-----7

Assessment Problems

Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

AP 7.1 [a} The circuit for t < 0 is shown below. Note that the inductor behaves like a short circuit, effectivelyeliminating the 2 n resistor from the circuit. 60
+
v 300

30 120V :

First combine the 30nand 6 0 resistors in parallel: 30116 50 = Use voltage division to find the voltage drop across the parallel resistors:
5 v = 5+3(120) = 75V

Now find the current using Ohm's law: i(O-) :::;: = - 75 = -12.5A -~ 6 6 [b] w(O) = ~Li2(0) = ~(8 x 1O-3)(12.5? = 625mJ [c) To find the time constant, we need to find the equivalent resistance seen by the inductor for t > O. When the switch opens, only the 2 0 resistor remains connected to the inductor. Thus, L 8 x 10-3 7=-= =4ms R 2
= i(O-)et/r

[d] i(t)

[e] i(5ms)

= __ 12.5e-t/O-004 = _12.5e-25Ot A, _12.5e-250(O-005) = -12.5e-1.25 = -3.58A

2:: 0

7-1

7-2

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

So w (5 ms] = !Li2(5 ms) = !(S) x 1O-3(3.5S)2 = 51.3 mJ w (dis) = 625 - 51.3 = 573.7mJ 01 • • (573.7) 01 10 dissipated = 625 100 = 91.S/0

AP 7.2 [a] First, use the circuit for t < 0 to find the initial current in the inductor: 60
6.4A t

Using current division, . 10 t(O-) = 10 + 6 (6.4) = 4A Now use the circuit for t > 0 to find the equivalent resistance seen by the inductor, and use this value to find the time constant:

60

1
i

O.32H

40

= O.ls 3.2 Use the initial inductor current and the time constant to find the current in the inductor: i(t) = i(O-)e-t/r = 4e-t/O.l = 4e-lOt A, t 0 Use current division to find the current in the 10 resistor:
Req
..
T eq

= 411(6 + 10) = 3.2n,

L -R

=-

0.32

>

io(t)

= 4 + 1~ + 6 (-i) =

;0 (_4e-

lOt

-O.Se-

lOt

A,

> 0+

Finally, use Ohm's law to find the voltage drop across the 10 n resistor: vo(t) = 10io = 1O(-0.Se-lOt) = -Se-lOtV, t > 0+ [b) The initial energy stored in the inductor is w(O)

= ~Li2(0-)
di

= ~(0.32)(4)2 = 2.56J

Find the energy dissipated in the 4 n resistor by integrating the power over aU time:

V4n(t)

= L dt = 0.32(-10)(4e-1Ot) = -12.8e-1OtV,

> 0+

Problems

7-3

P40(t) W4n(t)

= =

v10 4 = 40.96e- 20t W, 10

00

40.96e-2Otdt

2.048 J

Find the percentage of the initial energy in the inductor dissipated in the 4 n resistor: 2.048) % dissipated = ( 2.56 100 - 80%

AP 7.3 [a) The circuit for t < 0 is shown below. Note that the capacitor behaves like an open circuit.

7 .5mA t

80kO

+
v(O-)

-t
50kO

iSOk

•
Find the voltage drop across the open circuit by finding the voltage drop across the 50 kO resistor. First use current division to find the current through the 50 kO resistor: .
't50k

= 80

80 x 103 103 + 20 X 103 + 50

103(7.5 x 10 ) = 4mA

-3

Use Ohm's law to find the voltage drop: v(O-) = (50 x 103)i50k = (50 x 103)(0.004) = 200V [b] To find the time constant, we need to find the equivalent resistance seen by the capacitor for t > O. When the switch opens, only the 50 kO resistor remains connected to the capacitor. Thus, 7 = RC = (50 x 103)(0.4 x 10-6) = 20ms

[c] vet) = v(O-)e-t/T = 200e-t/O.02 = 200e-50t V,

[d) w(O)

t~0

~CV2

= ~(0.4

10-6)(200)2

= 8 mJ

1 1 [e) wet) = 2Cv2(t) = 2(0.4 x 1O-6)(200e-5Ot)2 = 8e-lOOt mJ The initial energy is 8 mJ, so when 75% is dissipated, 2 mJ remains: 8 x 1O-3e-lOOt = 2 x 10-3, elOOt = 4,
t = (In 4)/100 = 13.86 ms

AP 7.4 [a] This circuit is actually two RC circuits in series, and the requested voltage, vo, is the sum of the voltage drops for the two RC circuits. The circuit for t < 0 is shown below:

7-4

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

+
40kO
v (0-)
1

Find the current in the loop and use it to find the initial voltage drops across the two RC circuits: 15 z = 75000 = 0.2mA, ,
75 is the time constant for the 5 JlF - 20 kO subcircuit, and constant for the 1 JlF - 40 kO subcircuit:

There are two time constants in the circuit, one for each RC subcircuit. 71 is the time

(20 x 103)(5 x 10-6) = lOOms; 71 = (40 x 103)(1 x 10-6) Therefore, V5(t) = v5(0-)e-t/T5 = 4e-t/O.1 = 4e-IOt V, t 2:: 0 VI (t) = VI (0- )e-t/r1 = 8e-t/O.04 = 8e-25t V, t 2:: 0 Finally, vQ(t) = Vl(t) + V5(t) = [8e-25t + 4e-1Ot] V, t 2:: 0
75

= 40ms

[b] Find the value of the voltage at 60 ms for each subcircuit and use the voltage to find the energy at 60 ms: vl(60ms) = 8e-25(O.06) 1.79V, v5(60ms) = 4e-10(o.06) 2.20V 6 wl(60ms) = iCvi(60ms) = i(1 x 10- )(1.79)2 ::: 1.59JlJ w5(60ms) = 2Cvg(60ms) = 2(5 x 10-6)(2.20)2 12.05JlJ w(60ms) = 1.59 + 12.05 = 13.64JlJ Find the initial energy from the initial voltage: w(O) = Wl(O) + W2(0) = !(1 x 10-6)(8)2 + ~(5 x 10-6)(4)2 = 72 JlJ Now calculate the energy dissipated at 60 ms and compare it to the initial energy: Wdiss = w(O) ~ w(60ros) = 72 - 13.64 = 58.36JlJ
f'V f'V f'V

% dissipated

= (58.36 x

10-6/72 x 10-6)(100)

= 81.05%

AP 7.5 [a] Use the circuit at t < 0, shown below, to calculate the initial current in the inductor:

Problems

7-5

i(O-)

= 24/2 = 12 A = i(O+) Note that i(O-) = i(O+) because the current in an inductor is continuous. t = 0+,

[b] Use the circuit at

shown below, to calculate the voltage drop across the inductor at 0+. Note that this is the same as the voltage drop across the 10 n resistor, which has current from two sources - 8 A from the current source and 12 A from the initial current through the inductor.

v(O+)

= -10(8 + 12) = -200V

[c] To calculate the time constant we need the equivalent resistance seen by the inductor for t > O. Only the 10 n resistor is connected to the inductor for t > O. Thus, 3 T = L/R == (200 x 10- /10) = 20ms [d] To find i(t), we need to find the final value of the current in the inductor. When the switch has been in position a for a long time, the circuit reduces to the one below:

100

Note that the inductor behaves as a short circuit and all of the current from the 8 A source flows through the short circuit. Thus, if = -8A Now, i(t) = if + [i(O+) - if]e-t/r = -8 + [12 - (_8)]e-t/O•02 = -8 + 20e-5Ot At> - 0 , [e] To find v(t), use the relationship between voltage and current for an inductor: d'(t) v(t) = L ~t = (200 x 10-3)( -50) (20e-5Ot) = -200e-5Ot V,

7-6

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

AP 7.6 [a]

From Example 7.6,

vo(t) =

-60

+ 90e-10Ot V + 75 40,000 = 0
=0

Write a KVL equation at the top node and use it to find the relationship between Vo and VA:
VA - Vo

SOOO

+ 160,000 +
-

VA

VA

20VA - 20vo

+ VA + 4VA + 300
300

25'1)A = 20vo
VA =

O,Svo -12
VA

Use the above equation for

in terms of

Vo

to find the expression for VA:

[b] t ~ 0+, since there is no requirement that the voltage be continuous in a resistor. AP 7.7 [aJ Use the circuit shown below, for t < 0, to calculate the initial voltage drop across the capacitor:
60kQ

+
lOmP.

40kO

vJO-)

25kO

i = (1~05: 11~3) (10

x 10-3) = 3.2mA
so

vc(O-) = (3.2 x 10-3)(25 x 103) = 80V

Now use the next circuit, valid for 0 that interval:

vc(O+) = SOV
10 ms, to calculate vc(t) for

=:; t =:;

60kO

~----~------~
+
25kO l'p.F ~ v c

Problems
For
T

7-7

0 S t S lOOms: (25 x 103)(1 x 10-6)

= RC =

= 25ms
0 S t S 10ms

vc(t)

= vc(O-)et/T = 80e-4OtV

[b] Calculate the starting capacitor voltage in the interval t > 10 ms, using
the capacitor voltage from the previous interval: vc(O.Ol) = 80e-40(0.01) = 53.63 V Now use the next circuit, valid for t 2: 10 ms, to calculate vc(t) for that interval: +
25kQ
?-

+
lOOkQ

53 .63V

For

2: lOms :
= 20kn

Req = 25knll100kn
T

ReqC = (20 x 103)(1 x 10-6) = 0.02s vc(t) = vc(O.01+)e-(t-O.Ol)/T = 53.63e-50(t-O.Ol) V,

t

Therefore

2': 0.01 s

[c] To calculate the energy dissipated in the 25 kn resistor, integrate the power absorbed by the resistor over all time. Use the expression p = v2 / R to calculate the power absorbed by the resistor.
W25k

_1°·01 [80e- 00 dt + 1 [53.63e- 000 F 2

4Ot
00

50(t-0.0l)]2

25,0

0.01

5,

dt - 2.91 mJ

[d) Repeat the process in part (c), but recognize that the voltage across this resistor is non-zero only for the second interval: WlOokn -

_ roo

lO.Ol

[53.63e-50(t-O.Ol)]2 _ 100,000 dt - 0.29 mJ

We can check our answers by calculating the initial energy stored in the capacitor. All of this energy must eventually be dissipated by the 25 kn resistor and the 100 kn resistor. Check: Wstored= (1/2)(1 Wdiss= 2.91
X

10-6)(80)2 = 3.2 mJ

+ 0.29

= 3.2 mJ

7--8

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

AP 7.8 [a] Prior to switch a closing at t = 0, there are no sources connected to the inductor; thus, i(O-) = O. At the instant A is closed, i(O+) = O. For 0 ::; t ::; 1s,

O.SO

~.

30

The equivalent resistance seen by the 10 V source is 2 + (3110.8).The current leaving the 10 V source is 2 + (3110.8)= 3.8 A The final current in the inductor, which is equal to the current in the 0.8 n resistor is 3 IF = 3 + 0.8(3.8) = 3A The resistance seen by the inductor is calculated to find the time constant: L 2 'T = - = - = 28 [(2113) 0.8]113116 1n + =

10

Therefore, i = iF

+ [i(O+) -

iF]e-t/r = 3 - 3e-O•5t A,

0 ::; t ::; 1 s

For part (b) we need the value of i(t) at t = 1 s:

i(l) = 3 - 3e-O•5 = 1.18 A

[b] For t > 1 s

SA

90 ~.
.i.

30

60

Use current division to find the final value of the current:

i=

9! 6 (-8) = -4.8 A

Problems The equivalent resistance seen by the inductor is used to calculate the time constant: L 2 T== -=0.8s 311(9+6)=2.50 R 2.5 Therefore,
i

7-9

= iF

+ [i(l +) -

iF]e-(t-l)!r

= -4.8 + 5.98e-1.25(t-l)A, AP 7.9 0::; t ::;32 IDS:

2 1s

.2jJ.F .---11----,

40kQ

160kQ

_10~-----'\M
-lSV

Vo

= --

1 RCf

1032xlo-a 0

-lOdt+O=

1 --(-lOt) RCf

j32X100

1 = --(-320 RCf 25

x 10-3)

so RC
Vo

1
I

-25(-320 x 10-3) = 8 V

232ms:

o .2jJ.F
1

51
90kQ
Vo

160kQ
'1M

lOV

+
-15V v

~+8

1 -RC·

it

32xlO-3

1 5dy + 8 = _RC (5y)

I

It
32xlO-3

-RC1 5(t - 32 x 10-3) +

I

RCf = (250 x 103)(0.2 x 10-6) = 50 x 10-3 so

1 RC = 20
f

7~10
Vo

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

= -20(5)(t - 32 x 10-3)

+ 8 = -lOOt + 11.2

The output will saturate at the negative power supply value:

-15 = -lOOt

+ 11.2

t = 262ms

AP 7.10 [a] Use RC circuit analysis to determine the expression for the voltage at the non-inverting input: v»

VI

+ [Vo -

VI]e-tIT

= -2 + (0 + 2)e-t/T
l/T

= 625
Vo:

Write a KVL equation at the inverting input, and use it to determine

10,000 + 40,000 = 0
.'. Vo

Vn

Vn -

Vo

= 5vn = 5vp =

-10

+ 10e-625tV
= 1/2;
t = In 2/625

The output will saturate at the negative power supply value:

-10

+ 10e-625t = -5; + [Vo -10

e-625t

1.11 ms

[b] Use RC circuit analysis to determine the expression for the voltage at the non-inverting input: vp = \If Vile-tiT
Vo

-2

+ (1 + 2)e-625t

-2

+ 3e-625t V

The analysis for

Vo

is the same as in part (a):

= 5vp =

+ 15e-625t V
-5;
e-625t

The output will saturate at the negative power supply value:

-10

+ 15e-625t =

= 1/3;

t = In 3/625

1.76ms

Problems

7-11

Problems
P 7.1 raj i(O) = 125/25 = 5 A L 4 {b] T= R= 100=40rns

[el i = 5e-25t A,
VI

>0
t 2:: 0

= -BOi

= _400e-25t V

V2 = L dil = 4( _125e-25t) = -500e-25t V dt [d] Pdiss= i2(20) = 25e-50t(20) = 500e-5Ot W

Wdiss =

lo
o

e-50x 500e-50x dx = 500--

0 -5

It =
0

10 - lOe-5Ot J

wdiss(12rns) = 10 -10e-o.6 w(O)

at

4.51 J

2(4)(25)

= 50J
01

/0 dissipated

= 4.51 () = 9.02/0 50 100

15kO 15kO

P 7.2

[a] t < 0

9V

iJO )

15knll15kn = 7.5kn
ig(O-) = (15 + 7.~) x 103 = 0.4 rnA

il (0-) = i2(0-) = (0.4) x 10-3 ~~~~ = 0.2 rnA [b] il(O+) = i1(0-) = 0.2 rnA
i2(0+) = -il (0+) = -0.2 rnA

(when switch is open)

-=
T

[e]

30 x 10-3 6 = R = 30 X 103 = 10- ;

L il(t) = i1(0+)e-t/T i1(t) = 0.2e-106t rnA,
t

10

>0

7-12

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits when t 2: 0+

••.

. 1,2 (t )

-106t = - 0 .2em,

2: 0+

[e] The current in a resistor can change instantaneously. The switching operation forces i2(0-) to equal 0.2 m.Aand i2(0+) = -0.2 rnA. P 7.3 [a] io(O-) = 0 since the switch is open for t < O. [b] For t = 0- the circuit is:
~i 500 3000
g

1000

. -..

2000

+
vJO-)

iJO-)

300DII300n

= 150n 25

.'. ig = 50 + 150 = 125 rnA h(O-) = (~~~) ig = 62.5 rnA [c] For t = 0+ the circuit is:
500 3000 1000 2000 +
v J o+} .J" 62.5mA

25iJi

. -

iJO+)

300 DII100 n = 75D

... ig = 50 + 75 = 200 rnA

ia =

25

(!~~)= 150rnA 200

io(O+) = 150 - 62.5 = 87.5 rnA

.'.

[d] h(O+) = h(O-) = 62.5 rnA [e] io(oo)=ia=150mA

Problems

7-13

[f] iL( (0)

since the switch short circuits the branch containing the 200 n resistor and the 50 mH inductor. L 50 X 10-3 1 [g] T = - = = 0.25ms· - = 4000
R

= 0,

200

'T

:.

it. = 0

+ (62.5 -

0)e-400Ot = 62.5e-4000t rnA,

t 2:: 0

[h] vdO-) = 0

since for t < 0 the current in the inductor is constant

= 0+

[i] Refer to the circuit at t

and note: :. VL(O+) = -12.5 V

200(0.0625)+ VL(O+) = 0;

Ul

since the current in the inductor is a constant at t [k] VL(t) = 0 + (-12.5 - 0)e-400Ot = -12.5e-400OtV, [1] io = ia - ii. = 150 - 62.5e-40OOtrnA, VL( (0) = 0,
8Ot

= 00.

P 7.4

[a] ~ = R = 100ei 4e-8Ot [b] [c]

T

25 n

=-

80

12.5ms

=~=

12.5 X 10-3

L = (12.5)(25) X 10-3 = 312.5mH [d] w(O) = ~L[i(0)12= ~(0.3125)(16) = 2.5 J [e]

Wdiss

= fat

400e-160x dx = 2.5 - 2.5e-16Ot

0.8w(0) = (0.8)(2.5) = 2 J 2.5 - 2.5e-16Ot = 2 Solving, t = 10.06 ms. P 7.5 w(O) = ~(20
X

10-3)(102) = 1 J

0.5w(0) = 0.5 J
'lR

. = 10e -t/r
=

Pdiss

i~R = 100Re-2t/r

7-14

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

50L = (50)(20) x 10-3 = 1;

to = 10Ji,8

2to = 2toR 7" L

R = Lln2
= 20
3

= In2

2to

x 1O- 1n2 = 693.15[2 20 x 10-6

P 7.6

[aJ w(O)

2L1;

WdlSS -

.~
=

to 12R
0
9

-2t/T

e-2t/r Ito dt - 12R---,---:- 9 ( _ 2 /7") 0

~1;R7"(1 - e-2to/T) = ~1;L(1 _ e-2to/T)

Wdiss

= O"w(O) = a (~L1;)

.'. ~L1;(1 - e-2to/T)

2to = In [
r

(1- fY) 2to

j.

R(2to) = In[l/(l - fY)]

L

R = L In[l/(l - fY)]

[bJ R = (20 x 10-3) In[~/0.5l 20 x 10-6

R = 693.150 P 7.7

[aJ iL(O)

= 80 = 2A

40

io(O+)
.

80 - 2 = 4 - 2 = 2 A 20 80 20

'to(oo) = - = 4A

Problems

7-15

=- =-

L R

20 20

10-3 = 1 ms

'tL

= 2e -lOOOtA

'to -

· - 4 - it: - 4 - 2e -lOOOtA , .-

[c) 4 - 2e-lOOOt = 3.8 0.2 = 2e-10OOt

t=

2.30ms

P 7.8

[a] For t < 0

150 500

30 +
Vo

80Vi

. 40

-7.

l.

~ ijO )

500

~ itO ) 20

600

200

ig = 80 = 2A
i

(0-)

2(50) (100)

1A

=.

'tL

(0+)

For

t >0

20Q

'tL

· (t) = 'tL (0+) e -tiT A , .

=R =

t2::0
=

0.20 5 + 15

1 100

0.01 s

h(O+) = 1A iL(t) = e-100t A, vo(t) = -15iL(t)

t

2:: 0

7-16 P 7.9

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

v2 P.200- - -.s: - 11.25e-200tW·

20

Wdiss

= =

11.25 e-200t /0.01 -200 0 = 56.25 x 10-3(1- e-2) = 48.64mJ

Wstored

f .°

o.o1

11.25e-20Ot dt

= 2(0.2)(1) = 100mJ.

. 48.64 % diss = 100 x 100 = 48.64% P 7.10 [a] t < 0

2. SmA! -}

4kO 16kO

iL(O-) = -2(.;~{6) t2:0

+
120mH
vo 1kO

-2mA

+
OmH ~ 40mH
vo

1kO

7=

40

10-3 103

40

10-6.

'

1/7 = 25,000

Vo

-1000(-2
1

x 1O-3)e-25,OOOt = 2e-25,OOOt V,
=

[b] [c]

Wdel

2(40 x 10-3)(4 x 10-6)

= 76 nJ

80nJ

0.95wdeJ

.' . 76 x 10-9 =

Ioo

to 4e-50,OOOt

1000

dt

Problems

7-17

76 X 10-9 = 80'
e-5o,OOOto•

1O-ge-50,OOOt

° = 80' x 10- (1
to 9

_ e-50,OOOto)

0'.0'5 so 1.498
to = 59.9 f-l,s

5D,DDDto = In 20' to
T

59.9 40'

so
50

to ~ 1.5T 200

P 7.11

< 0':

70

50
2A

iL(D+) = 2A
t

> 0':
+

50

200

50

R;
T

(20')(5) + 2Qi = 240 25 24'

X

!:__ = 96
R;

10'-3 = 4ms'

~ = 250'
T

iL = 2e-25Ot A
i: = 2 5h = D.-4eVo

25Ot

A
t

-15io

-,-6e-r-250t V,

2: 0'+

W20n

lo°

oo

i e-50Ot 8De-5Of, dt = 8D~D

!

/00

-5 0'

16DmJ

weD) = ~(96)(1O-3)(4) = 192mJ

% diss = 192 (10'0') = 83.33%

160'

7-18
P 7.13

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits [a] vo(t) = vo(O+)e-t/r vo(0+)e-5xlO..J.3/r == 0.25vo(0+)

L 5 X 10-3 7------

- R-

1n4

L = 250 1: ~0-3 = 180.34 rnH [b] iL(O-)

Wstored

= 60 (~) =
=

lOrnA = h(O+)
2

2LiL(0

2(R7)(100

x 10- ) = 25007 j-tJ.

iL(t) = lOe-tjr rnA

P50n = il(50) = 5000 x 1O-6e-2t/r

Wdiss

5xlO-3
0

5000 x
6

1O-6e-2tjr
1

dt

= 5000 = 2500

e-2tjr 10- (-2/7)

5XlO 3 -

0
3 ]

x 10- 67 [ 1 - e -lOX10T

-lOxlO-3

= e-2

n4

= 0.0625

Wdiss

= 2500 x 10-67(0.9375)
6

% diss = 2500 x 10- 7(0.9375) 2500 X 10-67

Wdiss

x 100

= 93.75%

P 7.14

<0

25A!

100

t>O

Problems

7-19

+
50mH

Find Thevenin resistance seen by inductor +

-. =
'tT T

VT

RTh

=-

1 = 0.20 5 l/T = 4

=- =

50

10-3

0.2

= 250 ms·

'

50mH

.'to -

25 e-4tA ,

t2:0

P 7.15

[aJ t < 0 :
4 50 90

itO)

(9)(4.5) = 30.
13.5 '

7-20

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

i

:» 0:
+

1-it,.

1000

2000

. iT(200) 'll:. = 300

2. -'IT 3

. . (100)(200) .2 VT = 50'll:. + 'IT 300 = 50'tT3"

~T

+ T'tT

200.

'IT

= RTh =

100

+ 200 = lOOn
3

100Q

= L = 200

100 50Ot A, it. = 6e[b] VL

10-3

! = 500
T

t 2: 0

= 200

x 1O-3( -3000e-50Ot)

_600~-500t V,

t 2: 0+

[c]
+

J.
= -4e
-500t

1000

2000

'lA=

vt.

150

P 7.16

w(O) = ~(200 x 10-3)(36) = 3.6 J

PSOiA

= -50iAiL
=

-50(_4e-50Ot)(6e-500t) dt = 1200
e-lOOOt

=
100

1200e-100Ot W

WSOiA

10 o

00

1200e-1000t

% dissipated

~:!

-1000

= 1.2 J

(100) = 33.33%

Problems P 7.17

7-21

[a]

<0

40kQ

20kQ

60kQ

30kQ

40knll20kn

13.33kn

60knl130kn = 20kn (120 x 10-3)(13.33 x 103) = 1600V

._ 1600 '1-£(0) = 33,333.33 = 48 rnA

t>O

200mH

--748mA
20kO 60kO

T=

L 0.2 R = 80,000 = 2.5 J1B;

~ = 400,000
T

i£(t) = 48e-400,OOOt rnA,

P60k = (0.048e-400,OOOt?(60,000)
Wdiss

t~0

= 138.24e-8OO,OOOt W
dx

= lot 138.24e-8OO,ooox

172.8 x 10-6[1 - e-800,OOOt] J

w(O) = ~(.2)(48 x 1O-3 0.25w(0)

=

? = 230.4j1J
.'. e800,OOOt = 1.5

57.6 j1J

172.8(1 - e-800,OOOt) = 57.6;

t

= 800,000 = 0.507 j18

In 1.5

7-22

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

[b] wdiss(total) = 230.4(1 - e-800,OOOt) p,J Wdiss(0.507 p,s) = 76.82 p,J %

(76.82/230.4)(100)
10 --3t20A 220Vi :

=
a

33.3%

P 7.18

(a] t < 0 :

(50/3)

1
A

120

(10/3)A

600

10
--3t220A 220 ..

-1
(50/3)11. {-

'----_.._i:__
iab

{l0/3)Acb
]

----*--

220 =

iab

+ (50/3) + (10/3),
--3t20A 220Vi -

= 200 A,

= 0+

[b] At

t=

00:

..

~ab

120

600

iab

= 220/1 = 220A,

t=
a

00

10
--3t220A

220V:

iab

(c] i1(0)

50/3,

71

2 12

10-3 = 0.167ms
X

72

= 60

15
t

10-3 = 0.25 ms 0

il(t) = (50/3)e-6000t A,

>

Problems

7-23

i2(t) = (10/3)e-4000t A,
iab

t 2:: 0
(10/3)e-4000t A,
t~0

= 220 - (50/3)e~6000t -

220 - (50/3)e~6000t - (1O/3)e-4000t = 210 30 = 50e -600Ot + 1 -4000t Oe 3 = 5e -6000t + e -4000t

By trial and error

t = 123.1
fiB

P 7.19

[a]

< 0:

1kO

8mH

= 0+:

2.5kO

> 0:

t
SmA

50mH

f
'T

2.5kO

L =R

= 20

10-6

iR = 5e -50,OOOt mA

7-24

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

8mH

VR
VI

= {2.5 x 103)(5 x 1O-3)e-50,OOOt

= 12.5e-50,OOOt V = _5e-50,ooOt V

= 20 x 10-3[5 x 1O-3( -50,000)e-50,000t]

v-v 0-[b] is= 10 48 P 7.20

3

Jr
o

1- V R--·

7 5e-50,ooOt V

-7.5e-50,oooxdx+0=3.125e-50,OOOt-3.125mA

[a] From the solution to Problem 7.19, iR

=5x
=

10-3e-50,OOOt
X
00

PR = (25
Wdiss

1O-6e-100,OOOt)(2.5 X 103) 62.5

X
X

= 62.5

x 1O-3e-lOO,OOOt W

10

1O-3e-100,OOOt dt
e-100,000t 5

= 62.5
[b]
Wtrapped

10-3

\00

-10

625 nJ

~Leqi~(O) = ~(50 x 10-3)(5 x 1O-3? = 625nJ

CHECK: w(O) = ~(20)(25 x 10-6) x 10-3 .'.

P 7.21

+ !(80)(25

x 10-6) x 10-3 = 1250nJ

w(O) = Wdiss

+ Wtrapped

[aJ Vl(O-)
Ceq

= Vl(O+) = 75 V

= 2 x 8/10 = 1.6 J-tF 5kO

= (5)(1.6)

10-3 = 8ms;

-=
T

125

Problems
i= 75 x 10-3e-125t

7-25

= 15e-125t

mA

'

-10 vI = -2-

t' io 15 X

1O-3e-125x dx

+ 75 = 60e-125t + 15 V,
15 V,

7)2

106 t' 8 io 15 x

1O-3e-125x dx

+ 0 = _15e-125t +

[b] w(O)
[c]

~(2 x 10-6)(5625) = 5625 p,J

Wtrapped

2(2 x 10-6)(225)

+ 2(8

x 10-6)225

1125 ftJ·

Wdiss

= ~(1.6 x
Wtrapped

10-6)(5625) = 4500 p,J.

Check: P 7.22 v
'I,

+ Wdiss = 1125 + 4500

= 5625

p,J;

W(O) = 5625 p,J.

[a] R = -:= 20kO [b] -:;.= RC = 1000; [c]

T

c=

1 (103) (20 x 103)

= 0.05 p,F

= 1000 =

1ms

[d) w(O) = ~(0.05 x 10-6)(104) = 250 p,J [e]

.'.

e-2000to

= 0.2;

e200Oto

=5

to = 2000 In 5;

to

rv

804.72 p,s

7-26
P 7.23

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits [a] t < 0:

10'1)1

r
I

2V

'-"N'.'____""'=::r

20kO

5kO

iJO- }

[b] t

;»

0:

O_411F

5kO

il(O+) i2(0+)

=
=

2 10

10-3 10-3

= 0.2 rnA
=
-0.2 rnA therefore,

-2
10

[c] Capacitor voltage cannot change instantaneously,

i1(0-)

= il(O+)

= 0.2mA

[d] Switching can cause an instantaneous

branch. In this circuit i2(0-)

change in the current in a resistive

0.2 rnA

and

i2(0+)

-0.2 rnA

[e]

Vc

ze:": V, t 2: 0 7" = ReC = 5000(0.4) X

=
Vc

10-6 = 2

10-3

= 2e-500t V,
Vc

2: 0
rnA, A

il = 10000 = 0.2e

-500t

t2:0

-Vc -500t [f]' '1,2 = 10 000 = - 0 .2 em, ,

P 7.24

[a] v(O) = (8)(2:~(33)

118.80 V

R; = (3)(6) = 2 kn
9

Problems
= ReG

7-27

(2000)(0.25)
t

10-6 = 500/ls;

~ = 2000
T

v
. 'to

= 118.80e-2OOOtV
= 3000 = 39.6e
V

?: 0

-2000t

mA
=

[b] w(O) = ~(0.25)(118.80)2

1764.18/lJ

20OOt 'l4k = 118.80e6

19 8e-2000t mA

P4k = [(19.8)e-2000tF(4000) W4k = 1568.16

0/
X 3

10-6 = 1568.16

10-3e-4000t

e-4OOOx 125oxlO-6 1 10- -4000 0 = 392.04(1 - e- ) IJ,J

X

10

392.04 (1 _ e-1) 1764.18

100

14.050/
2kO

10

P 7.25

[a]

< 0:
+

io(O-) = (25)(8) = lOmA

(20)

vo(O-) = (10)(10) = 100 V

i2(0-) = 25 - 10 = 15 mA

V2(0-) = 15(8) = 120V

t>O

= RG =

0.2ms = 200/ls;

-=
T

5000

7-28

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

+ 20V O.l,uF
i

(t) =

20 e-t/r = 10e-500Ot mA 2 x 103 '

2:: 0+

[b]

Vo

10 =-

0.3

ft

= -(20/3)e[c]
Wtrapped

3 -5000

105 e-

10 X 1O-3e-5000x 0 50OOx

dx + 100

It

+100 + (20/3) + 100 + (320/3)] V,

t

5000t

v; = [_(20/3)e=

5000t

2:: 0

(1/2)(0.15) x 1O-6(320/3? + (1/2)(0.3) x 1O-6(320/3? 2560 J-LJ.

Wtrapped

Check by combining the capacitors into a single equivalent capacitance of O.l/tF with a 20 V initial voltage:
Wdiss

1 1( zCeqCVo) 2 = z 0.1 x

10 )(20) = 20 J-LJ

-6

w(O)

~(0.15) x 1O-6(120? + ~(0.3 x 10-6)(100)2

= 2580 J-LJ.

Wtrapped

+ Wdiss = W (0)
OK.

2560 + 20 = 2580

Problems
P 7.26

7-29

(aJ t < 0:

1.8kO

+
60V ~

68kO

Vo(O) = (60)(10.2) = 51 V
12
t

> 0:
+
51V~ (1/6)f,l.F

+
v
12kO

1"

1 = 6(12)

10-3 = 2ms;
t

- = 500
1"

v; = 51e-500t V,

2: 0

Wdiss

fo

2xlO~3

216.75 x
X

1O-3e-IOOOt

dt

= 216.75

10-6(1 - e-2) = 187.42 p,J

[b) w(O) = (~) (~) (51f 0.95w(0)

10-6 = 216.75 p,J

= 205.9125 p,J
X

rt° 10 216.75
10
:. {to

10-3e-lOOOxdx = 205.9125

10-6

e-1OOOx dx = 0.95 X 1- e-lOOOto = 0.95;

10-3
elOOOto

= 20;

so

to

= 3 ms

7-30 P 7.27
t

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

<

°
25\11 ~

I
t>o

60kO

VT

104iQ + 60,000iT

20,OOO( -iT)

+ 60,000iT

= 40,000iT

+
40kO 25V~ 25nF

r=RC=

lms;
t2::0

- = 1000

o; = 25e-1000t V,

Problems
P 7.28

7-31

[a]

RC

= RTh(0.2)

10-6

10-3;

RTh = --

1000 = 5kO 0.2

OkO

VT = 20 V,6. = 10 VT = 30 VT = 30 iT
.'.

103(iT - av,6.) 103iT

+ 10 x

103iT

X X X

103iT - 20 x 103a10 x 103iT

103 - 200
X

106a = 5 x 103

30 - 200,000a = 5;

a = 125

10-6 A/V

[b] vo(O) = (0.018)(5000)

t

= 90V
+

t<0

> 0:
+

Va = gOe-1ooOt V,

t 2:: 0
20kO

10

V,6.
X

103

V,6.- Va

20,000 - 125 x 10
X

-6

V,6. = 0

2v,6. + V,6.- Va - 2500

1O-3v,6. = 0

.'. V,6. = 2vo = 180e~1000t V

7--32 P 7.29

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

[a]

20kO
-lOOOt

22.Se ~

rnA

+ O.2,uF ~ 9De
-lOOOt V

- 90e

-lOOOt V

+
180e

+
-lOOOt V

10kO

Pds Wds

x 1O-3e-lOOOt)= -2025 x 1O-3e-200OtW

= (-90e-1OOOt)(22.5

10

00

Pds

dt

-1012.5 j.lJ .

.'. dependent source is delivering 1012.5 j.lJ

[b)

(180)2e-200Ot PIOk

10

103 dt

WIOk -:-

10

00

PIOk

= 1620 j.lJ

(90)2e-200Ot P20k W20k

20
00

103 dt

= 10

P20k

= 202.5 j.lJ
=

wc(O) = ~(0.2) x 1O-6(90?

810 j.lJ

L
P 7.30

Wdev =

L Wdiss

+ 1012.5 = 1822.5 j.lJ = 202.5 + 1620 = 1822.5 j.lJ.

810

[a] At t = 0- the voltage on each capacitor will be 25 x 10-3 x 200 positive at the upper terminal. Hence at t ~ 0+ we have

= 5 V,

2SrnA!

2000

50

i±

sv ~ 2!ffi
-

sv = SO,uF
-

+1

80

Problems
At t = 00, both capacitors will have completely discharged.

7~33

.'. iSd(oo)

= 25mA
+ iI(t) + i2(t)
10-6 = 10 Jts
X

[b] isd(t) = 0.025

71

= (5)(2)

1"2

(8)(50 x 10-6)

= 400/1,8
t~0

i2(t) = 0.625e-250Ot A, isd = 25

P 7.31

+ 1000e-1OO,OOOt + 625e-2500t mA,

[a] ~

Ce

=1

+ - = 1.25 4
Va(O) = 60 - 10 = 50V
10-3 = 20 ms;

.'. O; = 0.8 J-lF;

7

= (0.8)(25)

v: = 50e-50t V, [b)
ui;

» 0+

~(1 x 10-6)(3600)

+ ~(4

x 10-6)(100)

2mJ

Wdiss

= "2(0.8 x =!2
X
X

10-6)(2500) 100

= 1 mJ

% diss

= 50%

[c] ia

2~

10-3 = 2e-5Ot mA
6

VI

= - 10 =

ft 2
-50

1O-3e-50x dx - 10 =
-

-500ft

e-50x dx - 10 t 2:: 0

-50x ./t -500_e -10 = lOe-5Ot

0

400

20 V

[d)

VI

+ V2 = Va
VI =

V2 = Va -

50e-5Ot - lOe-5Ot

+ 20 = 40e-5Ot + 20 V

t 2: 0

7~··34

OHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RO Circuits

[e)

Wtrapped Wdiss

1 2(4 x 10-6)(400)
= 2 mJ

+ 2(1
(check)

x 10-6)(400) = 1mJ

+ Wtrapped

P 7.32

[a] The equivalent circuit for t > 0:

+
..-------L,'

~i

+
eq Vo

20V ~c
R

eq

=10kO

7 Vo

OAms;

1/7 = 2500

= 20e-2500t V,

t~O
t ~ 0+
0.75e250Ot

io

= 2e-2500t rnA,
=
2e2500t

i25kfl.

(!~) =

rnA,
=

t ~ 0+
14,062.5
X

P25kfl. = W25kfl.

(0.5625 x
00

1O-6e-5000t){25,000) 1O-6e-5000t

1O-6e-5OOOt W

= 10

14,062.5 x

dt

= -2.8125

x 10-6(0 - 1) = 2.8125 p,J

w(O) = ~(0.2 x 10-6)(100)

% diss (25 kO) =

+ ~(0.05

x 10-6)(900) = 32.5 p,J

2.8125 x 100 = 8.65% 32.5 [b] P625f!. = 625{2 x 1O-3e-2500t? = 2.5 x 1O-3e~50oOt
W625fl. =

10

00

P625 dt

= 0.50 p,J

% diss (6250) = 0.5 x 100 = 1.54% 32.5 i15kfl. =

P15kfl. 2e-2500t

(25) 40'

= 1 25e-250OtrnA ,
X

>_

0+
X

= (1.25

x 1O-3e-250Ot?(15,000) = 23.4375
1O-3e-5000t dt =
4.6875/l,J

1O-3e-500OtW

W15kfl. =

10

00

23.4375

% diss (15kO) = 14.42%

[e)

2:
(}1

Wdiss

= 2.8125 = w(O)

+ 0.50 + 4.6875
-

= 8 p,J

Wtrapped

Wdiss

= 32.5 - 8 = 24.5 p,J

(}1

24.5 /0 trapped = 32.5 x 100 = 75.38/0 8.65

Check:

+ 1.54 + 14.42 + 75.38

99.99 ~ 100%

Problems

7-35

P 7.33

After making a Thevenin equivalent we have

~O 18DV6

U
5kO

t=D

:=7iJt)

I
10 = 180/15 = 12rnA
T

":tl 1250mH
2:.
T

(0.25/20)

10-3 = 0.125 x 10-4;

= 80,000

If =

Vs
R

180 = 9 rnA 20

io = 9 + (12 - 9)e-80,OOot = 9 + 3e-80,OOot rnA

Vo

[180- 12(20]e-80,OOOt
iJO- )

_60e-80,OOot V

P 7.34

t<0

80

t6A

t>O

32

J~1
120
5mH v L

80

v
0

~ 48V

~L 00

.(

) _ 32 -

20

+ 48

_ 4A -

7-36

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

=R=

5 X 10-3
20

= 250/-Ls;

_!_ =
7

4000
t

iL

= 4 + (6 - 4)e-4OOOt = 4

+ 2e-40OOt

A,

2: 0
t

Vo

= -8h + 48 = -8(4+

2e-400Ot) + 48 = 16 - 16e-4OOOt V,

> 0+

Check:

at t = 0+ the circuit is:

r_
12Q 6A

vJfl)

++

\Mi
VJO+)648V

80

32V6

VL(O+) = 32 - 72 + 0 = -40V, P 7.35 [a] t < 0

+
40A

50

40

vo(O- )

200

KVL equation at the top node:

i JO-)

40 _ vo(O~)
4

vo(O-)
20

vo(O-)
5

Multiply by 20 and solve:

-800

= (5 + 1 + 4)vo;

v; =

-80V

Problems

7-37

t>O

600

50

240J

20Q

110mH

Use voltage division to find the Thevenin voltage: VTh = Vo = 20

20

+ 60 (240) = 60V

Remove the voltage source and make series and parallel combinations of resistors to find the equivalent resistance:
RTh ;::;:5

+ 201160= 5 + 15 = 20 n
200

The simplified circuit is:

60Vi ~

10mH

=- = R =

10 X 10-3 = 0.5 ms· 20 ' 60 20

~ = 2000
T

io(oo)

= 3A + [io(O+) ( ) di;

io = io(oo)
=3

io(oo)]e-t/T
t

+ (-16
.

- 3)e-20OOt = 3 - 1ge-2000t A,

2:

[b ] Vo

_ _

5~o + 0.01

dt

15 - 95e-2OOOt) 15 - 95e-2OOOt

+ 0.01(38,000) (e-20OOt) + 380e-2OOOt

t ~ 0+

Va

15 + 285e-2OOOtV,

P 7.36

[a] For t < 0, calculate the Thevenin equivalent for the circuit to the left and right of the 75 mH inductor. We get

7-38

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

8kQ

~1
-5 rnA

75mH 15kQ

5V

. 2(0-)

5 - 120 15k + 8k

i(O-) = i(O+) = -5 rnA [b) For t > 0, the circuit reduces to

75mH 15kQ

Therefore [c)
T

i(oo)

= 5/15,000 = 0.333 rnA

= 5Jls
- i( 00 )]e-t/r
= 0.333 -

L 75 x 10-3 R = 15,000

[d) i( t) = i( 00)

+ [i(O+)

= 0.333

+ [-5 - 0.333]e-200,500t

5.333e-200,500t rnA,

t?0

P 7.37

[a] From Eqs. (7.35) and (7.42)

i=~
v=

+ (10

- ~)

e-(R/L)t

(Vs =

IoR)e-(R/L)t

Vs .'. R Vs -

10;

loR = 200;

10 = -10 Therefore, i( 00) = 10 = L=-=40rnH 500

R

+ Vs R
Ys

= 0A

= 200V.

if

200

so

R = 20 n

Problems [b) i = 10 - 10e-500t; w i2

7-39

= 100 -

200e-5OOt

+ 100e-1000t
4e-500t

= ~Li2 =

~(0.04)[100 - 200e-500t

+ 100e-100Ot] = 2 -

+ 2e-100Ot

w(00)=2J w(to) = 2 - 4e-500to

+ 2e-100Oto = 0.25(2)
and thus x2
-

.'. 1- 2x + x2 = 0.25 Solving,

2x

+ 0.75 = 0

x = 1.5 and x = 0.5 so ln2

but only the second solution is possible

.'. 0.5 = e-50Oto

to = 500 = 1.386ms
L

T=---

R1 +R2

vo(OO) = vo(t)

0 V,

= _fgR2e-[(Rl+R2)!Ljt
00,

[b] vo(O+) ---»

and the duration of vo(t) ---» zero

T=

[c]

Vsw =

R2io;

L
Rl+R2

i o(0+) -

1.
g,

io(oo) = t,R R1 R

1+

2
e-[(Rl+R2)!Ljt

Therefore

io(t)

Rl +R2

[1 -~] +R2 9 Rl

io(t) =
Therefore [d] Ivsw(O+)I---» P 7.39
Vsw

RtIg (Rl +R2)

R2Ig e-[(Rl+R2)!Ljt (Rl +R2)

RIIg (1+Rl! R2)

RzIg e-[(Rl+R2)!Ljt (1+Rl! R2)

2: 0+

00;

duration ---» 0

Opening the inductive circuit causes a very large voltage to be induced across the inductor L. This voltage also appears across the switch (part [e] of Problem 7.38) causing the switch to arc over. At the same time, the large voltage across L damages the meter movement.

7-40
P 7.40

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

v

[a]
R L

- R+R+L

Vs

jt v dt + 10
0

Differentiating both sides,

--+-v=O Rdt L -+-v=O dt L [b] dt = - LV -dt= dt

dv ds: dv R

1 dv

--vdt L

so

dv = --vdt

R L

r:
Va X

dv R = --dt v L
=_

Rjt dy L
0

In vet) = _ Rt

v,

vet) = Vae-(R/L)t = (Vs - R10)e-(R/L)t

P 7.41 For t < 0

Vx 20 Vx 20

9 [vx - 250] 50

[vx - 250] = 50

+ 10(vx

- 250) = 0 50

5vx - 5000

+ 20vx = 0;

Vx = 200V

Problems

7~41

t>O
87.2mH

100

400

+v<P

100 200

1
~ 250V ~ 80V

87.2mH

100

80

+v<P

"N'vl

200

Find Thevenin equivalent with respect to a, b

100 a __ ------~----~,--------~~_. 80

~ 80V

b __ ------~------------------~ VTh -

80

18

9 (VTh - 80) = 0 18
100

VTh = 80V
80

b __ ------~------------------~

. vT = ('tT - 0.9v.p)18 = [. - 0.9 (10VT)] vr 1."8

18

7-42

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits VT = 18iT - 9VT :. 10vT = 18iT

-. = RTh =
'tT

VT

1.80

i~1
200
0

87.2mH

1. 80

680V

io(oo)
=

= 80/21.8 = 3.67 A
1/7 = 250
t

87.2 3 21.8 x 10- = 4ms;

io =

3.67 + (10 - 3.67)e-250t = 3.67 + 6.33e-250t A,

100 150

2:: 0

P 7.42

< 0;

50

> 0;
+
VJO+) t Q,5mA 40

1mA

-0.002

+ Va + Va 5

Vo

15

0 0.001 = 0

Vo -

15

Va

+5 X

10-4

+ Vo
4

4iA -

Problems

7-43

ib,.

=;V

4ib,. - 0.001

Solving,

We also know that

Find the Thevenin resistance seen by the 2 mH inductor:

~----~--~~--~~------.
+

100

~T = -

vr vr . + - - 4~b,. 20 4
4
~b,.

~b,.

VT = - - 4' ZA

=-

VT

20

-=-+---=-=O.lS
VT

iT

1 20

1 4

1 5

2 20

10-3 = 02ms' 10 .,

1/7 = 5000

.'. v; = 0

+ (2 -

0)e-5oOOt = 2e-5OOOt m V,

7-44

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

P 7.43

[a] Let v be the voltage drop across the parallel branches, positive at the top
node, then - 19 + ~g

IIlot

dx

l2 lot

dx = 0

Therefore v - I 9 R 9 e-t/T• , Thus . _ __!_ 1 R -xiT d ~ 19R9 e-xlT 't1 L1.10 9 ge x - L1 (-1/7)

{t

It_ 19Le (1 _ L1
0-

-tiT)
e

P 7.44 t > 0
+

ia = _5e-20t A,
va

t>0
t

= 80ia =

_400e-20t V,

> 0+

_400e-20t

= -80; 1

20 In5

= 80.47ms

Problems

7-45

P 7.45

[a] [b]

Wdiss

"2Lei2(0) = "2(4)(25) = 50J

i12H =

112/:( _400)eIt
0

20x

dx

+5

-100 e-20x = -3- -20

i6H

5 2Ot 10 +5= 3e+ TA

dx

= ~/: (-400)e= ----

20x

- 200 e-20x 3 -20

=

It +0 = _e10
0

+0
3

20t

10 --A 3

Wtrapped

"2(18)(100/9) = 100 J

[e] w(O)
P 7.46 [a] t < 0

~(12)(25) = 150 J

150

t>O
+ v
480

+ IDA

4.8 48

= O.ls;
t~

idoo) = lOA
iL

10 + [20 - 10}e-lOt

10 + 10e-1Ot A,

[b] i1 = 1210 -480e-lOx dx

+ 8 = 4e-lOt + 4A,
t~O

[el

i2

1 =8

lot -480e0

lOx

dx

+ 12 = 6e-1Ot + 6 A,

7-46

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits For t < 0, i40mH(O) = 75/5 = 15A For t > 0, after making a Thevenin equivalent we have
i~ +
Vo

P 7.47

4Q

40mH

l1SA
60mH

- 100 V

i=

Vs + R

(1 _ Vs) eR
0

tjT

~=R=__!_x103=40 T L 100

10 = 15A;
i=

Vs = 100 R 4
=

25A

25 + (15 - 25)e-4Ot 0.04 dt

di

25 - lOe-4Ot A,
= 16e-4Ot

t~O
t

Vo

0.04(400e-4Ot)

V,

0+

P 7.48

16 [a] vc(O-) = 20 (30) = 24 V

Ceq = ( 30
1

+ 15

)-1 = 10 nF
+ +
Vo

For t > 0:

200kO

RC

200 x 103

10 X 10-9

2ms;

~ =500
T

> 0+

Problems .
'to

7-47

{b]

200,000 = 200,000 15 x 10-9

1
X

Vo

24e-500t

= 120e
X

-500t

p,A
500x

VI = P 7.49

120

10-6

lot e0

dx

+ 0 = 16 -

16e-500tV,

t~O

[a] The energy delivered to the 200 kO resistor is equal to the energy stored in the equivalent capcitor. From the solution to Problem 7.48 we have
W

1 1 = 2C."qV~= 2(10

10-9)(24)2 = 2.88/·tJ

[b] From the solution to Problem 7.48 we know the voltage on the 15 nF
capacitor at t = 00 is 16 V. THerefore, the voltage across the 30 nF capacitor at t = 00 is -16 V. It follows that the total energy trapped is
Wtrapped

1 = 2(30
X

x 10-9)( -16?

+ 2(15

x 1O-9)(16? = 5.76 /-tJ

[e] w(O)
P 7.50

= ~(30

10-9)(242)

= 8.64/-tJ
= 8.64 = w(O)

Check:

Wtrapped

+ Wdiss = 5.76 + 2.88

[a] t > 0

Vo(O-) = vo(O+) = 0 V

vo(oo)
T

= 40V
liT = 5000
t~0

= (8 x 103)(25) x 10-9 = 0.2 ms

Vo = (40 - 40e-5000t) V, [b] i = 25

c

10-9 dvo

dt

ic

= 25 x
= 20

1O-9(200,000e-5OOOt)

5e-5000t rnA

VI = 4(5e-5OOOt)
'to X

+ 40 -

40e-5OOOt = 40 - 20e-500Ot

VI -5000t 103 = 2 - e rnA

[e]

il(t)

= io + ic

= 2 + 4e-5000t

rnA

7-48

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

[d] i2(t) = 5 :;03 = 8 - 4e5000t

rnA

[e] 'il(O+) = 2 + 4 = 6mA

Checks: il

+ i2 = 10 rnA
i (0+) =
c

(1) (1 14: 1) = 5 rnA 5+20+4

10 10 (~) (Ill) 5+20+4
= 1 rnA

. ( +)
~o

il(0+) = 5 + 1 = 6 rnA

P 7.51 For t < 0

w..
4kO

2kO

•
~

20mA t

+ 10mA

12kO

2kO 30mA t 3kO

\0(0-) ;::-3(30) ;:: -gOY

t>O
2kO 5m1li
-J,

~
O.OS,uF

4kO

~10mA

12kO

-2kO 3kO

+
v
o

O. OS,uF

Problems

7-49

vo(oo) = 15V;

RC = (5k)(0.05p,)

0.25ms;

- = 4000
T

15 - 105e-4OOOt V

t2::0

P 7.52

[a] Is = i(O+) = 50 mA;

IsR == v(oo) = 80
.. R

Va=OV

== -0 .05
1

80

1.6kn C
=

RC = 2500;

2500(1600) = 250 nF

[b) w(t) = ~(250 x 10-9)[80 - 80e-2500t]2

= 125 x 10-9(6400)[1 _ = 800[1 2e-2500t e-250Ot]2

e-5OOOt]

fJ-J

then

800[1 - 2x + x2] = 0.64(800)

.'. x2

2x + 0.36 = 0
x = 1.8, x = 0.2 ... e+2500t = 5

The two solutions are

Only the second solution is valid 2500t = In 5 so

t

= 400 In 5 fJ-S = 643.787 ps

P 7.53

[a] vc(O+) = 120V

[b] Use voltage division to find the final value of voltage:

150 vc(oo) = 150+50(-200)

-150V

7-50

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits [eJ Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the capacitor:
VTh = -150Y,
RTh

12.5k + 150kll50k = 50kO,

Therefore

r = ReqC =

(50,000)(40 x 10-9) = 2ms

The simplified circuit for t > 0 is:

[d] i(O+) = -150 - 120 = -5.4 A 50,000 m [e] Vc = vc(oo)

=

+ [vc(O+)

- vc(oo)]e-t/T
t~ t~

-150+
=

[120 - (-150)]e-t/T = -150 + 270e-500ty,

[f] i
P 7.54

c~c

(40 x 10-9)( -500) (270e-500t) = 5.4e-500t rnA,

0+

[a] Use voltage division to find the initial value of the voltage: vc(O+)

= VlOk = 10k

: k15k (-75)

= -30
=

[b] Use Ohm's law to find the final value of voltage: vc(oo) = V5k = (5 x 10-3)(5000) 25Y [e] Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the capacitor:
VTh = 25Y,
RTh

= 5k

+ 20k

= 25kO

[d] o; = vc(oo)
=

+ [vc(O+)

- vc(oo)]e-t/T
t~

25 + (-30 - 25)e-400t = 25 - 55e-400ty,

We want Vc = 25 - 55e-40Ot = 0: Therefore

t=

In(55/25) = 1.97ms 400

Problems P 7.55

7-51

[a)

60r
I
io(O+)
=

3.2kQ

• +
vJt)

6.8kQ
\M~

iJt>

O.2l1P

•
6 rnA
=

= ~~ X 10-3 =

[b) io(oo) = 0 [c) T = RC = (10 x 103)(0.2 x 10-6)

2rns

[d] i; = 0 + (6 - 0)e-50Ot = 6e-500t rnA, [e) Vo = 60 - 3.2 x 103io = 60 - 19.2e-500t V,

P 7.56

[a] vo(O-)

vo(O+) = 48 V

Vo(oo)

= -12V;

= 0.8rns;

~ = 1250
T

Vo = -12
Vo

+ (48 -

(_12))e-1250t t :2': 0

-12

+ 60e-125Ot V,

[c]

Vg

Vo -

2.5 x 103io

"o = -12

+ 45e-125OtV
-12

[d] Vg(O+)

+ 45 = 33 V
X

Checks:

Vg(O+)
'l,lOk

io(0+)7.5

103

12

45 - 12

33 V

= 10k = -1.

Vg

+ 4.5e -1250t

7-52

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

~30k = 30k
. Vg

= - 04 + 1.5e -125Ot .

rn

-i; + ilO
P 7.57

+ i30 + 1.6 = 0

(ok)

t < 0;

t = 00:
iJeo) lOmA t

J-

20kQ

20kQ

lOkQ

vJeo)

io(oo)

-10 (~~)

-4rnA; 8k!1;

vo(oo) C

= io(00)(10)

= -40V

RTh

= 10 k!11140k!1 =

= 125nF

= (8)(0.125) = 1 rns;

! = 1000 T

lOmAt

~ 125nF

i=
C

dvo C- = -12.5edt
Vo

lOOOt

rnA

'

. ~1O

= 10 = -

4 + 10ern, -lOOOt

A t > 0+

. ~o

.. = ~c

+ ~10 = - (4 + 2 .5e -lOOOt) ill A ,

Problems P 7.58 For t > 0

7-53

ib

= 400(12) = 100pA
48

RTh

15kO
15kQ

Va(OO) = -45 V;
T

(15,000)(8)10-6 = 120ms;

l/T

== 8.33

v;

= -45 + 45e-S.33tV,
=

t 2: 0

wet)

~(8

10-6)v~ = 8100(1 - 2e-S.33t

+ e-16.67t)

p,J

w( (0) = 8100 p,J . 8100(1 1 - 2x

x2
2e-8.33to

+ e-16.67to)
x

= 0.90(8100)

+ x2

0.90;

= e-S.33to

2x

+ 0.10 = 0
0.0513

e-(25/3)to

0.0513;

(25/3)to

= In 19.4868;

to

= 356.4ms

7-54 P 7.59

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits For t < 0,

t

vo(O) = 80V
+

> 0:

+
vTh

~it.
80kQ

30 xl0 it.

20kO

• lOOV

vTh

= 30

-100 ) 103iA + 0.8(100) = 30 x 103 ( 100 x 103

+ 80 = 50 V

~iT

20kQ 80kQ

t>O

80V

_ r

r---~w.-------,

+
nF
Vo

40kO

l
:

50V

Vo

50 + (80 - 50)e-tjT
-=
'T

5000

Vo

50 + 30e-5000t V vo(OO) = 80V

P 7.60

vo(O) = 50V;
RTh 'T

16kO

=
=

(16)(5 x 10-6) = 80 x 10-6;

_!
r

12,500

80 + (50 - 80)e-12,50Ot = 80 - 30e-12,500t V

Problems P 7.61

7-55

[a]

I,R

F cp I
R~

t=~+

1 IsR = Ri + C

lot idx
0+

+ Va

di i O=R-+-+O dt C di i -+-=0 dt RC

[bJ

~ di - -RC' dt . t(o+)

di
~

i(t)

dy

---Y-

RC

lot dx
0+

dt RC

'

i(t) =t In i(O+) = RC

P 7.62

[a] Let i be the current in the clockwise direction around the circuit. Then

Va =

«n, + C1
iRg +

ft oidx + C1 jotoidx
2

(~1+ ~2)f:idX
the equation or

= tu, + ~ef:idX

Now differentiate

o = Rg dt + Ce
Therefore

di

di dt

+ RgCe ~ = 0
=~
9

1.

i= ~
9

e-t/RgCe

e-t/T;

7-56

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

[b) 711(00) = C P 7.63

C2
1

G Vg;
2

[a] t < 0
"f'.I'.

60J
t>O

2.2kO

0.31$ 1 I
0.6,uF

+ (60) (0. 6) (0.6+0.3)

40V

+ (60) (0.3) (0.6+0.3)

20V

Vo(O-) = vo(O+) = 60V vo(oo)

T

= 100V
X

(0.2)(5)

10-3

1 ms;
t~

l/T

= 1000

Vo = 100 - 40e-1ooOt V,

[b) io = _Cdvo = -02 x 1O-6[40000e-l000t] dt· ,

=
_8e-l000t
6

rnA.,

[c)

VI

-10 OT Jt' -8
o

x 1O-3e-l000x dx

+ 40
t~0

= 66.67
[d)
712

~./o

-106

r -8 x 1O- e3

- 26.67e-1OOOt V,
1OOOx

dx

+ 20

= 33.33 -

13.33e-1000t V,

t~0

Problems
[e]
1 = 2"(0.3) 10-6 (66.67?

7-57

Wtrapped

2"(0.6)10-6(33.33)2

= 666.67

+ 333.33

= 1000 jLJ.

P 7.64

VO

(0) = 120(80) = 80V 120

1Jo(

00) = -6(25) = -150 V

~ = 1000
T

Vo

= -150

+ (80 + 150)e-lOOOt= -150 + 230e-lOOOtV,

t 2: 0

P 7.65

[a] From Example 7.10, L

eq

LlL2 - M2 = (8m)(20m) - (10m)2 = 75mH Ll + L2 - 2M 8m + 20m - 2(lOm) . (7.5m) 1 75 = 10,000

If =

Leq

io = 15 _ 15 e-lo,oOOt= 0.2 _ 0.2e-lO,00Ot A 75 75 [b]

Vo

t 2:: 0
= 15e-lO,000t V t ~ 0+

= 15 -

75io = 15 - 75(0.2 - 0.2e-10,000t)

dil [e] v: = 0.008&

+ 0.01 &
di2

di2

di; dil dt = dt

+&
_

di2 = dio _ dil = 2000e-1O,000t dt dt dt 15e-lo,000t = 0.008 dil dt dil = 2500e-lO,000t dt dil = 2500e-lO,00Ot dt {il dx = 2500 {t e-lO,ooOy dy
.10 .10
e-lO,OOOy

dil dt (2000e-lO,000t _ dil) dt

+ 0.01

.'. il = 2500

-10,000

It = 0.25 0

0.25e-1O,00Ot A,

t2::0

7-58 [d)

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

~2

1,0 -

1,1

_ ~

0.2 - 0.2e~lO,OOOt 0.25 -50

+ 0.25e-lO,OOOt

+ 50e-1O,OOOt rnA, t ~ 0 + Mdil dt

t

[e]

Vo

L di2 2 dt

0.02( _500e-lO,OOOt)+ 0.01(2500e~lO,OOOt) 15e-1O,OOOtV,

> 0+

(checks)

il(O) = 0.25 - 0.25 = 0; agrees with initial conditions; i2(0) = -0.05 + 0.05 = 0; agrees with initial conditions; The final values of io, iI, and i2 can be checked via the conservation Wb-turns:

of

io( 00 )Leq = 0.2 x (7.5 m) = 1.5 mWb-turns

il(oo)Ll

+ i2(00)M

= 0.25(8m) = -0.05(0.02)

- O.05(lOm) = 15 mWb-turns

i2(00)L2 + il(oo)M

+ 0.25(0.01)

= 15 mWb-turns

Thus our solutions make sense in terms of known circuit behavior. P 7.66

[aJ L
eq

(3)(15) 3 + 15

= 2.5 H
1

7=-=-=-1'3

t.;
R
=

2.5 7.5

io(O) .'.
Vo

0;

io(oo)

120 7.5

16A

io - 16 - 16e-3t A,
= 120 -

t~0 t ~ 0+ t

7.5io = 120e-3t V,

i1 =!

31o
-

rt 120e-3xdx
1,1

= 40
3

_ 40 e-3t A 3 '

_>

1,2

. = ~o .

88 3 - 3e -3tA ,

t>0 -

[b) io(O) = il(O) = i2(0) = 0, consistent with initial conditions. vo(O+) = 120 V, consistent with io(O) = o.
Vo

ai

dil

= I20e

-3t

V,

2: 0+

or
f': di2 -3t v; = IVai = 120e V,

Problems

7-59

The voltage solution is consistent with the current solutions.

Al

= 3il

= 40 - 40e-3t Wb-turns

A2 = 15i2 = 40 - 40e-3t Wb-turns .'.

Vo

Al = A2 as it must, since

dAI dA2 dt = dt

Al (00)

= A2( 00) = 40 Wb-turns = 3(40/3) = 40 Wb-turns

=
15(8/3) - 40 Wb-turns

Al(oo) = 3il(00)

A2( 00)
.'.

15i2( 00)

il(oo) and i2(00) are consistent with Al(oo) and A2(00).

P 7.67

[a] From Example 7.lO, L eq -

LI
L

LIL2 - M2 _ 0.125 - 0.0625 - 50 H + L2 + 2M - 0.75 + 0.5 - m

1

=R

= 5000;
= 40 -

-:;:= 5000

.'. io(t)
[b]
Vo Vo

40e-500Ot mA,

t~0

= 10 - 250io = lO - 250(0.04
= 0.5~:

+ 0.04e-500Ot

lOe-5000t Y,

[c]

- 0.25~:

= 10e-5OOOty

di; _ dil dt - di dt

di2 _ 200
dt _

-500Ot

A/

di2 = 200e-5000t
10e-5000t
= 0.5~:

di1 dt - 50e-5OOOt

+ 0.25~:

di1 = 80e-5OOOt dt

Jo
i

rtl dx = r 80e10 1

5000y

dy

80 -5000

e-5000y

It =
0

16 - 16e-5OOOt mA

'

t~O

7~60

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL end RC Circuits [d] i2 = io - il = 40 - 40e-5000t ~ 16 + l6e-5000t

= 24 - 24e -5000t mA, t

2: 0
with zero initial stored energy, lOe-5OOOty,

[eJ io(O) = il (0)

Vo

Leq~;=
il dt

= i2(0) = 0, consistent
(0.05)(200)e-5OOOt

t 2: 0+ (checks)

Also, Vo

= 0.5d

- 0.25

d i2 dt

IOe-5000ty,

t ~ 0+ (checks) t 2: 0 +(
checks)

di2 dil -5000t Vo = 0.25& - 0.25& = 10e Y,

vo(O+) = lOY, which agrees with io(O+) = OA

io(oo) = 40mA; il(OO)Ll +i2(OO)M i2(OO)L2 +il(OO)M io(oo)Leq = (0.04)(0.05) = 2 mWb-turns

= (16m)(500) = (24m)(250)

+ (24m)(-250) + (16m)(-250)

= 2 mWb-turns
= 2 mWb-turns

(ok)

(ok)

Therefore, the final values of io, ill and i2 are consistent with conservation of flux linkage. Hence, the answers make sense in terms of known circuit behavior, P 7.68

fa] Leq = 4 + 8 - 2(5) = 2 H

50 25' i = 4 - 4e-25t A ,
T=-=-=-'

~ = 25
T

[b) Vl(t) = 4~; - 5~! = - ~; = -(100e-25t) [e) V2(t) [d] i(O) 200

= _100e-25ty,
t

t ~ 0+

= 8-di dt

di di - 5- = 3- = 3(100e-25t) = 300e-25t Y dt dt ' 4 - 4 = 0, which agrees with initial conditions. - 4e-25t) - 100e-25t

> 0+
-

= 50i1 + VI + V2 = 50(4

+ 300e-25t = 200Y

Therefore, Kirchhoff's voltage law is satisfied for all values of t > O. Thus, the answers make sense in terms of known circuit behavior. P 7.69 [a] Leq

= 4 + 8 + 2(5) = 22 H
L R 22 50'
- = 2.273
T

T=- =-'

i = 4 - 4e-2.273t A,

t 2: 0

Problems [b] v (t)

1

7--'-{)1

= 4 di + 5 di = 9 di = 9(9.0ge-2.273t) = 81.81e-2.273t V =
dt di 8dt dt di + 5dt

[c] v' (t)

2

dt di 13dt

'

2:: 0+
t ::::: 0+

13(9.0ge-2.2 3t) = 118. 18e-2.273t V '

7 '

[d] i(O) = 0, which agrees with initial conditions. 200 = 50i1

+ Vl + v2 = 50(4

- 4e-2.273t)

+ 81.81e-2.273t + 118.18e-2.273t = 200 V

Therefore, Kirchhoff's voltage law is satisfied for all values of t 2:: O. Thus, the answers make sense in terms of known circuit behavior.

P 7.70

< 0:
i{O-)

O:::;t:Sl:

20

= 5/0 =
=

00

idt)

1.25e-t/oo

= 1.25e-o = 1.25

1 :S t <

00:

20

lOmH

10 X 10-3 2 = 5ms;

l/T = 200

7~62 P 7.71

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

0:::; t

<

3 {ts: +
2kQ v
o

~ 5nF

= RC =

(2 x 103)(5 x 10-9)

10 {tS;

l/T = 100,000

vo(O)
Vo

= OV;
0~t~3{ts

= 6 - 6e~100,ooOt V

3 {tS :::;t < 00:

2kQ

~ 5nF

t = 00:

i = 6 - (-12)

10

1 8 rnA .

vo( (0) = 6 - 2i = 2.4 V vo(3 {ts) = 6 - 6e-O.3 = 1.555 V

Vo

= 2.4

+ (1.555

- 2.4)e-(t-3/-tS)/r
= 1.6kO

RTh

= 2kOll8kO

= (1.6)(5) = 8 {ts;

l/T = 125,000 3{ts~t<00

Vo

= 2.4 - 0.845e-125,OOO(t~3J.tS)

Problems P 7.72 For t < 0:

500

7-63

1500

i (0)

i(O) = 80(150) 200

= 60rnA

o :S t :S 250 f-ts:
500

i = 60e~2000t rnA
i(250f-ts) 250 f-ts

= 60e-O.5 = 36.39 rnA

:S t :S 650 f-ts:
500

750
~ 25mH

R
eq

= (50)(75) = 30n

125

~ = R = 30 T L 25

103 = 1200 rnA

i = 36.3ge-1200(t-250XIO-6) 650 f-ts i(650f-ts)

< t < 00:

= 36.3ge-O.48

= 22.52 rnA

7-64

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

v=L-'

di

dt'

L = 25mH x 1O-3e-2000(t-650XIO-6) _45.04e-2000(t-650XIO-6) =

~~ 22.52( -2000) =

= -1.13e

-2000(t-650X

10-6)V,

> 650+ f.J,S

v(lms) P 7.73

= _1.13e-2000(350)XIO-6= -559.12mV

From the solution to Problem 7.72, the initial energy is 1 w(O) = 2(25 mH)(60 mA)2 = 45f.J,J For 650 f.J,S~ t <
00:

w(t) = ~(25 mH)(22.52e-2000(t-650XlO-6)mA?

Solving,
t = 964.72 f.J,s

= (0.04)(45f.J,J)

P 7.74

0 ~ t ~ 50 f.J,s; +
120kQ gnF 40kQ

+
494_6mV 600kQ

Vc
200kQ

R;
v-

72011240 = 180 kf2; mV

= (~) (180) = 100 f.J,S

= 494.6e-1o,000t

vc(50f.J,s) = 494.6e-0.5

= 300mV

Problems 50 J.LS ::;; t < 00:

7-65

-'9

+
nF 300mV

-1
il

+
40kO
t-----"'-------1

200kO

Re = 120 140 + 60011200 = 30 + 150 = 180 kn

T = (~) 180) = 100 J.LS;
Ve

.! = 10,000
T

= 30m -lO,OOO(t-50/LS)

mV mV

30 v = _It = 50e-10,OOO(t-50/Ls) 1 180 !-Ie

150 I, = 250e-10,OOO(t-50/Ls) m V 180 !-Ie 120}< 103

11

~1

=
=

416 7e-1O,OOO(t-50/L8) nA
•

~2

600}< 103

"2

= 416.7e-1O,OOO(t-50!Ls)

nA

P 7.75

[a] t < 0:
500Vi ~

40

1200 4800

i=
9

4+96
=

500

= 5A

i(O-)

5(480) = 4A = i(O+) 600

7-66

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits [b] 0::; t ::; 100 IJS:
i = 4e-t/T ::_ =
T

R = 120 + 96[[480 = 10 000 L 20 x 10-:3 '

= 4e-10,OOOt
= 4e-O.25

i(25/hs) = 4e-104(25)XlO-6

= 3.12 A

[c] i(lOOIJS)

= 4e-1 =
00:

1.47 A

100/hs ::; t < -7i

1200

20mH

1 R - =T

=-

120 20

103

= 6000
A

i = 1.47e-6000(t-lOOXlO-6)

i(200/hs) = 1.47e-6OOO(lOO)XlO-6 = 1.47e-O.6 [d] 0::; t ::; 100/hs:

i = 4e-10,OOOt v = L di = (20 x 1O-3)(4)(_104)e-104t

= 807.59mA

dt

= _800e-104tV

v(100- p,s) = _800e-104(lOOXIO-6)

-800e-1 = -294.30 V

[e] 100 IJS < t < 00:

i=

1.47e-6000(t-lOOXIO-6)

u = (20 x 10-3)(1.47)( _6000)e-6000(t-lOOXlO-6)

=

_176.58e-6OOO(t-lOOXlO-6)

v(100+p,s) = -176.58V

P 7.76

t < 0:
50mA

~------~-------~
+
2kO

4.7kO

.
+

Problems

7--67

o :S t < 250ms:
+
lOOV

7=

00;

1/7 = 0; t<
00:

Vo

= 100e-o = 100 V

250ms:S

+
lOOV~

O. 16lJ.F

6.25kO

= (6.25)(0.16)10-3

= 1 ms;

1/7 = 1000;

Vo

= 100e-1000(t

- 0.25)

Summary: v; = 100V,

o :S t :S 250ms
V, 250ms :S t <
00

v: = 100e-1OOO(t-0.25)

7-68 P 7.77

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits Note that for t > 0, Va = (35/40)vc, where capacitor. Thus we will find Vc first.
Vc

is the voltage across the 50 nF

t<O

280'lJi ~

r
5kO

35kO

5kQ

'-w..-----------.+
vc lOkO

280 vc(O) = 50(10) = 56 V

o < t :5: 400 flS:

35kO

lOkO

R; _ (10)(40) = 8kn 50
T

(8 x 103)(50 x 10-9) = 400 j-tS,

2:.
T

2500

400 fl,s :5: t :5: 1.4 ms:

5kO

3SkQ

SOnF ~

1+
v
c

Vc

= 20.60e-500(t-400X10-

Problems
l.4ms ::; t

7-69

<

00:

5kO

35kO

10kO

r = 400f.-Ls,
vc(1.4ms)
Vc

.!. = 2500 r
= 20.60e-5OO(1400-400)1O-6 = 20.60e-0.5 V = 7.58 V = 12.50V

= l2.50e-2500(t-1.4xlO-3)

vc(1.6ms)
Vo

= 12.50e-25OO(1.6-1.4)10-3 = 12.50e-0.5

= (35/40)(7.58)
X

= 6.63V
= 78.4J.d

P 7.78

w(O) = ~(50

10-9)(56)2

o ::; t ::;400 f.-LS:

Vc

= 56e -250Ot

v2 c

= 3136e-5000t

W10k

400 x 10-6

3136 4

x 1O-4e-5000t dt
-5000t

= 3136 = -6272 1.4 ms ::;

Vc

10- ~5000

14°OX10-6 0 = 54.23f.-LJ

x 1O-8(e-2 -1)
00:

t<

= 12.50e-25OO(t-1.4XIO-3) V; = 156.13

V~ :::;:: 156.13e-5000(t-1.4XIO-3)

PIOk

x 1O-4e-5000(t-L4XIO-3)

WIOk

= [00
. 1.4xlO-3 X

156.13

1O-4e-5000(t-1.4XIO-3)

dt

= 156.13

10-4

e-5000(t-1.4X 10-3) 100 _ -5000 1.4xlO-3

= -311.83

x 10-8(0 - 1) = 3.12 f.-LJ

7-70

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

W10k

= 54.23

+ 3.12

= 57.35 p,J

% = 5:~:5 (100) = 73.15% To check, find the energy dissipated in the 40 kn resistance: o ::; t < 400 p,s:

P40k

3136 40

x 10 e

-3 -5000t

'

W40k

= 784 x

-4

10

e -5000t -5000

400 x 10-

0 -1)
= 13.56mJ

= -156.8(1O-7)(e-2

400 p,s ::; t ::; 1 ms:

W40k

10-4 ( 1400 10-6 x 1000(t-400XlO-6) e= 106.10 X 10-4 _ -1000 400 10-6 X 7)(e-0.6 = -106.1O(10- 1) = 4.79mJ 106.10
X

10-3

110-3

l.4ms :::;t <

00:

v~ = 156.13e-5000(t-1.4xlO-3)

Note in this interval the energy dissipated in the 40k resistor will be 1/4th that dissipated in the 10k resistor.
W40k

= 4(3.12) = 0.78 p,J

W40k

13.56

+ 6.71 + 0.78 = 21.05 p,J + 21.05

= 78.40 p,J

W40k

+ W10k

= 57.35

Problems

7~71

P 7.79

[a] 0::;

t -::; 2fl,s
20kQ
+ +

100V

40mH

Vo

idO) = 0;
T

= R = 20,000 = 2 fi,s

0.04

iL = 5 - 5e-500,OOOt rnA,
Vo

0 ::; t ::; 2 p,s

= 100e-500,OOOt

= (0.04)[(500,000)(0.005)e-5OO,OOOt]

V,

21l,s<t<00
20kQ

iL(2 p,s) = 5 - 5e-1

3.16 rnA
l/T rnA,

idoo)

= 0;

'T

= 2p,s;

= 500,000
2 p,s ::; t < 00

iL = 0 + (3.16 - 0)e-500,OOO(t-2~S) rnA

= 3.16e-500,OOO(t-2~)
Vo

= L ~~

(0.04)(3.16 x 1O-3)[_500,000e-500,OOO(t-2~S)]

= (_5)(4)(3.16)e-500,OOO(t-2~) = _63.21e-500,OOO(t-2~)

V,

2p,s<t<00

[b]
Vo(V)
120 100 80

60
40

W o
-20 -40

+---~--~~------~--------~------~~----~~

~~)

-60
-80

7-72

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

[c] vo(4/-ts)
io

= -23.25V
=
1.16 rnA

+23.25 20000 ,

P 7.80

[a] io(O) = OJ
T

io( 00) = 25 rnA

250
X

..!:. = R = 8000

103 = 32 000 ' rnA, 0

io

= (25 -

25e-32,OOOt)
=
00:

< t S 50/-ts
0 S t S 50 P,S

Vo = 0.25~;
50 /-tS~ t <

200e-32,OOOt V,

io(50/-ts) = 25 - 25e-1.6 = 19.95mA; io = 19.95e-32,OOO(t-50XlO-6)

t

rnA

v; = (0.25) ddio = _159.62e-32,OOO(t-50/-Ls)

:. t

< 0:
00 :

Vo Vo Vo = 40.38 V

Osts50/-ts:

200e-32,000t V _159.62e-32,OOO(t-5op.S)

50,1,8 S t <

[bJ vo(50- /-tS) = 200e-1.6

vo(50+,£S)

= -159.62
=

[c] io(50-{ts)
P 7.81

io(50+/-ts) = 19.95rnA

(a] 0 S t RC
Vc

< 6 rns:
vc(oo) = 40 V;
103(0.02 x 10-6) = 10ms;

vc(O+) = OJ

= 500 x

11RO = 100

= 40 -

40e-1OOt 0::;;ts6rns

Vo = 40 - 40 + 40e-100t = 40e-1OOt V,
6rns::;; t <
00:

vc(6ms)

= 4O-40e-O.6

= 18.05V

vc(oo)=OV
T Vc Va

= 10ms;
=

1/7 = 100

18.05e-100(t-O.006) V V,
t ~ 6rns

= =v« = _18.05e-100(t-O.006)

Problems [b}
50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 2
4 6 8

7-73

Vo(V)

t{ms)

10

P 7.82

[a] t < 0; Vo = 0 0:::; t :::;Oms: l

7 Vo

(50)(0.4)

10-3 = 20ms;

1/7 = 50

= 40 -

40e-50t V,

0:::; t:::; 10ms

vo(lOms) = 40(1 - e-O•5) = 15.74 V 10ms :::;t :::; ms: 20

Vo

= -40 + 55.74e-50(t-O.Ol)
=
-40

vo(20ms)

+ 55.74e-O•5 = -6.19V

20 ms :::;t :::; 0: 0
Va

-6. 1ge-50(f-o.o2) V
40 30 20
10

[b]

- ~- - - - -

,.
0

0 -10 -20 -30 -40

t (ms)

[c} t:::; 0 :
7

0:::; t:::; lOms:

=

Vo

=0

10(0.4 x 10-3) = 4ms

7-74

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits v;

= 40 -

40e-250tV,

Os t S 10ms

vo(10ms) = 40 - 40e-2.5 = 36.72 V lOms S t < 20ms:

710

= -40 + 76.72e-250(t-O.Ol)
00:

V,
=

10ms S t S 20ms -33.7V

vo(20ms) = -40 20ms S t S

710

+ 76.72e-2.5
V,

= _33.7e-250(t-O.02)
40 30 20

20 ms ::; t ::; 00

---------

-10 -20 -30 ·40

t (ms)

P 7.83

[a]

= RC = (8000)(100) X io = 710 = 0 t <0

10-9 = 800 fJ,s;

1/7 = 1250

0+ < t ::;0.5- ms . 'Z6kn

.'.

=
710

20 - 15e -125Ot mA
=

120 - 90e-125Ot V 0<tSO.5ms

vc(0.5ms) = 120 _120e-o.625 = 55.77V

.•

'Lo

. (05+ ms ) = -55.77 = -6. 97 m A • 8

io = -6.97 e-1250(t
710

- 500jls)

mA,
-500jls)

0.5+ms < t <

V

00 00

-6000io = 41.83e-1250(t

0.5+ms S t <

Problems Summary part (a)

io

7-75

=0

<0
(0+

io = 15e-1250t rnA
io

:s; t :s; 0.5-

ms)

= _6.97e-1250(t-500p.s)
t

rnA

0.5+ ms

:s; t < 00

Vo = 0

<0
0 :s; t :s; 0.5- ms
0.5+ ms < t <
00

Vo = 120 - 90e-125Ot V, Vo = 41.83e-1250(t-500p.s) V,

[b] io(O-)

io(O+) = 15 mA io(0.5- ms) [c] vo(O-) = 0 vo(O+) = 30V vo(0.5- ms) = 120 - 90e-O.625 .:_ 71.83 V vo(0.5+ ms) = 41.83 [d]

= 15e-o.625 = 8.03mA

io(0.5+ ms) = -6.97 rnA

5
t (ms)

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5
-5

-10

fel

t (ms)

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

7-76
P 7.B4

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

vijl

+
6kQ

VT = 2000iT
= BOOOiT

+ 6000(iT + 15 x + 9(2000iT )

1O-4v</»

= BOOOiT

+ 9v</>

VT -. = -10,000 vr

25mA~ 8H

-imo

1'1L-----J
10-3 = -O.Bms; l/T = -1250

= -10

i=
:.

25e125Ot

rnA x 10-3 = 12; t = -In4BO = 4.94ms 1250

25e1250t

P 7.B5

> 0:
+
v
T

25kQ 75xlO
3

i~

Problems

7-77

RTh

= -, =
1,T

VT

-40kO

= RC =

-40 x 103(0.02S) x 10-6

= -10-3

2Se1OOOt = SO,OOO 1000t = In 2000

t=
2kQ

7.6ms

P 7.86

[aJ

VT = 2000iu iu = iu(l1,

"8 (iT + (3iu) = 0.7SiT + 0.75(3iu

0.75(3) = 0.75iT
0.75iT VT

a-

1 - 0.75(3 ,
= iT =

2000i =
o

(1 - 0.75(3)

1500iT

RTh

1 _ 0.75(3 = -3000 :. (3 = 2

1500

1 - 0.75{3= -0.5 [b] Find VTh;

2kQ

~--------~------~----,.
VTh -120
2000

+ 6000

VTh _ 2 (VTh -120)

2000

_
-0

VTh = 180V

7-78

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

180~

~· r
-3kQ
1

300mH

180 = -3000i

+ 0.3 dt

di

~~= 600 + 10,000i = 10,000( i + 0.06) ---di = 10,000 i + 0.06

dt dx

t' d~ io x +. 06
.'.

t' io 10,000

~! =

i = -60

+ 60e10,OOOt rnA

(60 x 1O-3)(10,000)elO,OOOt = 600e1o,oOOt d' d:

= 180e10,OOOt 36,000; =

v = 0.3

e10,OOOt 200 =

.'. t = 10,000 = 529.83 J-lS

In200

P 7.87

Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the capacitor. RTh calculation:
4kQ

+
8kQ

J,
iA

16kQ

. 'IT

VT

= 8000

+ 20,000 +1 20,000 11.5

VT

VT

- 11.5 20,000 -8 20,000

'IT

2.5

VT

= -20,000

= -2500

iT

Problems Open circuit voltage calculation:

4kO
11.5i

7-79

+
8kO
v oc

-t

+
16kO
Vi

if,

Voc

8000
VI -

+ Voc
Voc

VI _

4000
VI

11.5i
A
~

=0

4000
.

+ 16,000
VI

1.6

10-3 = 0

'tA =

16,000
Voc

Solving,

= -12.4 V

Vc(OO)
T

= -12.4 V

= RO = (-2500)(16 = -12.4

x 10-9)
= 930

= -40

x 10-6;

1 -;. -25,000 =

Vc

+ 12.4e25,OOOt

e25,000t = 76;
P 7.88

25,OOOt= In 76;

t = 173.23/ls

[a]
+

(25)(2)

10-3 = 50 ms;

l/T = 20

7--80

OHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

.'. [b] 0+

80e-20t = 5;

t=

In16

= 138.63ms

<t<

138.63 ms:
=

i = (2 x 1O-6)(-1600e~2Ot)
t

-3.2e-2OtmA

2: 138.63+ ms:

T=

(2)(4) x 10-3

8 ms;

1/7

125

vc(138.63+ms)
Vc

= 5V;

vc(oo) = 80V
t

= 80 - 75e-125(t-O.13863) V,

2: 138.63 ms

i = 2 x 10-6(9375)e-125(t-O.13863) = 18.75e-125(t-O.13863) mA, t ~ 138.63+ ms

[c] 80 - 75e-125At

= 0.85(80)

= 68

80 - 68 = 75e-125At = 12 e125At = 6.25; P 7.89 0 ~15 _ 60 x

/}.t =

In1~·:5

rv

14.66ms

lO-gd;;
6

=0

(-250 x 10 )(3 x 10-15

= 50 x
-15

103

= 50kO

P 7.90

0 - 15 _ Cdvo = O.

dt'

du; = RC dt

Problems

7-81

-15 -250 x 106t u; = RC t + Vo(O) = R

R

+5 =

-15

= 250 x 106(8
20

10-

= 100kO
therefore

P 7.91

therefore

Therefore Therefore
dvo

dt

_1_(Vb

RC

_ V ).
a,

[b] The output is the integral of the difference between scaled by a factor of 1/ RC. 1 ft

Vb

and

Va

and then

[c]

Va =

RC Jo (Vb
X

Va)

dx

RC = (40)
Vb -Va

103(25)

10-9 = 1ms

50mV 50tsat = 12; tsat = 240ms

v; P 7.92

= 50 lot dx = 50t;

V2 -

- 15(20) - 6 V (50) -

6+4 50,000

+ C dt (6 -

d.

Vo)

dvo -.- =

dt

10 X 106 = 400 50,000(0.5)

Va

du; = 400dt;

400t + vo(O)

vo(O) = 6 - 16 = -lOV .'. va = 400t - lOV

0= 400to-1O t
o

=-

10 = 25ms 400

7-82

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

RC = (40 x 103)(12.5 x 10-9) = 500 x 10-6 = 0.5ms RC = 2000;

1
Vb - Va

10 - (-5) = 15 mV

vo(O) = 15 - 45 = -30mV Vo = (2000)(15) x 10-3t - 30 x 10-3 = (30,000t - 30) mV

V2

10 + (15 - 10)e-2000t mV

[10 + 5e-200Ot) mV

Vf = Vo - vp = (30,000t - 40 - 5e-2000t) mV
P 7.94

[a] RC = 40(50)

10-6 = 2 ms;

RC = 500;

Vo = 0,

t <0

[b) 0::;; t ::;; ms : 50 Vo = -500

lot -0.50

dx = 250t V

[c] 50ms::;; t ::;; lOOms; vo(0.05) vo(t)

= 250(0.05) = 12.5 V

= -500

it

0.05

0.50dx

+ 12.5 = -250(t

- 0.05)

+ 12.5 = -250t + 25 V

[d] 100 ms < t <

00 :

vo(O.I) = -25 vo(t) = OV

14
12

+ 25 = OV

10

20

40
t (ms)

60

80

100

Problems P 7.95

7-83

Write a KCL equation at the inverting input to the op amp, where the voltage is 0:

Note that this first-order differential equation is in the same form as Eq. 7.50 if Is = -vg/ R,. Therefore, its solution is the same as Eq. 7.51:

[a]

Vo

= 0,

<0

[b] RfCf = (4 x 106)(50 x 10-9) = 0.2; -vgRf = -(-0.5)(4 x 106) = 50 u, 40,000

Yo

= vo(O) = 0
Vo

50

+ (0 -

50)e-5t

50(1 - e-5t) V,

OS; t S; 50ms

[c] _1_

RfC!

-vgRf = -(0.5)(4 x 106) = -50 u, 40,000

Vo = vo(0.05) = 50(1 - e-O.25)

Vo

11.06 V

= -50

+ [11.06 -

(_50)]e-5(t-O.05)
-

= 61.06e-5(t-O.05)

50V,

50ms S; t S; lOOms

[d] _1_ = 5

tuc,
Yo
Vo

vo(O.lO) = 61.06e-O.25

50 ~ -2.45 V
= _2.45e-5(t-O.l)

=0

+ (-2.45

- 0)e-5(t-O.l)

V,

lOOms S; t :$

00

7-84

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

14

12 10 8

-2
-4

40

60

80

t (ms)
wlo fb resistor - - wi fb resistor

P 7.96

[a] RC = (200 x 103)(25 x 10-9)

5 x 10-3;

o :S t S 5 J1S:
"s = 0.6 x 106t
110

1 RC = 200

-200 -12

.0 X

0.6 x 106xdx
7x2

+0
x

vo(5Jls)

20 = -6 x 107(5 x 1O-6? = -1.5 x 10-3 V

10

1t =

-6

107t2

5/1,8:S t :S 15/1's:
Vg

= 6 - 0.6 x 106t
=

Vo

-200

15xlO-6

(6 - 0.6 x 106x) dx - 1.5 X 10-3

=-

[1200X

It

5xlO-

+12 X 6

107x

It
-

5xlO-6

]-

1.5 X 10-3
-

= -1200t
=

6 x 107t2 - 1200t + 3 x 10-3

X

+ 6 x 10-3 + 6 x 107t2
107(15 X 10-6)2
X -

1.5 x 10-3

1.5 X 10-3

vo(15 p,s) = 6

1200(15 x 10-6)

+3 x

10-3

= -1.5

10-3 106t (-12

15 JlS :S t :S 20 p,s:
Vg

= =

-12

+ 0.6 x

Vo

-200 {t

115xlO-6

+ 0.6 x
-12 x 10

106x) dx - 1.5 X 10-3

7x2

=-

[2400X

It

2400t - 36 x 10-3 - 6 x 107t2 + 13.5 x 10-3 = -6 X 107t2 + 2400t - 24 x 10-3

=

15xlO-6

It

15xlO-6

]-

1.5 X 10-3
-

1.5 X 10-3

Problems

7-85

[b]
0.0 -0.5 -1.0 0 5 10 15 20

,S

>"
~

-1.5 -2.0 -2.5 -3.0

t (us)

[c] The output voltage will also repeat. This followsfrom the observation that at t = 20p,s the output voltage is zero, hence there is no energy stored in the capacitor. This means the circuit is in the same state at t = 20 J1.S as it was at t = 0, thus as Vg repeats itself, so will VO' P 7.97 (a] While T2 has been ON, C2 is charged to Vee, positive on the left terminal. At the instant Tl turns ON the capacitor C2 is connected across b2 - e2, thus Vbe2 = - Vee. This negative voltage snaps T2 OFF. Now the polarity of the voltage on C2 starts to reverse, that is, the right-hand terminal of C2 starts to charge toward +Vee. At the same time, Cl is charging toward Vee, positive on the right. At the instant the charge on C2 reaches zero, Vbe2 is zero, T2 turns ON. This makes Vbel = -~0eand Tl snaps OFF. Now the capacitors C1 and C2 start to charge with the polarities to turn Tl ON and T2 OFF. This switching action repeats itself over and over as long as the circuit is energized. At the instant Tl turns ON, the voltage controlling the state of T2 is governed by the following circuit:
+
v
Rz

cc
Cz Vbe2

It followsthat

= Vee

I .:cc
V

+
be2

- 2Veee-t/R2e2.

[b] While T2 is OFF and Ti is ON, the output voltage Vce2 is the same as the voltage across Ct, thus

7-86

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

+
V

RL

cc

C1

It follows that Vce2= Vee - Veee-t/ RLel . [c) T2 will be OFF until Vbe2reaches zero. As soon as Vbe2is zero, ib2 will become positive and turn T2 ON. Vbe2= 0 when Vee - 2Veee-t/R2e2 = 0, or when t = R2C2 In2.

I .we have

v ce2

[d] When

t=

R2C2 In 2,

Vce2= Vee - Veee-{(R20zln2)/(RLel)]

= Vee - Veee-lO

In2 ~

Vee

(e] Before Tl turns ON,

ibl

is zero. At the instant Tl turns ON, we have

~bl

Vee = --

n,
n;

+ --e -tf RLel Vee

RL
T2 turns back ON, t

(fJ At the instant

ib1 = Vee

= R2C2

ln Z; therefore

+ Vee e-10 In2 '"

RL
ibl

Vee

s,

When T2 turns OFF,

drops to zero instantaneously.

[gJ
vCe2 v cc

etc.

Problems

7-87

[b]

etc.
t

P 7.98

raj [b]

tOFF2
tON2

[c]
[d]
[e)

tOFFl tONI ibl

n,Ci In 2 ~ 25 J-ts = n,C In 2 c:: 25 J-tS

l

= R2C2

In 2

= 18 X 103(2

10-9) In 2

c:: 25/1,8

= R2C2 In 2 c:: 25 J-tS = ~ + ~ = 3.5 mA 3 18

+ ~e-25/6 c:: 0.5465 mA
ge-25/ 6 ,....,8.86

[f]
[g]
P 7.99

ibl

= :8

Vce2

=9= = =

[a] [b]
[c} [d]

tOFF2
tON2

R2C2 In2 = (18 x 103)(2.8 x 10-9) In2 c:: 35p,s

RlCl In 2 c:: 37.4/1,s

tOFFl tONI

tuc;

In2 In 2

c:: 37.4J-ts

= R2C2
9

= 35 J-tS
,....,0.561

[e] ibl = 3.5mA

[f] [g]

ibl

= 1 8 3e-35/9 +

mA

Vce2

=9-

ge-

35 9 /

c:: 8.81 V

Note in this circuit T2 is OFF 35 J-tsand ON 37.4 p,8 of every cycle, whereas Tl is ON 35 J-tSand OFF 37.4 J-tSevery cycle. P 7.100 If

RI = R2 = 50RL = lOOk!),

then

48 X 10-6 C1 = 100 X 103 In 2 = 692.49 pF; then

C2 = 100

36

X
X

10-6 103 In 2 = 519.37 pF

01 = 12

48
X

10-6 103 In2 = 5.77nF; 692.49 pF ::; C1

02 = 12
and

36
X

10-6 103 In2 = 4.33nF

::;

Therefore

< 5.77 nF

519.37 pF < O2

4.33 nF

7-88

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

P 7.101 [a] T2 is normally ON since its base current ib2 is greater than zero, i.e., ib2 = Vee/R when T2 is ON. When T2 is ON, Vce2 = 0, therefore ib1 = 0. When ib1 = 0, T: is OFF. When Tl is OFF and T2 is ON, the capacitor C is charged to Vee, positive at the left terminal. This is a stable state; there is nothing to disturb this condition if the circuit is left to itself.

[bJ When S is closed momentarily,

OFF. The instant jumps to Vee/(Rl
T2

Vbe2 is changed to -Vee and T2 snaps turns OFF, Vce2 jumps to VeeRd(R1 + Rd and + RL), which turns Tl ON.

ibl

[cJ As soon as T1 turns ON, the charge on C starts to reverse polarity. Since Vbe2 is the same as the voltage across C, it starts to increase from - Vee toward +Vec. However, T2 turns ON as soon as Vbe2 = 0. The equation for Vbe2 is Vbe2 = Vee - 2Veee-tjRe. 7Jbe2 = when t = RC ln2, therefore T2 stays OFF for RC In 2 seconds.

P 7.102 [a] For t < 0,

Vce2 T2

Vce2

= 0. When the switch is momentarily closed,

Vce2

jumps to

=(

u, +RL
1.4 1.2

Vee

u, = 6(5)
25

1.2 V
tv

remains open for (23,083)(250) x 10-12 In2

4{ts.

+----~-------,

_
~

1
0.8

>

0.6
0.4 0.2

+r~on"norn"nrlTn"~Tn~~~~~~~~

4
t(us)

10

[b]

ib2

V~e

= 259.93 pA,

-5 :S t :S

°us

0< t < RC In2

Problems

7-89

RC In2 < t
600 500 _ 400

1300 .a

200 100 O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

4
t(us}

10

P 7.103 [aJ We want the lamp to be in its nonconducting state for no more than 10 s, the value of to: 1-6 10 = R(lO x 10-6) In --6 and R = 1.091Mn 4[b] When the lamp is conducting
VTh
RTh

= =

20 X

20 x 103 103 + 1.091 X 106 (6) = 0.108 V

20 k] 1.091 M = 19,640n 4 - 0.108

So, (tc - to) = (19,640)(10 x 10- ) In 1 _ 0.108 = 0.289s

6

The flash lasts for 0.289 s.

P 7.104 raj At t

= 0 we have
aOOkO

7 = (800)(25) vc(oo) = 40 V;
Vc

10-3 = 20 sec; vc(O) = 5V

1/7 = 0.05

= 40 -

35e-o.05tV,

7-90

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits 40 to

35e-o.05to

15;

...

eO.05tQ =

1.4

= 20 In 1.48 = 6.738
800kO

At t = to we have

40r

25jlF l:V ~

+
Vc

10kQ

The Thevenin equivalent with respect to the capacitor is

40(10)" 910

6
I

~:J J
Jl

(800/81)0

l:V

- = - = 4.05
T

(800) (25) X 10-3 = 20 s: 81 81 ' 40 vc(to) = 15V; vc( 00) = 81 V

T

81
20

v
c

40 (t) = - + (40)- 15 81 81

e-4.05(t-to)

40 1175 V = _ + __ e-4.05(t-to) 81 81

.'. 40 + 1175e-4.05(t-to) = 5 81 81
1175 e-4.05(t-to) =

81
e4.05(t-to)
=

365 81

1175 = 3.22 365

t - to = 4.~5 In 3.22 rv 0.29s

One cycle = 7.02 seconds. N

= 60/7.02 = 8.55

flashes per minute

[bJ At t = 0 we have

~I++
40vC>

.71 R (kQ)

25jlF

J sv 'c
--

= 25R x 10-3;

1/7 = 40/ R

Problems
Vc

7-91

= 40 -

35e-(40/R)t

40 - 35e-(40/R)to = 15 . to = 40 In 1.4,
R R

in

kO

At t = to:

40vG

r+
=

?'I R (kQ)

+
Vc

25lJ.F 15v ~

10kQ

VTh

10 R + 10(40)

400 R + 10;

lOR RYh = R+ 10kO

1 4(R+1O) - = __;___----=T

T-

(25)(lOR) x 10-3 0.25R -' R+10 - R+lO'

_
Vc -

400 ( 400 ) ~ 4(Rii10) (t-to) R + 10 + 15 - R + 10 e 400 [15R - 250] _ 4(Rii10) R + 10 + R + 10 e

(t-to)
_

-5

or

15R - 250) e: R+lO

(t-t 0= )

4(Rii10)

(t-to)

= 5R -

350

(R+lO)

4(R+1O) eR

3R - 50 _ R-70

t-

to = 4(R

+ 10)
R

In

(3R - 50) R - 70

At 12 flashes per minute

R

to + (t - to)
(3R-50) R _ 70

= 5s
=5

40 In 1.4+ 4(R + 10) In

'-v-"

dominant term Start the trial-and-error procedure by setting (Rj40) In 1.4 = 5, then R = 200j(In 1.4) or 594.40kO. If R = 594.40kO then t - to r-v 0.29s. Second trial set (Rj40) In 1.4 = 4.7s or R = 558.74kfl. With
R = 558.74 kO,
t-

to ':: 0.30 s

This procedure converges to R = 559.3 kO.

7~92

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

P 7.105 [a] to = RCIn (~::

=

=~)

(3700)(250 x 10-6) In

(=~~~)

1.80s

L t; - to = RCR I (Vmax - VTh) n R+RL Vmin - VTh RL R+RL 1.3 _ 026' - 1.3+3.7 - . , RC = (3700)(25010-6) = 0.9258 RTh =3.7kll1.3k= 9620

1000(1.3) VTh= 1.3+3.7 = 260 V;

tc - to = (0.925)(0.26) In(640/40) = 0.67 s

t; = 1.8 + 0.67 = 2.47s 60 flashes/min = 2.47 = 24.32

[b] 0 ~ t ~ to:
VL 7"1

= 1000 -

700e-t/71

= RC = 0.925 s

to:::; t ~ t-:
VL =
72

260 + 640e-(t-t )/72

p

RThC = 962(250)
i

10-6 = 0.2405 s

= 1000 - VL = !_e-t/O.925 A 3700 37 1000 - VL = 74 _ 64 e-(t-to)/O.2405 3700 370 370 t is

i=

Graphically,

i versus

i (A) 7

Problems
The average value of i will equal the areas (AI
:. iavg = -~-

7-93

+ A2)

divided by tc'

AI+A2
tc

A =!_
1

3710

t': e-t/0.925

dt
= 0.15 A-s

= 6.475 (1-

A2 =

37 tc 74 to

e-1n7) 370
Q

64e-(t-to)/0.2405

dt
- 1)

74 ( ) - 370 t -t 'C
-= 17.7971

+ 15.392( e -ln16 370

e

16 _ 15.392(1_ 370 n 370 = 0.09436 A-s

=

-ln16)

2avg

(0.15 + 0.09436) (1000) = 99.06 rnA 0.9251n 7 + 0.2405 In 16 (1000)(99.06 x 10-3) = 99.06 W kw h rs / yr = (99.06)(24)(365) 1000
= 867 77

[c] Pavg
No.

0f

Cost/year

(867.77)(0.05) = 43.39 dollars/year

P 7.106

raJ

Replace the circuit attached to the capacitor with its Thevenin equivalent, where the equivalent resistance is the parallel combination of the two resistors, and the open-circuit voltage is obtained by voltage division across the lamp resistance. The resulting circuit is
RTh

-.'.
RTh = RIIRL = R+R ;
L From this circuit, RRL

:c
vc(O) = Vrnax;

Thus,

vc(t) = VTh + (Vmax where RRLC T=--R+RL

VTh)e-(t-to)/r

7-94

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

[b) Now, set vc(tc) VTh + (Vmax e-(tc-to)/r

= Vmin and
VTh)e-(tc-to)/r -VTh
_

solve for (tc - to):

=
Vmin

11.= _ID_In

Vmax - VTh

P 7.107 [a] 0:::; t :::; 0.5:

i = 21

60

+ (30

60

_ 21) 60

e-t/r

where

L/ R.

i = 0.35

+ 0.15e-6Ot/L + 0.15e-30/L
30 L = In3
= 0.40

i(0.5) = 0.35 .'. [b) 0 <

e30/L = 3;

= 27.31H

t:::; tr,

where i; is the time the relay releases: - 0) e-6Ot/L

= 05e-6Ot/L

i=0

+ (30 60

e60tr/L

= 1.25