Transformer

Transformer
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example
1. 1.5kVA single phase transformer has rated voltage of 144/240
V. Finds its full load current.
Solution

A I
A I
FL
FL
6
240
1500
45 . 10
144
1500
2
1
= =
= =
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example
2. A single phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000
secondary turns. The net cross-sectional area of the
core is 60m
2
. If the primary winding is connected to a
50Hz supply at 520V, calculate:
a) The induced voltage in the secondary winding
b) The peak value of flux density in the core
Solution
N
1
=400 V
1
=520V A=60m
2

N
2
=1000 V
2
=?
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example 2 (Cont)
a) Know that,

b) Emf,

2
520
1000
400
V
=
2
1
2
1
V
V
N
N
a = =
V V 1300
2
=
| |
| |
2
2 1
/ 976 . 0
) 60 )( )( 400 )( 50 ( 44 . 4 520
44 . 4
1300 , 520 ,
44 . 4
44 . 4
m Wb B
B
A B f N E
V E V E known
A B f N
f N E
m
m
m
m
m
=
=
=
= =
=
u =
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example
3. A 25kVA transformer has 500 turns on the
primary and 50 turns on the secondary
winding. The primary is connected to 3000V,
50Hz supply. Find:
a) Full load primary current
b) The induced voltage in the secondary winding
c) The maximum flux in the core
Solution
VA = 25kVA
N
1
=500 V
1
=3000V
N
2
=50 V
2
=?
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example 3 (Cont)
a) Know that,

b) Induced voltage,

c) Max flux
V
I
I
E E
A I
I
I
N
N
a
300
3 . 83
33 . 8
3000
3 . 83
50
33 . 8
500
2
1
1 2
2
1
2
2
1
=
|
.
|
\
|
= =
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
= =
A
V
VA
I
I V VA
FL
33 . 8
3000
10 25
3
1
1
=
= =
=
mWb
f N E
27
) 50 )( 50 ( 44 . 4 300
44 . 4
= u
u =
u =
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example
4. For the parameters obtained from the test
of 20kVA 2600/245 V single phase
transformer, refer all the parameters to the
high voltage side if all the parameters are
obtained at lower voltage side.
R
c
= 3.3O, X
m
=j1.5O, R
2
= 7.5O, X
2
= j12.4O
Solution
Given
R
c
= 3.3O, X
m
=j1.5O,
R
2
= 7.5O, X
2
= j12.4O
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example 4 (Cont)
i) Refer to H.V side (primary)

R
2
=(10.61)
2
(7.5) = 844.65O,
X
2
=j(10.61)
2
(12.4) = 1.396kO
R
c
=(10.61)
2
(3.3) = 371.6O,
X
m
=j(10.61)
2
(1.5) = j168.9 O

61 . 10
245
2600
2
1
2
1
= = = =
V
V
E
E
a
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example
5. A 10 kVA single phase transformer 2000/440V
has primary resistance and reactance of 5.5O
and 12O respectively, while the resistance and
reactance of secondary winding is 0.2O and
0.45 O respectively. Calculate:
i. The parameter referred to high voltage side and
draw the equivalent circuit
ii. The approximate value of secondary voltage at full
load of 0.8 lagging power factor, when primary
supply is 2000V.
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example 5 (Cont)
Solution
R
1
=5.5 O, X
1
=j12 O
R
2
=0.2 O, X
2
=j0.45 O
i) Refer to H.V side (primary)

R
2
=(4.55)
2
(0.2) = 4.14O,
X
2
=j(4.55)
2
0.45 = j9.32 O

Therefore,
R
01
=R
1
+R
2
=5.5 + 4.13 = 9.64 O
X
01
=X
1
+X
2
=j12 + j9. 32 = j21.32 O
55 . 4
440
2000
2
1
2
1
= = = =
V
V
E
E
a
V
1

aV
2

R
01
X
01

21.32 9.64
I
1

MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example 5 (Cont)
Solution
ii) Secondary voltage
p.f = 0.8
Cos u = 0.8
u =36.87
o

Full load,
From eqn. cct,

A
V
VA
I
FL
5
2000
10 10
3
1
=
=
o
o o
o o
V
V j
aV I jX R V
8 . 0 6 . 422
) 55 . 4 ( ) 87 . 36 5 )( 32 . 21 64 . 9 ( 0 2000
) )( ( 0
2
2
2 1 01 01 1
Z =
+ Z + = Z
+ Z + = Z u
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example
8. The following data were obtained in test on 20kVA
2400/240V, 60Hz transformer.
V
sc
=72V
I
sc
=8.33A
P
sc
=268W
P
oc
=170W
The measuring instrument are connected in the primary
side for short circuit test. Determine the voltage regulation
for 0.8 lagging p.f. (use all 3 methods), full load efficiency
and half load efficiency.
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example 8 (Cont)
( )
. 72 . 7 86 . 3 4 . 63 64 . 8
64 . 8
33 . 8
72
4 . 63
) 33 . 8 )( 72 (
268
cos
cos
cos
,
87 . 36 8 . 0 cos ,
8 . 0 .
% 100
cos
.
01 01
1
1
1
.
2
.
side primary to connected because jX R j Z
I
V
Z
I V
P
I V P
that Know
Hence
f p Given
V
V
R V
o
sc
sc
sc
sc
o
sc sc
sc
sc
sc sc sc sc
o
f p
f p sc sc
+ = + = Z =
O = = =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
=
=
u
u
u
u u
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example 8 (Cont)
( )
( )
| |
| |
% 68 . 2 % 100
2400
) 6 . 0 ( 72 . 7 ) 8 . 0 ( 86 . 3
2400
20000
% 100
sin cos
. , . 2
% 68 . 2 % 100
2400
87 . 36 4 . 63 cos 72
.
% 100
cos
. , . 1
1
. 01 . 01 1
1
.
=
+
=
=
=
=
V
X R I
R V circuit Equivalent
R V
V
V
R V method Circuit Short
f p f p
o o
f p sc sc
u u
u u
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example 8 (Cont)
( )
% 68 . 2
% 100
240
58 . 233 240
% 100 .
79 . 0 58 . 233
240
2400
4 . 63 64 . 8 87 . 36
2400
20000
0 2400
, . 3
2
2
2 01 1 1
=
=
Z =
|
.
|
\
|
+ Z
|
.
|
\
|
Z = Z
+ =
NL
FL NL
o
o o o
V
V V
R V
V V
V
aV Z I V
Def ination Basic
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example 8 (Cont)
% 12 . 97 % 100
) 268 ( ) 5 . 0 ( 170 ) 8 . 0 )( 20000 )( 5 . 0 (
) 8 . 0 )( 20000 )( 5 . 0 (
% 34 . 97 % 100
) 268 ( ) 1 ( 170 ) 8 . 0 )( 20000 )( 1 (
) 8 . 0 )( 20000 )( 1 (
2
) (
2
) (
=
+ +
=
=
+ +
=
load half
load full
q
q
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example
9. Given the test on 500kVA 2300/208V are as follows:
P
oc
= 3800W P
sc
= 6200W
V
oc
= 208V V
sc
= 95V

I
oc
= 52.5A I
sc
= 217.4A

Determine the transformer parameters and draw
equivalent circuit referred to high voltage side. Also
calculate appropriate value of V
2
at full load,

the full load
efficiency, half load efficiency and voltage regulation, when
power factor is 0.866 lagging.

[1392O, 517.2O, 0.13O, 0.44O, 202V, 97.74%, 97.59%, 3.04%]
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example 9 (Cont)
A
I I
A
I I
I V P
o
oc oc m
o
oc oc c
o
oc
oc oc oc oc
2 . 49
6 . 69 sin 5 . 52
sin
26 . 18
6 . 69 cos 5 . 52
cos
6 . 69
) 208 )( 5 . 52 (
3800
cos
cos
1
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
u
u
u
u
I
oc
cosu
oc
I
oc

V
oc

I
c

I
m

u
I
oc
sinu
oc
u
oc

From Open Circuit Test,
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example 9 (Cont)
O = = =
O = = =
23 . 4
21 . 49
208
39 . 11
26 . 18
208
m
oc
m
c
oc
c
I
V
X
I
V
R
Since V
oc
=208V
all reading are taken on the secondary side
Parameters referred to high voltage side,
O =
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
O =
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
21 . 517
208
2300
23 . 4 '
1392
208
2300
39 . 11 '
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
E
E
X X
E
E
R R
m m
c c
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example 9 (Cont)
A
V
VA
I
FL
4 . 217
2300
10 500
3
1
1
=
= =
o
sc
sc sc sc sc
I V P
53 . 72
) 4 . 217 )( 95 (
6200
cos
cos
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
u
u
From Short Circuit Test,

First, check the I
sc

Since I
FL1
=I
sc
, all reading are actually taken on the primary side
O + =
Z = Z
|
.
|
\
|
=
Z
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
42 . 0 13 . 0
53 . 72 44 . 0 53 . 72
4 . 217
95
01
j
I
V
Z
o o
sc
sc
sc
u
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example 9 (Cont)
Equivalent circuit referred to high voltage side,
V
2
=aV
2
V
1
R
c
1392O
X
m
517.21O
R
01
0.13O
X
01
0.42O
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example 9 (Cont)
Efficiency,q
% 59 . 97
% 100
3800 ) 5 . 0 )( 6200 ( ) 866 . 0 )( 10 500 )( 5 . 0 (
) 866 . 0 )( 10 500 )( 5 . 0 (
% 100
cos
cos
% 74 . 97
% 100
3800 6200 ) 866 . 0 )( 10 500 (
) 866 . 0 )( 10 500 (
% 100
cos
cos
2 3
3
2
2
1
3
3
=
+ +

=
+ +
=
=
+ +

=
+ +
=
oc sc
L
oc sc
FL
P P n nVA
nVA
P P VA
VA
u
u
q
u
u
q
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Example 9 (Cont)
Voltage Regulation,
| |
| |
% 04 . 3
% 100
2300
30 53 . 72 cos ) 95 (
% 100
cos
.
1
=

=
E
V
R V
pf sc sc
u u

MOTOR
Aree Akram/DC motors/chapter three 55
Aree Akram/ Elec.Eng.dept 91
Example 1
Find all pitches in the figure below:
Example 2
Find all pitches in the figure below :
Aree Akram/ Elec.Eng.dept
93
Procedures for developing armature winding diagram
1-Collect data about C,S,P and type of winding.
2-Calculate various pitches Y, Y
b
and Y
f

3-Prepare winding table indicating front and back end connections.
4-Represent slot and coil sides in a main diagram.
5-Connect the coil sides according to winding table.
6-Represent commutator segment in a main diagram and connect them
with front end connections.
7-Mark the main pole regions.
8-Mark the current direction with reference to pole region.
9-Prepare an equivalent ring diagram with reference to winding table.
10-Transfer current direction marked from main diagram to the ring
diagram.
11-Locate the brush position in the ring diagram.
12-Transfer the brush positions from ring diagram to main diagram.
13-Interconnect all +ve brushes togethe & _ve brushes together to bring
out armature terminals.
Example 1
Develop simplex lap winding for a 12slot,4 pole DC armature with 12 commutator
segments.
Solution
Step 1/ Data: type simplex lap.
S=12 , P=4,C=12 (no. of coils=no. of commutator segments)
Step2/Calculation of pitches : for progressive simplex lap winding
Y=+2 , Yb= [2C/P]K= [2*12/4] K = 6 K= 5 OR 7 , Yf=Yb-Y=7-2=5
Step3 /Constructing winding table

Example2
Develop simplex wave winding for a 13slot,4 pole DC armature with 13 commutator
segments.
Solution
Step 1/ Data: type simplex wave.
S=13 , P=4,C=13 (no. of coils=no. of commutator segments)
Step2/Calculation of pitches : for progressive simplex lap winding
Y=[(2C 2)/ (P/2)]= [ (2*13+2) / (4/2)] = 28/2=14
Yb= [2C/P]K= [2*13/4] K = 6.5 K= 6.5+0.5 =7 , Yf=Yb-Y=14-7=7
Step3 /Constructing winding table
Losses in a D.C. Machine
The losses in a d.c. machine (generator or motor) may be
divided into three classes
(i) copper losses
(ii) iron or core losses
(iii) mechanical losses.
All these losses appear as heat and thus raise the
temperature of the machine. They also lower the efficiency of
the machine.
(ii) Variable losses
Those losses in a d.c. generator which vary with load are called variable
losses.
The variable losses in a d.c. generator are:
(a) Copper loss in armature winding (I
a
2
R
a
)
(b) Copper loss in series field winding (I
se
2
R
se
)

Total losses = Constant losses + Variable losses
Field Cu loss is constant for shunt and compound generators.

Power Stages
The various power stages in a d.c. generator are represente
diagrammatically in figure below

A - B = Iron and friction losses
B - C = Copper losses
Condition for Maximum Efficiency
The efficiency of a d.c. generator is not constant but varies with load.
Consider a shunt generator delivering a load current I
L
at a terminal
voltage V.
The efficiency will be maximum when the denominator of Eq.(i) is
minimum i.e.,

115 Aree Akram Elect.Eng.dept.
116 Aree Akram Elect.Eng.dept.

Transformer

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transformer

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transformer

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transformer

You might also like