).

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8.13 Parallelism error cannot be used to violate the maximum boundary of perfect form when size tolerances are involved (reference general rule 1).

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8.14. Surface-to-surface parallelism cannot be gaged; it must be measured (FIM). True or False?

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8.14. Surface-to-surface parallelism cannot be gaged; it must be measured (FIM). True or False?

Answer: True

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8.15. It is possible for a parallelism requirement to have more than one datum specified (even though many applications of parallelism only use one datum). True or False?

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8.15. It is possible for a parallelism requirement to have more than one datum specified (even though many applications of parallelism only use one datum). True or False?

Answer: True

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Did we achieve our objectives? Upon completion of this chapter, the reader should be able to:

1. Explain the various parallelism tolerance zones for different applications.

2. Explain how parallelism of a surface inherently controls the flatness of that surface. 3. Explain the difference between bonus tolerances on controlled features and additional tolerances from size datums.
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Did we achieve our objectives? 4. Explain how parallelism of a surface is not additive to associated size tolerances. 5. Measure surface-to-surface parallelism on a surface plate. 6. Measure axis-to-surface parallelism on a surface plate.
7. Understand functional gaging of parallelism of size features at MMC.
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Thank You
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