1

CHAPTER 5

Exercises

E5.1 (a) We are given ) 30 200 cos( 150 ) (
o
= t t v . The angular frequency is
the coefficient of t so we have radian/s 200 = . Then
Hz 100 2 / = = f ms 10 / 1 = = f T
V 1 . 106 2 / 150 2 / = = =
m rms
V V
Furthermore, v(t) attains a positive peak when the argument of the
cosine function is zero. Thus keeping in mind that t has units of
radians, the positive peak occurs when
ms 8333 . 0
180
30
max max
= = t t



(b) W 225 /
2
= = R V P
rms avg


(c) A plot of v(t) is shown in Figure 5.4 in the book.

E5.2 We use the trigonometric identity ). 90 cos( ) sin(
o
= z z Thus
) 30 300 cos( 100 ) 60 300 sin( 100
o o
= + t t

E5.3 radian/s 377 2 = f ms 67 . 16 / 1 = f T V 6 . 155 2 =
rms m
V V
The period corresponds to
o
360 therefore 5 ms corresponds to a phase
angle of
o o
108 360 ) 67 . 16 / 5 ( = . Thus the voltage is
) 108 377 cos( 6 . 155 ) (
o
= t t v


E5.4 (a)
o o o
45 14 . 14 10 10 90 10 0 10
1
= + = j V
) 45 cos( 14 . 14 ) sin( 10 ) cos( 10
o
= + t t t

(b) 330 . 4 5 . 2 5 660 . 8 60 5 30 10
1
j j + + + =
o o
I

o
44 . 3 18 . 11 670 . 0 16 . 11 + j
) 44 . 3 cos( 18 . 11 ) 30 sin( 5 ) 30 cos( 10
o o o
+ = + + + t t t

(c) 99 . 12 5 . 7 0 20 60 15 0 20
2
j j + + + =
o o
I

o
28 . 25 41 . 30 99 . 12 5 . 27 j
) 28 . 25 cos( 41 . 30 ) 60 cos( 15 ) 90 sin( 20
o o o
= + + t t t

2

E5.5 The phasors are
o o o
45 10 and 30 10 30 10
3 2 1
= + = = V V V

v
1
lags v
2
by
o
60 (or we could say v
2

leads v
1
by ) 60
o


v
1
leads v
3
by
o
15 (or we could say v
3

lags v
1
by ) 15
o


v
2
leads v
3
by
o
75 (or we could say v
3

lags v
2
by ) 75
o





E5.6 (a)
o
90 50 50 = = = j L j Z
L

o
0 100 =
L
V

o
90 2 50 / 100 / = = = j Z
L L L
V I
(b) The phasor diagram is shown in Figure 5.11a in the book.

E5.7 (a)
o
90 50 50 / 1 = = = j C j Z
C

o
0 100 =
C
V

o
90 2 ) 50 /( 100 / = = = j Z
C C C
V I
(b) The phasor diagram is shown in Figure 5.11b in the book.

E5.8 (a)
o
0 50 50 = = = R Z
R

o
0 100 =
R
V
o
0 2 ) 50 /( 100 / = = = R
R R
V I
(b) The phasor diagram is shown in Figure 5.11c in the book.

E5.9 (a) The transformed network is:

mA 135 28 . 28
250 250
90 10
o
o
=
+

= =
j Z
s
V
I

3
mA ) 135 500 cos( 28 . 28 ) (
o
= t t i

o
135 07 . 7 = = I V R
R

o
45 07 . 7 = = I V L j
L

(b) The phasor diagram is shown in Figure 5.17b in the book.
(c) i(t) lags v
s
(t) by . 45
o


E5.10 The transformed network is:


=
+ + +
= 31 . 56 47 . 55
) 200 /( 1 ) 50 /( 1 100 / 1
1
o
j j
Z
V 31 . 56 4 . 277
o
= = I V Z A 69 . 33 547 . 5 ) 50 /(
o
= = j
C
V I
A 31 . 146 387 . 1 ) 200 /(
o
= = j
L
V I
A 31 . 56 774 . 2 ) 100 /(
o
= = V I
R


E5.11 The transformed network is:

We write KVL equations for each of the meshes:
100 ) ( 100 100
2 1 1
= + I I I j
0 ) ( 100 100 200
1 2 2 2
= + + I I I I j j
Simplifying, we have
100 100 ) 100 100 (
2 1
= + I I j
0 ) 100 100 ( 100
2 1
= + I I j
Solving we find A. 0 1 and A 45 414 . 1
2 1
o o
= = I I Thus we have
). 1000 cos( ) ( and A ) 45 1000 cos( 414 . 1 ) (
2 1
t t i t t i = =
o


4

E5.12 (a) For a power factor of 100%, we have , 1 ) cos( = which implies that
the current and voltage are in phase and . 0 = Thus, . 0 ) tan( = = P Q
Also ( ) A. 10 )] 0 cos( 500 /[ 5000 ] cos /[ = = =
rms rms
V P I Thus we have
. 40 14 . 14 and 14 . 14 2
o
= = = I
rms m
I I

(b) For a power factor of 20% lagging, we have , 2 . 0 ) cos( = which
implies that the current lags the voltage by . 46 . 78 ) 2 . 0 ( cos
1 o
= =

Thus,
. kVAR 49 . 24 ) tan( = = P Q Also, we have ( ) A. 0 . 50 ] cos /[ = =
rms rms
V P I
Thus we have . 46 . 38 71 . 70 and A 71 . 70 2
o
= = = I
rms m
I I

(c) The current ratings would need to be five times higher for the load
of part (b) than for that of part (a). Wiring costs would be lower for the
load of part (a).

E5.13 The first load is a F 10 capacitor for which we have
= = 90 3 . 265 ) /( 1
o
C j Z
C

o
90 =
C
A 770 . 3 / = =
C rms Crms
Z V I
0 ) cos( = =
C Crms rms C
I V P kVAR 770 . 3 ) sin( = =
C Crms rms C
I V Q

The second load absorbs an apparent power of kVA 10 =
rms rms
I V with a
power factor of 80% lagging from which we have . 87 . 36 ) 8 . 0 ( cos
1
2
o
= =


Notice that we select a positive angle for
2
because the load has a
lagging power factor. Thus we have kW 0 . 8 ) cos(
2 2 2
= =
rms rms
I V P
and kVAR 6 ) sin(
2 2
= =
rms rms
I V Q .

Now for the source we have:
kW 8
2
= + = P P P
C s
kVAR 23 . 2
2
= + = Q Q Q
C s

kVA 305 . 8
2 2
= + =
s s srms rms
Q P I V A 305 . 8 / = =
rms srms rms srms
V I V I
% 33 . 96 % 100 ) /( factor power = =
srms rms s
I V P

E5.14 First, we zero the source and combine impedances in series and parallel
to determine the Thvenin impedance.


5

50 50 25 50
100 / 1 100 / 1
1
25 50 j j
j
j Z
t
+ + =
+
+ =
o
04 . 14 1 . 103 j25 100 = + =

Then we analyze the circuit to determine the open-circuit voltage.

o
45 71 . 70
100 100
100
100 =
+
= =
j
oc t
V V

o
04 . 59 6858 . 0 / = =
t t
Z V
n
I


E5.15 (a) For a complex load, maximum power is transferred for
L L t L
jX R j Z Z + = = = 25 100
*
. The Thvenin equivalent with the load
attached is:

The current is given by
o
o
45 3536 . 0
25 100 25 100
45 71 . 70
=
+ +

=
j j
I
The load power is
W 25 . 6 ) 2 / 3536 . 0 ( 100
2 2
= = =
rms L L
I R P

6
(b) For a purely resistive load, maximum power is transferred
for . 1 . 103 25 100
2 2
= + = =
t L
Z R The Thvenin equivalent with the
load attached is:

The current is given by
o
o
98 . 37 3456 . 0
25 100 1 . 103
45 71 . 70
=
+

=
j
I
The load power is
W 157 . 6 ) 2 / 3456 . 0 ( 1 . 103
2 2
= = =
rms L L
I R P

E5.16 The line-to-neutral voltage is V. 4 . 577 3 / 1000 = No phase angle was
specified in the problem statement, so we will assume that the phase of
V
an
is zero. Then we have
o o o
120 4 . 577 120 4 . 577 0 4 . 577 = = =
cn bn an
V V V
The circuit for the a phase is shown below. (We can consider a neutral
connection to exist in a balanced Y-Y connection even if one is not
physically present.)

The a-phase line current is
o
o
02 . 37 610 . 4
40 . 75 100
0 4 . 577
=
+

= =
j Z
L
an
aA
V
I
The currents for phases b and c are the same except for phase.
o o
98 . 82 610 . 4 02 . 157 610 . 4 = =
cC bB
I I

kW 188 . 3 ) 02 . 37 cos(
2
610 . 4 4 . 577
3 ) cos(
2
3 =

= =
o

L Y
I V
P

7
kVAR 404 . 2 ) 02 . 37 sin(
2
610 . 4 4 . 577
3 ) sin(
2
3 =

= =
o

L Y
I V
Q

E5.17 The a-phase line-to-neutral voltage is

o o
0 4 . 577 0 3 / 1000 = =
an
V

The phase impedance of the equivalent Y is . 67 . 16 3 / 50 3 / = = =

Z Z
Y


Thus the line current is
A 0 63 . 34
67 . 16
0 4 . 577
o
o
=

= =
Y
an
Z
V
I
aA


Similarly, A 120 63 . 34
o
=
bB
I and A. 120 63 . 34
o
=
cC
I

Finally, the power is
kW 00 . 30 ) 2 / ( 3
2
= =
y aA
R I P

E5.18 Writing KCL equations at nodes 1 and 2 we obtain

o
60 1
80 50 30 100
2 1 1
=

+
+ j j
V V V


o
30 2
80 50 50
1 2 2
=

+
j j
V V V

In matrix form, these become

(

=
(

(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
30 2
60 1
80 50
1
50
1
80 50
1
80 50
1
80 50
1
30 100
1
2
1
V
V
j j j
j j j

The MATLAB commands are
Y = [(1/(100+j*30)+1/(50-j*80)) (-1/(50-j*80));...
(-1/(50-j*80)) (1/(j*50)+1/(50-j*80))];
I = [pin(1,60); pin(2,30)];
V = inv(Y)*I;
pout(V(1))
pout(V(2))

The results are

o
21 . 106 98 . 79
1
= V and
o
30 . 116 13 . 124
2
= V

8
Answers for Selected Problems


P5.4*






ms 3333 . 0 =
peak
t

P5.6* ) 72 10 2 cos( 28 . 28 ) (
4 o
= t t v V

P5.12*

P5.13* A 808 . 3 =
rms
V

P5.23* ) 09 . 82 cos( 763 . 3 ) sin( 4 ) 75 cos( 3 ) 75 cos( 5
o o o
+ = + + t t t t

P5.24*


W 1
V 071 . 7
ms 2
radians 3 60 angle phase
Hz 500
rad/s 1000
=
=
=
= = =
=
=
P
V
T
f
rms


o
V 61 . 10 =
rms
V
( ) ( )
o
45 cos 4 . 141 = t t v
s

o
o
o
45 by leads
45 by lags
90 by lags
2 s
1 s
1 2
V V
V V
V V

9
P5.25*








P5.35*





( ) ( )
o
90 by lags t v t i
L L




P5.37*




( ) ( )
o
90 by leads t v t i
C C


( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
o
o
o
o
o
o
60 by leads
60 by lags
120 by lags
90 400 cos 10
) 150 400 cos( 5
30 400 cos 10
3 2
3 1
2 1
3
2
1
t v t v
t v t v
t v t v
t t v
t t v
t t v
+ =
+ =
+ =

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t t t i
Z
L
L
L
L
= =
=
=
=
2000 sin 20 1 90 2000 cos 20 1
90 20 1
0 10
90 200
o
o
o
o
I
V
( ) ( ) ( ) t t t i
Z
Z
C
C
C
2000 sin 6283 . 0 90 2000 cos 6283 . 0
90 6283 . 0
0 10
90 92 . 15
C C
C
= + =
= =
=
=
o
o
o
o
V I
V

10
P5.42*








o
45 by lags
s
V I



P5.44*




o
43 . 63 by leads
s
V I


P5.46*
o
57 . 71 1 . 158 : 500 = = Z


o
0 50 : 1000 = = Z


o
57 . 71 1 . 158 : 2000 = = Z


P5.49*









The peak value of ( ) t i
L
is five times larger than the source current!
mA 90 50
mA 90 50
mA 0 10
o
o
o
=
=
=
C
L
R
I
I
I
V 45 071 . 7
V 45 071 . 7
mA 45 71 . 70
o
o
o
=
=
=
L
R
V
V
I
V 57 . 26 944 . 8
V 43 . 63 472 . 4
mA 43 . 63 472 . 4
o
o
o
=
=
=
C
R
V
V
I

11
P5.52*



o
56 . 26 by lags
s
I V




P5.67*





P5.69* This is a capacitive load.
kW 5 . 22 = P
kVAR 25 . 11 = Q
power factor % 44 . 89 =
apparent power 16 . 25
2 2
= + = Q P KVA

P5.78*




P5.83* (a)

(b)

The capacitor must be rated for at least 387.3 kVAR.


(c) The line current is smaller by a factor of 4 with the capacitor in
place, reducing R I
2
losses in the line by a factor of 16.

o
52 . 75 2 400 = I
F 1027 = C
o
0 100 = I
lagging % 62 . 84 factor Power
kVA 26 power Apparent
kVAR 84 . 13
kW 22
=
=
=
=
s
s
Q
P
mA 44 . 63 72 . 44
mA 56 . 26 44 . 89
V 56 . 26 944 . 8
o
o
o
=
=
=
C
R
I
I
V
leading % 57 . 93 factor Power
kVA 68 . 10 power Apparent
kVAR 770 . 3 Q
kW 10
66 . 20 11 . 15
=
=
=
=
=
P
o
I

12
P5.87* (a)
o
57 . 26 789 . 1 =
n
I


(b) W 50 =
load
P

(c) W 21 . 47 =
load
P

P5.91* = 5 . 12
load
R
F 1 . 106 =
load
C

P5.95* =

05 . 62 29 . 70
o
Z

P5.96*




P5.99*
o
0 87 . 59 =
aA
I

kW 38 . 5
kW 89 . 26
30 56 . 34
20 . 8 558
80 . 21 44 . 322
=
=
=
=
=
line
load
AB
AB
An
P
P
o
o
o
I
V
V


P5.105*
o
58 . 29 402 . 9
1
= V

o
45 . 111 986 . 4
2
= V

P5.107*
o
96 . 120 372 . 1
1
= I

o
22 . 136 955 . 1
2
= I



kW 36 . 19
rms A 67 . 14
rms V 1 . 762
=
=
=
P
I
V
L
L

13
Practice Test

T5.1 ( ) A 828 . 2 8 ) 3 (
3
1 1
2
0
3
2
0
2
0
2
= = = = =

t dt t dt t i
T
I
T
rms

W 400 ) 50 ( 8
2
= = = R I P
rms


T5.2 5000 . 2 3301 . 4 5355 . 3 5355 . 3 30 5 45 5 j j + = + = V
= = 50 . 37 9144 . 9 0355 . 6 8657 . 7 j V
) 50 . 37 cos( 914 . 9 ) ( = t t v

T5.3 (a) V 61 . 10
2
15
1
= =
rms
V
(b) 200 = f Hz
(c) 400 = radians/s
(d) 5 / 1 = = f T ms
(e) = 45 15
1
V and = 30 5
2
V
V
1
lags V
2
by 15

or V
2
leads V
1
by 15




T5.4 A 45 7071 . 0
45 14 . 14
0 10
5 15 10
0 10
/
=


=
+

=
+
=
j j C j L j R
s

V
I

V 135 303 . 5 5
V 45 606 . 10 15 V 45 071 . 7 10
= =
= = = =
I V
I V I V
j
j
C
L R


T5.5 3535 4213 40 5500 ) 10 25 )( 30 440 ( *
2
1
2
1
j + = = = = VI S VA

lagging % 6 . 76 ) 40 cos( ) cos( factor Power
VA 5500 power Apparent
VAR 3535 ) Im(
W 4213 ) Re(
= = =
= =
= =
= =
I v
Q
P

S
S
S


T5.6 We convert the delta to a wye and connect the neutral points with an
ideal conductor.
3 / 8 2 3 / j Z Z
Y
+ = =


067 . 3 3 . 2 667 . 2 2 4 . 0 3 . 0 j j j Z Z Z
Y line total
+ = + + + = + =
V
2
V
1

14
= 13 . 53 833 . 3
total
Z
A 13 . 23 26 . 54
13 . 53 833 . 3
30 208
=


= =
total
an
aA
Z
V
I

T5.7 The mesh equations are:
= + 45 10 ) ( 15 10
2 1 1
I I I j
15 ) ( 15 5
1 2 2
= + I I I j
In matrix form these become

(

=
(

+
15
45 10
) 5 15 ( 15
15 ) 10 15 (
2
1
I
I
j
j

The commands are:

Z = [(15+j*10) -15; -15 (15-j*5)]
V = [pin(10,45); -15]
I = inv(Z)*V
pout(I(1))
pout(I(2))