EEE3405Tut1 5QS
EEE3405Tut1 5QS
TUTORIAL 1 – AC FUNDAMENTALS
1. An alternating current i is represented by:
i = 10sin942t ampere.
Determine: (a) the frequency; (b) the period;
(c) the time taken from t=0 for the current to reach 6 A for a first and second time;
[150 Hz; 6.67 ms; 0.68 ms; 2.66 ms]
1 (a) 942 = ω = 2πf ⇒ f = 942 /2π = 150 Hz
soln (b) T = 1/ f = 1/ 150 = 6.67ms
(c) 6 = 10 sin 942 t1⇒ [sin-1 0.6]/942 = t1
t1 = 0.68ms
t2 = T/2 - t1 = 6.67/2 – 0.68=2.66ms
2. 2. Determine equations for sine waves with the following:
(a) Vm = 170 V, f = 60 Hz (b) Im = 40 µA, T = 10 ms (c) T = 120 µs, v = 10 V at t = 12 µs
[v = 170sin377t V; i= 40sin628t µA; v = 17sin(52.4x103t) V]
2 (a) In general v(t) = Vm sin ωt , ω = 2πf = 2π 60 = 377
soln v(t) = 170 sin 377 t [V]
(b) i(t) = Im sin ωt , ω = 2πf = 2π/Τ =2π / 10x10−3 = 628
i(t) = 40 sin 628 t [µA]
(c) ω = 2πf = 2π/Τ =2π/ 120x10−6 = 52.4 x 103
v(t) = Vm sin ωt ⇒ 10 = Vm sin 52.4 x 103x12x10−6
⇒ 10 = Vm sin 0.6288⇒ Vm = 10 / 0.588 = 17
⇒ v(t) = 17 sin 52.4 x 103 t [V]
3 Determine f, T and amplitude for each of the following:
(a) v = 75sin200πt (b) i = 8sin300t [100 Hz, 0.01 s, 75 V; 47.7 Hz, 20.9 ms, 8 A]
3 (a) Amplitude = 75, 2πf = 200π⇒f= 100Hz⇒T = 1/f = 0.01s
soln (b) Amplitude = 8A, 2πf = 300⇒f=47.7Hz⇒T = 1/f =20.9ms
4. Given v = 5sin(ωt + 45o). If ω = 20π rad/s, what is v at t = 20, 75 and 90 ms?
[4.46 V; -3.54 V; 0.782 V]
4 45=π/4 v(t) = 5sin(20πt + π/4)
soln At t=20ms v(20ms) = 5sin(20π20x10-3 + π/4) = 4.46 [V]
At t=75ms v(75ms) = 5sin(20π75x10-3 + π/4) = -3.54 [V]
At t=90ms v(90ms) = 5sin(20π90x10-3 + π/4) = 0.782 [V]
5. Write equations for the following waveforms. Express the phase angle in degrees.
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EEE3405 – Electrical Engineering Principles II
7. Determine the equation for v(t) or i(t) for each of the following phasor.
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EEE3405 – Electrical Engineering Principles II
[8.94 A; 16.8 A]
11 (a) A=Total Area Under the (Current)2 Curve
Soln A=(4)22+(-12)22=320
Mean Square= 320/4=80
Root Mean Square = √80=8.94
(b) A = Total Area Under the V2 Curve
A=(-5)21+(-10)22+(30)21=1125
Mean Square=1125/4=281.25
Root Mean Square=√ √281.25=16.8
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EEE3405 – Electrical Engineering Principles II
XL = ω L = 2π
πf L
ω C] = 1/[2π
XC =1/ [ω πf C]
Z = R + Xj if X > 0 ⇒ Inductive ⇒ X = 2π πf L
If X < 0 ⇒ Capacitive ⇒ XC =1/[2π πf C]
2. The impedance of an electrical circuit is 30 – j50 ohms. Determine (a) the resistance, (b) the capacitance,
(c) the modulus of the impedance and (d) the current flowing, when the circuit is connected to a 240 V,
50 Hz supply.
2. Modulus (Magnitude) = |Z|
Soln Z = |Z| ∠ tan-1 (X/R)
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EEE3405 – Electrical Engineering Principles II
3. A series connected electrical circuit has a resistance of 32 ohms and an inductance of 0.15H. It is
connected to a 200V, 50Hz supply. Determine (a) the inductive reactance, (b) the impedance in
rectangular and polar forms, (c) the current and the circuit phase angle, (d) the voltage drop across the
resistor and (e) the voltage drop across the inductor.
3.
Soln
4. A 240 V, 50 Hz voltage is applied across a series connected circuit having a resistance of 12 ohm, an
inductance of 0.10 H and a capacitance of 120μF. Determine the current flowing in the circuit.
4.
Soln
5. Determine the resistance R and series inductance L (or capacitance C) for each of the following
impedances, assuming the frequency to be 50 Hz.
(a) 4 + j7 (b) 3 – j2 (c) j10 (d) – j200 (e) 15 ∠π/3 (f) 6 ∠–45o
[(a) R = 4 ., L = 22.3 mH (b) R = 3 ., C = 1592 µF (c) R = 0, L = 31.8 mH
(d) R = 0, C = 15.92 µF (e) R = 7.5 ., L = 41.3 mH (f) 4.243Ω, C = 750.3µF ]
5 (a) 4 + j7 = R + jX ⇒ R = 4, X > 0 ⇒ Inductive , X = Lω = L 2πf = L 100π
Soln ⇒L = 7 / (100π)=0.0223 = 22.3mΗ
(b) 3 – j2 = R + jX⇒ R = 3, X < 0 ⇒ Capacitive, X = 1/(Cω) = 1/(C 2πf) = 1/(C100π)
⇒C = 1 / (2x100π)=0.00159F=1592µF
(c) 10j = R + jX ⇒ R = 0, X > 0 ⇒ Inductive , X = Lω = L 2πf = L 100π
⇒L = 10 / (100π)=31.8mΗ
(d) -j200, X < 0 ⇒ Capacitive, X = 1/(Cω) = 1/(C 2πf) = 1/(C100π)
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EEE3405 – Electrical Engineering Principles II
⇒C = 1 / (200x100π)=15.92µF
(e) 15∠π/3 = 15 cos(π/3)+j 15 sin(π/3)=7.5+13j⇒ R = 7.5
X = Lω = L 2πf = L 100π⇒L = 13 / (100π)=41.3mΗ
(f) 6∠–45o =6 cos(-45)+j 6 sin(-45)= 4.24-4.24j
R=4.24Ω, X = 1/(Cω) = 1/(C 2πf) = 1/(C100π)⇒C = 1 / (4.24x100π)=750.3µF
6. An alternating voltage of 100 V, 50 Hz is applied across an impedance of (20 – j30)ohms. Calculate: (a)
the resistance, (b) the capacitance, (c) the current, and (d) the phase angle between current and voltage.
[(a) 20 . (b) 106.1 µF (c) 2.774 A (d) 56o 19' ]
7. Two voltages are represented by (15 + j10) and (12 – j4) volts. Determine the magnitude of the resultant
voltage when these voltages are added. [ 27.66 V ]
8. Two impedances, Z1=(2 + j6) ohms and Z2=(5 – j2)ohms, are connected in series to a supply voltage of
100V. Find the magnitude of the current and its phase angle relative to the voltage.[12.40A;29o 45' lag]
9. A resistance of 45 ohms is connected in series with a capacitor of 42μF. If the applied voltage is 250V,
50Hz determine: (a) the capacitive reactance; (b) the impedance; (c) the current, and its phase relative to
the applied voltage; (d) the voltage across the resistance; and (e) the voltage across the capacitance.
[ (a) 75.79 . (b) 88.14 . (c) 2.836 A at 59o18' leading (d) 127.6 V (e) 214.9 V ]
10 A single –phase motor takes 8.3A at a power factor of 0.866 lagging when connected to a 230V, 50Hz
supply. Two similar capacitors are connected in parallel with each other to form a capacitance bank. This
capacitance bank is now connected in parallel with the motor to raise the power factor to unity.
Determines the capacitance of each capacitor. [28.7uF]
10. VA = 230 x 8.3 = 1909 VA
Soln Real Power = 1909 x 0.866=1653.2 W
Phase angle = cos-10.866=30
Reactive Power = 1909 x sin 30 = 954.6 VAR
For Unity Power Factor
Qc = 954.6 = V2/ Xc⇒ 2302/954.6 = Xc
Xc=55.42Ω = 1/ (2πf C)=1/(2π50 C)
Capacitance of Cap. Bank = 57.44µF
Capacitance of Each Capacitor = 57.44/2=28.7 µF
11 (a) A single-phase load of 5kW operates at a power factor of 0.6 lagging. It is proposed to improve this
power factor to 0.95 lagging by connecting a capacitor across the load. Calculate the kVA rating of
the capacitor. [5.02kVA]
(b) Give reasons why it is to a consumer’s economic advantage to improve his power factor with respect
to the supply, and explain the fact that the improvement is rarely made to unity in practice.
12 A 25kVA single-phase has a power factor of 0.8 lag. A 10kVA capacitor is connected for power-factor
correction. Calculate the input apparent power in kVA taken form the mains and its power factor when
the motor is (a) on half load; (b) on full load. Sketch a phasor diagram for each case.
[10.3 kVA, 0.97 leading; 20.6kVA, 0.97 lagging]
13 A single-phase motor takes 50A at a power factor of 0.6 lagging from a 250V, 50Hz supply. What value
of capacitance must be a shunting capacitor have to raise the overall power factor to 0.9 lagging ? How
does the installation of the capacitor affect the line and motor currents? [324uF]
14 A 240V, single-phase supply feeds the following loads (a) incandescent lamps taking a current of 8A at
unity power factor, (b) fluorescent lamps taking a current of 5A at 0.8 leading power factor (c ) motor
taking a current of 7A at 0.75 lagging power factor. Sketch the phasor diagram and determine the total
current, active power and reactive power taken from the supply and the overall power factor.
[17.35A, 4140W, 390 var, 0.996 lagging]
15 The load taken from an ac supply consists of (a) a heating load of 15kW (b) a motor load of 40kVA at
0.6 power factor lagging (c ) a load of 20kW at 0.8 power factor lagging. Calculate the total load from
the supply (in kW and kVA) and its power factor. What would be the kvar rating of a capacitor to bring
the power factor to unity and how would the capacitor be connected.
[ 59kW, 75.5kVA, 0.78 lagging; 47kvar in parallel]
16 A cable is required to supply a welding set taking a current of 225A at 110V alternating current, the
average power factor being 0.5 lagging. An available cable has a rating of 175A and it is decided to use
this cable by installing a capacitor across the terminal of the welding set. Find (a) the required capacitor
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EEE3405 – Electrical Engineering Principles II
current and reactive power to limit the cable current to 175A (b) the overall power factor with the
capacitor in circuit. [60.8A, 6.7 kvar, 0.643 lag]
TUTORIAL 3 – AC THREE PHASE
1. A delta load is connected as shown in fig. 1. IR
Calculate IP and IL of the circuit. I1
Z1 = 100 ∠0° Ω Z1
346 V
Z2 = 20 + j60 Ω IY
Z3
Z3 = − j106 Ω
IP : Phase Current I1, I2, I3 I2
IL : Line Current IR, IY, IB 346 V I3
IB Z2
Fig. 1
1. Take VRY as reference.
Soln Phase currents:
I1 = VRY/Z1=346∠0° / 100∠0° = 3.46∠0° A
I2 = VYB/Z2=346∠−120° / (20 + j60) = 5.47∠−(120 + 71.57)° = 5.47∠168.43°A (-191.57°°=168.43°°)
I3 = VBR/Z3=346∠ ∠-240°° / −j106 =346∠120° / 106∠270°° = 3.26 ∠-150° A
Line currents:
IR = I1 – I3 = 3.46∠0° – 3.26 ∠-150° = 6.5∠14.54° A
IY = I2 – I1 = 5.47∠168.43° – 3.46∠0° = 8.89∠173° A
IB = I3 – I2 = 3.26 ∠-150° − 5.47∠168.43° = 3.72∠−47.08° A
2. A factory has the following load with power factor of 0.9 lagging in each phase. Red phase 40 A,
yellow phase 50 A and blue phase 60 A. If the supply is 400V, three-phase, four-wire, calculate the
current in the neutral and the total power. Draw a phasor diagram for phase and line quantities.
IR
2 |IR |= 40 A R
Soln |IY |= 50 A Z1
|IB |= 60 A
400 V
√3)=230.9
Find IN and P3φ. , (400 /√ IN p.f. = 0.9 lagging
at each phase
N Z
Take VRN as reference, 2 Z3
VRN = 230.9∠0° V, VYN = 230.9∠-120° V,
IY
Y
VBN = 230.9∠120° V
Power angle at each phase, IB
φ = cos−1 0.9 = 25.84° B
Therefore,
IR = 40∠−25.84° A,
IY = 50∠−145.84° A,
IB = 60∠ 94.16° A
IN = 40∠−25.84° + 50∠−145.84° + 60∠ 94.16°
= 17.31∠ 124.16° A #
P3φ = PR + PY + PB =VRIRcosφφR+VYIYcosφ φY+VBIBcosφφB
φP = (400/√3) x (40+50+60)x (0.9)
= VP(IR+ IY + IB)cosφ
=31.18kW
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EEE3405 – Electrical Engineering Principles II
B B
90
N
-30
Y -150
Y R
1 1 1 1
Y1 = = = 0.1414∠ − 45° s Y2 = = = 0.0981∠78.7° s
Z 1 5 + j5 Z 2 2 − j10
1 1
Y3 = = = 0.0485∠ − 76.0° s
Z 3 5 + j20
(219.4∠ − 30°)(0.1414∠ − 45°) + (219.4∠ − 150°)(0.0981∠78.7°) + (219.4∠90°)(0.0485∠ − 76.0°)
Von =
0.1414∠ − 45° + 0.0981∠78.7° + 0.0485∠ − 76.0°
∴ .03∠ − 62.1°
R = ( VRN − Von ).Y1 = ( 219.4∠ − 30° − 384.46∠ − 40.9°)(0.1414∠ − 45°) A = 24.61∠80.3° A
I54
I Y = ( VYN − Von ).Y2 = ( 219.4∠ − 150° − 384.46∠ − 40.9°)(0.0981∠78.7°) A = 49.14∠ − 117.8° A
I B = (VBN − Von ).Y3 = (219.4∠90° − 384.46∠ − 40.9°)(0.0485∠ − 76.0°) A = 26.85∠45.7° A
PT = I R .R Z1 + I Y .R Z 2 + I B .R Z 3
2 2 2
Total active power,
= ( 24.61) 2 .(5) + ( 49.14) 2 .( 2) + (26.85) 2 .(5) W = 11.46 kW #
Total reactive power, QT = I R .X Z1 + I Y .X Z 2 + I B .X Z3
2 2 2
= ( 24.61) 2 .( +5) + (49.14) 2 .( −10) + ( 26.85) 2 .( +20) Var = -6.7 kVar (capacitive) #
PT 11.46
The overall power factor, p. f . = = = 0.863 leading
PT2 + QT2 (11.46) 2 + (6.7) 2
2 Referred to figure Q1, if the fuse in the Yellow line is blown, determine the new values of:
(a) the voltage at the star point; and,
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EEE3405 – Electrical Engineering Principles II
5. 2000 r.m.s
Soln 2000 = 4.44 x N1 f Φ = 4.44 x 500 x 50 Φ
⇒Φ=0.018
6 The primary of a transformer has 1000 turns and produces a maximum flux of 0.03Wb alternating at
50Hz in the iron core. The secondary winding has 35 turns. Estimate the r.m.s. values of primary and
secondary e.m.f.’s on the assumption that the flux change is sinusoidal. (6660V, 233V)
6. V1 = 4.44 N1 f Φ = 4.44 x 1000 x 50 x 0.03 = 6660
Soln V2 = 4.44 N2 f Φ = 4.44 x 35 x 50 x 0.03 = 233V
7 A single-phase transformer has a primary voltage of 2000V, a secondary voltage of 440V and a full load
output of 20kVA. The secondary winding has 130 turns. Calculate the number of primary turns and
the primary and secondary full load currents, neglecting losses. ( 591, 10A, 45.5A)
7. I1 = 20 x 1000 / 440 = 45.45A
Soln I2 = 20 x 1000 / 2000 = 10A
V1 / V2 = N1 / N2 ⇒ N1 = V1 / V2 x N1 = 2000 / 440 x 130 = 591
8 A 4-pole, 3-phase induction motor is energized from a 60Hz supply, and is running at a load condition
for which the slip is 0.03. Determine (a) the speed of the rotation field; (b) the rotor speed; (c) the rotor
frequency. [Ans (a) 1800 r.p.m (b) 1746 r.pm. (c) 1.8 Hz]
8. (a) Speed of Rotating Field = Frequency / pole-pair = 60 / 2 = 30 rev/s = 1800 rpm
Soln (b) Rotor Speed = Nr = (1-s) Ns = (1-0.03) x 1800 = 1746 rpm
(c) Rotor frequency = slip x stator frequency = s f = 0.03 x 60 = 1.8Hz
9 The frequency of the e.m.f. induced in the rotor of an 3-phase, 6-pole induction motor is found to have
180 cycles/min. The motor is connected to a 50Hz, 440V supply, calculate (a) the speed of the motor;
(b) the percentage slip of the motor. [Ans (a) 940 r.p.m (b) 0.06 ]
9. (a) 180 cycles/min = 3 cycles / sec ⇒ Rotor frequency = fr = 3Hz
Soln 3 = s x stator frequency = s 50 ⇒ s = 0.06
(b) Ns = f / p = 50 / 3 = 16.67 rev/s = 1000 rpm
Speed of the rotor = (1-s) x Ns = 1000 x (1-0.06) = 940 rpm
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