Chapter 11 Circuit

Chapter 11
AC power analysis
SJTU 1
rms value
The RMS value is the effective value of a varying voltage or
current. It is the equivalent steady DC (constant) value which
gives the same effect.
effective value or DC-equivalent value
The rms value of a periodic function is defined as the square
root of the mean value of the squared function.
1 T 2
Vrms  
T 0
v (t )dt
SJTU 2
If the periodic function is a sinusoid, then
1 T 2
  (t   )
2
Vrms Vm cos
T 0
1
 Vm  0.707Vm
2
What do AC meters show, is it the RMS or peak voltage?
AC voltmeters and ammeters show the RMS value of the
voltage or current.
What does '6V AC' really mean, is it the RMS or peak voltage?
If the peak value is meant it should be clearly stated, otherwise
assume it is the RMS value.
SJTU 3
AC power analysis
Instantaneous Power Suppose:
i(t)
v(t )  2Vrms cos t
i (t )  2 I rms cos(t   )
N v(t)
p  vi  2Vrms cos t  2 I rms cos(t   )

 Vrms I rms cos   Vrms I rms cos(2t   )
Invariable part Sinusoidal part
SJTU 4
E page415 figure 10.2
SJTU 5
Stored energy
In the sinusoidal steady state an
inductor operates with a current
iL(t)=IAcos(wt). The corresponding
energy stored in the element is
Average stored energy

WLav
1 2 1 2
WLav  LI A  LI rms
4 2
SJTU 6
Stored energy
In the sinusoidal steady state the
voltage across a capacitor is
vc(t)=VAcos(wt). The energy stored
in the element is
Average stored energy

1 1
 CVA  CVrms
WCav 2 2
WCav
4 2
SJTU 7
Average power
The average power is the average of the instantaneous power
over one period.-------real power
1 T
P
T 0
p(t )dt  Vrsm I rsm cos 
Note : There are other methods to calculate P.
1)
1) V  Z I , P  I 2 Z cos 
 Z cos   Re Z ,
 P  I 2 Re Z (or P  U 2 Re Y )
2) P   Pk
SJTU 8
Instantaneous power, real power
Instantaneous power waveforms for a voltage of 2V peak and a current of 1.5A peak
Flowing separately in a resistor, a capacitor and an inductor
2
4 2
3
1
v t n 
v t n  2
i t n
i t n 0
P  t n
P  t n
0
1
2 2
2 2 0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
0 tn 4
0 tn 2 4
2
Resistor case Inductor case

1
v t n 
Average power i t n
0 Pav = 0
P  t n
Pav=0.5Vm*Im
1
Pav=vrms*irms
2 2
0 1 2 3 4
0 tn 4
SJTU 9
Capacitor case Pav = 0
Apparent power
S=VrmsIrms (VA)
 P  Vrms I rms cos 
 P  S cos 
Power factor
P
  cos    (lead ) or  (leg )
S
current leads voltage or current lags voltage
<0 or  >0
SJTU 10
Reactive power
p (t )  VI cos( 2t   )  VI cos 
 VI cos(1  cos 2t )  VI sin  sin 2t
Q  Vrms I rms sin  (VAR)
Resistor: Q=0
Inductor: Q=VrmsIrms QL  2WLav
Capacitor: Q=-VrmsIrms QC  2WCav
To any passive
single port network
Q  2 (WL  WC )
SJTU 11
The power triangle
S  P Q
2 2 2
S
Q Q
tg  
P P
SJTU 12
EXAMPLE
Find the average power delivered to the load to the right of the
interface in Figure 8-64.
SOLUTION:
Fig. 8-64
SJTU 13
Complex power
Complex power is the complex sum of real power and
reactive power
~ =P+jQ
S
~ =VI*
So S
Where V is the voltage phsor across the
system and I* is the complex conjugate
of the current phasor.
The magnitude of complex power is just apparent power
~
S  S  P Q
2 2
SJTU 14
Are these equations right?
P   Pk ( )
Q   Qk ( )
S   Sk ( )
~ ~
S   Sk ( )
SJTU 15
Maximum power transfer
Fig. 8-66: A source-load interface in

the sinusoidal steady state.
SJTU 16
Let XL=-XT then
we know P is maximized when RL=RT
the maximum average power
where |VT| is the peak amplitude of the Thevenin equivalent voltage

SJTU 17
EXAMPLE
(a) Calculate the average power

delivered to the load in the
circuit shown in Figure 8-67 for
Vs(t)=5cos106t, R=200 ohm, and
RL=200 ohm.
(b) Calculate the maximum
average power available at the
interface and specify the load
required to draw the maximum
power.
SOLUTION:
(a)
SJTU 18
SJTU 19
(b)
Question:
If the load must be a resistor,
how get the maximum power
on it?
SJTU 20
Maximum power transfer when ZL is
restricted
1) RL and XL may be restricted to a limited range of values.
In this situation, the optimum condition for RL and XL is to
adjust XL as near to –XT as possible and then adjust RL as
close to RT2  ( X L  X T ) 2 as possible
2) the magnitude of ZL can be varied but its phase angle cannot.
Under this restriction, the greatest amount of power is transferred
to the load when the magnitude of ZL is set equal to the
magnitude of ZT
Z L  ZT
SJTU 21
Note:
1. If the load is a resistor, then what value of R results
in maximum average-power transfer to R? what is
the maximum power then?
2. If ZL cannot be varied but ZT can, what value of ZT
results in maximum average-power transfer to ZL?
SJTU 22

Chapter 11 Circuit

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Chapter 11

p  vi  2Vrms cos t  2 I rms cos(t   )

Invariable part Sinusoidal part

Average stored energy

Average stored energy

Resistor case Inductor case

Fig. 8-66: A source-load interface in

we know P is maximized when RL=RT

the maximum average power

where |VT| is the peak amplitude of the Thevenin equivalent voltage

(a) Calculate the average power

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