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67652-NilssonSM Ch07
67652-NilssonSM Ch07
Assessment Problems
AP 7.1 [a} The circuit for t < 0 is shown below. Note that the inductor behaves like a short circuit, effectivelyeliminating the 2 n resistor from the circuit. 60
+
v 300
30 120V :
First combine the 30nand 6 0 resistors in parallel: 30116 50 = Use voltage division to find the voltage drop across the parallel resistors:
5 v = 5+3(120) = 75V
Now find the current using Ohm's law: i(O-) :::;: = - 75 = -12.5A -~ 6 6 [b] w(O) = ~Li2(0) = ~(8 x 1O-3)(12.5? = 625mJ [c) To find the time constant, we need to find the equivalent resistance seen by the inductor for t > O. When the switch opens, only the 2 0 resistor remains connected to the inductor. Thus, L 8 x 10-3 7=-= =4ms R 2
= i(O-)et/r
[d] i(t)
[e] i(5ms)
2:: 0
7-1
7-2
AP 7.2 [a] First, use the circuit for t < 0 to find the initial current in the inductor: 60
6.4A t
Using current division, . 10 t(O-) = 10 + 6 (6.4) = 4A Now use the circuit for t > 0 to find the equivalent resistance seen by the inductor, and use this value to find the time constant:
60
1
i
O.32H
40
= O.ls 3.2 Use the initial inductor current and the time constant to find the current in the inductor: i(t) = i(O-)e-t/r = 4e-t/O.l = 4e-lOt A, t 0 Use current division to find the current in the 10 resistor:
Req
..
T eq
L -R
=-
0.32
>
io(t)
= 4 + 1~ + 6 (-i) =
;0 (_4e-
lOt
-O.Se-
lOt
A,
> 0+
Finally, use Ohm's law to find the voltage drop across the 10 n resistor: vo(t) = 10io = 1O(-0.Se-lOt) = -Se-lOtV, t > 0+ [b) The initial energy stored in the inductor is w(O)
= ~Li2(0-)
di
= ~(0.32)(4)2 = 2.56J
Find the energy dissipated in the 4 n resistor by integrating the power over aU time:
V4n(t)
= L dt = 0.32(-10)(4e-1Ot) = -12.8e-1OtV,
> 0+
Problems
7-3
P40(t) W4n(t)
= =
40.96e-2Otdt
2.048 J
Find the percentage of the initial energy in the inductor dissipated in the 4 n resistor: 2.048) % dissipated = ( 2.56 100 - 80%
AP 7.3 [a) The circuit for t < 0 is shown below. Note that the capacitor behaves like an open circuit.
7 .5mA t
80kO
+
v(O-)
-t
50kO
iSOk
•
Find the voltage drop across the open circuit by finding the voltage drop across the 50 kO resistor. First use current division to find the current through the 50 kO resistor: .
't50k
= 80
103(7.5 x 10 ) = 4mA
-3
Use Ohm's law to find the voltage drop: v(O-) = (50 x 103)i50k = (50 x 103)(0.004) = 200V [b] To find the time constant, we need to find the equivalent resistance seen by the capacitor for t > O. When the switch opens, only the 50 kO resistor remains connected to the capacitor. Thus, 7 = RC = (50 x 103)(0.4 x 10-6) = 20ms
t~0
~CV2
= ~(0.4
10-6)(200)2
= 8 mJ
1 1 [e) wet) = 2Cv2(t) = 2(0.4 x 1O-6)(200e-5Ot)2 = 8e-lOOt mJ The initial energy is 8 mJ, so when 75% is dissipated, 2 mJ remains: 8 x 1O-3e-lOOt = 2 x 10-3, elOOt = 4,
t = (In 4)/100 = 13.86 ms
AP 7.4 [a] This circuit is actually two RC circuits in series, and the requested voltage, vo, is the sum of the voltage drops for the two RC circuits. The circuit for t < 0 is shown below:
7-4
+
40kO
v (0-)
1
Find the current in the loop and use it to find the initial voltage drops across the two RC circuits: 15 z = 75000 = 0.2mA, ,
75 is the time constant for the 5 JlF - 20 kO subcircuit, and constant for the 1 JlF - 40 kO subcircuit:
There are two time constants in the circuit, one for each RC subcircuit. 71 is the time
(20 x 103)(5 x 10-6) = lOOms; 71 = (40 x 103)(1 x 10-6) Therefore, V5(t) = v5(0-)e-t/T5 = 4e-t/O.1 = 4e-IOt V, t 2:: 0 VI (t) = VI (0- )e-t/r1 = 8e-t/O.04 = 8e-25t V, t 2:: 0 Finally, vQ(t) = Vl(t) + V5(t) = [8e-25t + 4e-1Ot] V, t 2:: 0
75
= 40ms
[b] Find the value of the voltage at 60 ms for each subcircuit and use the voltage to find the energy at 60 ms: vl(60ms) = 8e-25(O.06) 1.79V, v5(60ms) = 4e-10(o.06) 2.20V 6 wl(60ms) = iCvi(60ms) = i(1 x 10- )(1.79)2 ::: 1.59JlJ w5(60ms) = 2Cvg(60ms) = 2(5 x 10-6)(2.20)2 12.05JlJ w(60ms) = 1.59 + 12.05 = 13.64JlJ Find the initial energy from the initial voltage: w(O) = Wl(O) + W2(0) = !(1 x 10-6)(8)2 + ~(5 x 10-6)(4)2 = 72 JlJ Now calculate the energy dissipated at 60 ms and compare it to the initial energy: Wdiss = w(O) ~ w(60ros) = 72 - 13.64 = 58.36JlJ
f'V f'V f'V
% dissipated
= (58.36 x
10-6/72 x 10-6)(100)
= 81.05%
AP 7.5 [a] Use the circuit at t < 0, shown below, to calculate the initial current in the inductor:
Problems
7-5
i(O-)
= 24/2 = 12 A = i(O+) Note that i(O-) = i(O+) because the current in an inductor is continuous. t = 0+,
shown below, to calculate the voltage drop across the inductor at 0+. Note that this is the same as the voltage drop across the 10 n resistor, which has current from two sources - 8 A from the current source and 12 A from the initial current through the inductor.
v(O+)
[c] To calculate the time constant we need the equivalent resistance seen by the inductor for t > O. Only the 10 n resistor is connected to the inductor for t > O. Thus, 3 T = L/R == (200 x 10- /10) = 20ms [d] To find i(t), we need to find the final value of the current in the inductor. When the switch has been in position a for a long time, the circuit reduces to the one below:
100
Note that the inductor behaves as a short circuit and all of the current from the 8 A source flows through the short circuit. Thus, if = -8A Now, i(t) = if + [i(O+) - if]e-t/r = -8 + [12 - (_8)]e-t/O•02 = -8 + 20e-5Ot At> - 0 , [e] To find v(t), use the relationship between voltage and current for an inductor: d'(t) v(t) = L ~t = (200 x 10-3)( -50) (20e-5Ot) = -200e-5Ot V,
7-6
AP 7.6 [a]
-60
+ 90e-10Ot V + 75 40,000 = 0
=0
Write a KVL equation at the top node and use it to find the relationship between Vo and VA:
VA - Vo
SOOO
+ 160,000 +
-
VA
VA
20VA - 20vo
+ VA + 4VA + 300
300
25'1)A = 20vo
VA =
O,Svo -12
VA
in terms of
Vo
[b] t ~ 0+, since there is no requirement that the voltage be continuous in a resistor. AP 7.7 [aJ Use the circuit shown below, for t < 0, to calculate the initial voltage drop across the capacitor:
60kQ
+
lOmP.
40kO
vJO-)
25kO
x 10-3) = 3.2mA
so
vc(O+) = SOV
10 ms, to calculate vc(t) for
=:; t =:;
60kO
~----~------~
+
25kO l'p.F ~ v c
Problems
For
T
7-7
= RC =
= 25ms
0 S t S 10ms
vc(t)
= vc(O-)et/T = 80e-4OtV
[b] Calculate the starting capacitor voltage in the interval t > 10 ms, using
the capacitor voltage from the previous interval: vc(O.Ol) = 80e-40(0.01) = 53.63 V Now use the next circuit, valid for t 2: 10 ms, to calculate vc(t) for that interval: +
25kQ
?-
+
lOOkQ
53 .63V
For
2: lOms :
= 20kn
Req = 25knll100kn
T
Therefore
2': 0.01 s
[c] To calculate the energy dissipated in the 25 kn resistor, integrate the power absorbed by the resistor over all time. Use the expression p = v2 / R to calculate the power absorbed by the resistor.
W25k
50(t-0.0l)]2
25,0
0.01
5,
dt - 2.91 mJ
[d) Repeat the process in part (c), but recognize that the voltage across this resistor is non-zero only for the second interval: WlOokn -
_ roo
lO.Ol
We can check our answers by calculating the initial energy stored in the capacitor. All of this energy must eventually be dissipated by the 25 kn resistor and the 100 kn resistor. Check: Wstored= (1/2)(1 Wdiss= 2.91
X
10-6)(80)2 = 3.2 mJ
+ 0.29
= 3.2 mJ
7--8
AP 7.8 [a] Prior to switch a closing at t = 0, there are no sources connected to the inductor; thus, i(O-) = O. At the instant A is closed, i(O+) = O. For 0 ::; t ::; 1s,
O.SO
~.
30
The equivalent resistance seen by the 10 V source is 2 + (3110.8).The current leaving the 10 V source is 2 + (3110.8)= 3.8 A The final current in the inductor, which is equal to the current in the 0.8 n resistor is 3 IF = 3 + 0.8(3.8) = 3A The resistance seen by the inductor is calculated to find the time constant: L 2 'T = - = - = 28 [(2113) 0.8]113116 1n + =
10
Therefore, i = iF
+ [i(O+) -
iF]e-t/r = 3 - 3e-O•5t A,
0 ::; t ::; 1 s
SA
90 ~.
.i.
30
60
9! 6 (-8) = -4.8 A
Problems The equivalent resistance seen by the inductor is used to calculate the time constant: L 2 T== -=0.8s 311(9+6)=2.50 R 2.5 Therefore,
i
7-9
= iF
+ [i(l +) -
iF]e-(t-l)!r
2 1s
.2jJ.F .---11----,
40kQ
160kQ
_10~-----'\M
-lSV
Vo
= --
1 RCf
1032xlo-a 0
-lOdt+O=
1 --(-lOt) RCf
j32X100
1 = --(-320 RCf 25
x 10-3)
so RC
Vo
1
I
-25(-320 x 10-3) = 8 V
232ms:
o .2jJ.F
1
51
90kQ
Vo
160kQ
'1M
lOV
+
-15V v
~+8
1 -RC·
it
32xlO-3
It
32xlO-3
1 RC = 20
f
7~10
Vo
+ 8 = -lOOt + 11.2
-15 = -lOOt
+ 11.2
t = 262ms
AP 7.10 [a] Use RC circuit analysis to determine the expression for the voltage at the non-inverting input: v»
VI
+ [Vo -
VI]e-tIT
= -2 + (0 + 2)e-t/T
l/T
= 625
Vo:
10,000 + 40,000 = 0
.'. Vo
Vn
Vn -
Vo
= 5vn = 5vp =
-10
+ 10e-625tV
= 1/2;
t = In 2/625
-10
e-625t
1.11 ms
[b] Use RC circuit analysis to determine the expression for the voltage at the non-inverting input: vp = \If Vile-tiT
Vo
-2
+ (1 + 2)e-625t
-2
+ 3e-625t V
= 5vp =
+ 15e-625t V
-5;
e-625t
-10
+ 15e-625t =
= 1/3;
t = In 3/625
1.76ms
Problems
7-11
Problems
P 7.1 raj i(O) = 125/25 = 5 A L 4 {b] T= R= 100=40rns
[el i = 5e-25t A,
VI
>0
t 2:: 0
= -BOi
= _400e-25t V
Wdiss =
lo
o
0 -5
It =
0
10 - lOe-5Ot J
4.51 J
2(4)(25)
= 50J
01
/0 dissipated
P 7.2
[a] t < 0
9V
iJO )
15knll15kn = 7.5kn
ig(O-) = (15 + 7.~) x 103 = 0.4 rnA
il (0-) = i2(0-) = (0.4) x 10-3 ~~~~ = 0.2 rnA [b] il(O+) = i1(0-) = 0.2 rnA
i2(0+) = -il (0+) = -0.2 rnA
[e]
10
>0
7-12
. 1,2 (t )
-106t = - 0 .2em,
2: 0+
[e] The current in a resistor can change instantaneously. The switching operation forces i2(0-) to equal 0.2 m.Aand i2(0+) = -0.2 rnA. P 7.3 [a] io(O-) = 0 since the switch is open for t < O. [b] For t = 0- the circuit is:
~i 500 3000
g
1000
. -..
2000
+
vJO-)
iJO-)
300DII300n
= 150n 25
.'. ig = 50 + 150 = 125 rnA h(O-) = (~~~) ig = 62.5 rnA [c] For t = 0+ the circuit is:
500 3000 1000 2000 +
v J o+} .J" 62.5mA
25iJi
. -
iJO+)
25
.'.
Problems
7-13
since the switch short circuits the branch containing the 200 n resistor and the 50 mH inductor. L 50 X 10-3 1 [g] T = - = = 0.25ms· - = 4000
R
= 0,
200
'T
:.
it. = 0
+ (62.5 -
t 2:: 0
[h] vdO-) = 0
200(0.0625)+ VL(O+) = 0;
Ul
since the current in the inductor is a constant at t [k] VL(t) = 0 + (-12.5 - 0)e-400Ot = -12.5e-400OtV, [1] io = ia - ii. = 150 - 62.5e-40OOtrnA, VL( (0) = 0,
8Ot
= 00.
P 7.4
25 n
=-
80
12.5ms
=~=
12.5 X 10-3
= fat
0.8w(0) = (0.8)(2.5) = 2 J 2.5 - 2.5e-16Ot = 2 Solving, t = 10.06 ms. P 7.5 w(O) = ~(20
X
10-3)(102) = 1 J
0.5w(0) = 0.5 J
'lR
. = 10e -t/r
=
Pdiss
i~R = 100Re-2t/r
7-14
to = 10Ji,8
= In2
2to
P 7.6
[aJ w(O)
2L1;
WdlSS -
.~
=
to 12R
0
9
-2t/T
Wdiss
= O"w(O) = a (~L1;)
2to = In [
r
j.
R = L In[l/(l - fY)]
[aJ iL(O)
= 80 = 2A
40
io(O+)
.
80 - 2 = 4 - 2 = 2 A 20 80 20
'to(oo) = - = 4A
Problems
7-15
=- =-
L R
20 20
10-3 = 1 ms
'tL
= 2e -lOOOtA
'to -
· - 4 - it: - 4 - 2e -lOOOtA , .-
2.30ms
P 7.8
30 +
Vo
80Vi
. 40
-7.
l.
~ ijO )
500
~ itO ) 20
600
200
ig = 80 = 2A
i
(0-)
2(50) (100)
1A
=.
'tL
(0+)
For
t >0
20Q
'tL
t2::0
=
0.20 5 + 15
1 100
0.01 s
2:: 0
7-16 P 7.9
20
Wdiss
= =
f .°
o.o1
11.25e-20Ot dt
= 2(0.2)(1) = 100mJ.
4kO 16kO
-2mA
+
OmH ~ 40mH
vo
1kO
7=
40
10-3 103
40
10-6.
'
1/7 = 25,000
Vo
-1000(-2
1
x 1O-3)e-25,OOOt = 2e-25,OOOt V,
=
[b] [c]
Wdel
80nJ
0.95wdeJ
.' . 76 x 10-9 =
Ioo
to 4e-50,OOOt
1000
dt
Problems
7-17
76 X 10-9 = 80'
e-5o,OOOto•
1O-ge-50,OOOt
° = 80' x 10- (1
to 9
_ e-50,OOOto)
0'.0'5 so 1.498
to = 59.9 f-l,s
5D,DDDto = In 20' to
T
59.9 40'
so
50
to ~ 1.5T 200
P 7.11
< 0':
70
50
2A
iL(D+) = 2A
t
> 0':
+
50
200
50
R;
T
!:__ = 96
R;
10'-3 = 4ms'
~ = 250'
T
iL = 2e-25Ot A
i: = 2 5h = D.-4eVo
25Ot
A
t
-15io
-,-6e-r-250t V,
2: 0'+
W20n
lo°
oo
/00
-5 0'
16DmJ
160'
7-18
P 7.13
CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits [a] vo(t) = vo(O+)e-t/r vo(0+)e-5xlO..J.3/r == 0.25vo(0+)
L 5 X 10-3 7------
- R-
1n4
= 60 (~) =
=
lOrnA = h(O+)
2
2LiL(0
2(R7)(100
Wdiss
5xlO-3
0
5000 x
6
1O-6e-2tjr
1
dt
= 5000 = 2500
5XlO 3 -
0
3 ]
x 10- 67 [ 1 - e -lOX10T
-lOxlO-3
= e-2
n4
= 0.0625
Wdiss
= 2500 x 10-67(0.9375)
6
x 100
= 93.75%
P 7.14
<0
25A!
100
t>O
Problems
7-19
+
50mH
-. =
'tT T
VT
RTh
=-
1 = 0.20 5 l/T = 4
=- =
50
10-3
0.2
= 250 ms·
'
50mH
.'to -
25 e-4tA ,
t2:0
P 7.15
[aJ t < 0 :
4 50 90
itO)
(9)(4.5) = 30.
13.5 '
7-20
:» 0:
+
1-it,.
1000
2000
2. -'IT 3
+ T'tT
200.
'IT
= RTh =
100
+ 200 = lOOn
3
100Q
= L = 200
10-3
! = 500
T
t 2: 0
= 200
x 1O-3( -3000e-50Ot)
_600~-500t V,
t 2: 0+
[c]
+
J.
= -4e
-500t
1000
2000
'lA=
vt.
150
P 7.16
= -50iAiL
=
-50(_4e-50Ot)(6e-500t) dt = 1200
e-lOOOt
=
100
1200e-100Ot W
WSOiA
10 o
00
1200e-1000t
% dissipated
~:!
-1000
= 1.2 J
(100) = 33.33%
Problems P 7.17
7-21
[a]
<0
40kQ
20kQ
60kQ
30kQ
40knll20kn
13.33kn
t>O
200mH
--748mA
20kO 60kO
T=
~ = 400,000
T
t~0
= 138.24e-8OO,OOOt W
dx
= lot 138.24e-8OO,ooox
? = 230.4j1J
.'. e800,OOOt = 1.5
57.6 j1J
In 1.5
7-22
(76.82/230.4)(100)
10 --3t20A 220Vi :
=
a
33.3%
P 7.18
(a] t < 0 :
(50/3)
1
A
120
(10/3)A
600
10
--3t220A 220 ..
-1
(50/3)11. {-
'----_.._i:__
iab
{l0/3)Acb
]
----*--
220 =
iab
+ (50/3) + (10/3),
--3t20A 220Vi -
= 200 A,
= 0+
[b] At
t=
00:
..
~ab
120
600
iab
= 220/1 = 220A,
t=
a
00
10
--3t220A
220V:
iab
(c] i1(0)
50/3,
71
2 12
10-3 = 0.167ms
X
72
= 60
15
t
10-3 = 0.25 ms 0
il(t) = (50/3)e-6000t A,
>
Problems
7-23
i2(t) = (10/3)e-4000t A,
iab
t 2:: 0
(10/3)e-4000t A,
t~0
= 220 - (50/3)e~6000t -
P 7.19
[a]
< 0:
1kO
8mH
= 0+:
2.5kO
> 0:
t
SmA
50mH
f
'T
2.5kO
L =R
= 20
10-6
iR = 5e -50,OOOt mA
7-24
8mH
VR
VI
= 12.5e-50,OOOt V = _5e-50,ooOt V
Jr
o
1- V R--·
7 5e-50,ooOt V
-7.5e-50,oooxdx+0=3.125e-50,OOOt-3.125mA
=5x
=
10-3e-50,OOOt
X
00
PR = (25
Wdiss
= 62.5
x 1O-3e-lOO,OOOt W
10
1O-3e-100,OOOt dt
e-100,000t 5
= 62.5
[b]
Wtrapped
10-3
\00
-10
625 nJ
+ !(80)(25
w(O) = Wdiss
+ Wtrapped
[aJ Vl(O-)
Ceq
= Vl(O+) = 75 V
= (5)(1.6)
10-3 = 8ms;
-=
T
125
Problems
i= 75 x 10-3e-125t
7-25
= 15e-125t
mA
'
-10 vI = -2-
t' io 15 X
1O-3e-125x dx
+ 75 = 60e-125t + 15 V,
15 V,
7)2
106 t' 8 io 15 x
1O-3e-125x dx
+ 0 = _15e-125t +
[b] w(O)
[c]
Wtrapped
2(2 x 10-6)(225)
+ 2(8
x 10-6)225
1125 ftJ·
Wdiss
= ~(1.6 x
Wtrapped
Check: P 7.22 v
'I,
= 5625
p,J;
c=
= 0.05 p,F
= 1000 =
1ms
.'.
e-2000to
= 0.2;
e200Oto
=5
to = 2000 In 5;
to
rv
804.72 p,s
7-26
P 7.23
10'1)1
r
I
2V
'-"N'.'____""'=::r
20kO
5kO
iJO- }
[b] t
;»
0:
O_411F
5kO
il(O+) i2(0+)
=
=
2 10
10-3 10-3
= 0.2 rnA
=
-0.2 rnA therefore,
-2
10
= il(O+)
= 0.2mA
0.2 rnA
and
i2(0+)
-0.2 rnA
[e]
Vc
10-6 = 2
10-3
= 2e-500t V,
Vc
2: 0
rnA, A
il = 10000 = 0.2e
-500t
t2:0
P 7.24
118.80 V
R; = (3)(6) = 2 kn
9
Problems
= ReG
7-27
(2000)(0.25)
t
10-6 = 500/ls;
~ = 2000
T
v
. 'to
= 118.80e-2OOOtV
= 3000 = 39.6e
V
?: 0
-2000t
mA
=
1764.18/lJ
19 8e-2000t mA
10-6 = 1568.16
10-3e-4000t
10
100
14.050/
2kO
10
P 7.25
[a]
< 0:
+
t>O
= RG =
0.2ms = 200/ls;
-=
T
5000
7-28
+ 20V O.l,uF
i
(t) =
2:: 0+
[b]
Vo
10 =-
0.3
ft
= -(20/3)e[c]
Wtrapped
3 -5000
105 e-
10 X 1O-3e-5000x 0 50OOx
dx + 100
It
5000t
v; = [_(20/3)e=
5000t
2:: 0
Wtrapped
Check by combining the capacitors into a single equivalent capacitance of O.l/tF with a 20 V initial voltage:
Wdiss
1 1( zCeqCVo) 2 = z 0.1 x
10 )(20) = 20 J-LJ
-6
w(O)
= 2580 J-LJ.
Wtrapped
+ Wdiss = W (0)
OK.
2560 + 20 = 2580
Problems
P 7.26
7-29
(aJ t < 0:
1.8kO
+
60V ~
68kO
Vo(O) = (60)(10.2) = 51 V
12
t
> 0:
+
51V~ (1/6)f,l.F
+
v
12kO
1"
1 = 6(12)
10-3 = 2ms;
t
- = 500
1"
v; = 51e-500t V,
2: 0
Wdiss
fo
2xlO~3
216.75 x
X
1O-3e-IOOOt
dt
= 216.75
= 205.9125 p,J
X
rt° 10 216.75
10
:. {to
10-3e-lOOOxdx = 205.9125
10-6
10-3
elOOOto
= 20;
so
to
= 3 ms
7-30 P 7.27
t
<
°
25\11 ~
I
t>o
60kO
VT
104iQ + 60,000iT
20,OOO( -iT)
+ 60,000iT
= 40,000iT
+
40kO 25V~ 25nF
r=RC=
lms;
t2::0
- = 1000
o; = 25e-1000t V,
Problems
P 7.28
7-31
[a]
RC
= RTh(0.2)
10-6
10-3;
RTh = --
OkO
VT = 20 V,6. = 10 VT = 30 VT = 30 iT
.'.
+ 10 x
103iT
X X X
106a = 5 x 103
30 - 200,000a = 5;
a = 125
10-6 A/V
= 90V
+
t<0
> 0:
+
Va = gOe-1ooOt V,
t 2:: 0
20kO
10
V,6.
X
103
V,6.- Va
20,000 - 125 x 10
X
-6
V,6. = 0
1O-3v,6. = 0
7--32 P 7.29
[a]
20kO
-lOOOt
22.Se ~
rnA
+ O.2,uF ~ 9De
-lOOOt V
- 90e
-lOOOt V
+
180e
+
-lOOOt V
10kO
Pds Wds
= (-90e-1OOOt)(22.5
10
00
Pds
dt
-1012.5 j.lJ .
[b)
(180)2e-200Ot PIOk
10
103 dt
WIOk -:-
10
00
PIOk
= 1620 j.lJ
20
00
103 dt
= 10
P20k
= 202.5 j.lJ
=
810 j.lJ
L
P 7.30
Wdev =
L Wdiss
[a] At t = 0- the voltage on each capacitor will be 25 x 10-3 x 200 positive at the upper terminal. Hence at t ~ 0+ we have
= 5 V,
2SrnA!
2000
50
i±
sv ~ 2!ffi
-
sv = SO,uF
-
+1
80
Problems
At t = 00, both capacitors will have completely discharged.
7~33
.'. iSd(oo)
= 25mA
+ iI(t) + i2(t)
10-6 = 10 Jts
X
= (5)(2)
1"2
(8)(50 x 10-6)
= 400/1,8
t~0
[a] ~
Ce
=1
+ - = 1.25 4
Va(O) = 60 - 10 = 50V
10-3 = 20 ms;
= (0.8)(25)
v: = 50e-50t V, [b)
ui;
» 0+
~(1 x 10-6)(3600)
+ ~(4
x 10-6)(100)
2mJ
Wdiss
= "2(0.8 x =!2
X
X
10-6)(2500) 100
= 1 mJ
% diss
= 50%
[c] ia
2~
10-3 = 2e-5Ot mA
6
VI
= - 10 =
ft 2
-50
1O-3e-50x dx - 10 =
-
-500ft
e-50x dx - 10 t 2:: 0
400
20 V
[d)
VI
+ V2 = Va
VI =
V2 = Va -
50e-5Ot - lOe-5Ot
+ 20 = 40e-5Ot + 20 V
t 2: 0
7~··34
Wtrapped Wdiss
1 2(4 x 10-6)(400)
= 2 mJ
+ 2(1
(check)
x 10-6)(400) = 1mJ
+ Wtrapped
P 7.32
~i
+
eq Vo
20V ~c
R
eq
=10kO
7 Vo
OAms;
1/7 = 2500
= 20e-2500t V,
t~O
t ~ 0+
0.75e250Ot
io
= 2e-2500t rnA,
=
2e2500t
i25kfl.
(!~) =
rnA,
=
t ~ 0+
14,062.5
X
P25kfl. = W25kfl.
(0.5625 x
00
1O-6e-5000t){25,000) 1O-6e-5000t
1O-6e-5OOOt W
= 10
14,062.5 x
dt
= -2.8125
+ ~(0.05
2.8125 x 100 = 8.65% 32.5 [b] P625f!. = 625{2 x 1O-3e-2500t? = 2.5 x 1O-3e~50oOt
W625fl. =
10
00
P625 dt
= 0.50 p,J
(25) 40'
= 1 25e-250OtrnA ,
X
>_
0+
X
= (1.25
x 1O-3e-250Ot?(15,000) = 23.4375
1O-3e-5000t dt =
4.6875/l,J
1O-3e-500OtW
W15kfl. =
10
00
23.4375
[e)
2:
(}1
Wdiss
= 2.8125 = w(O)
+ 0.50 + 4.6875
-
= 8 p,J
Wtrapped
Wdiss
Check:
99.99 ~ 100%
Problems
7-35
P 7.33
~O 18DV6
U
5kO
t=D
:=7iJt)
I
10 = 180/15 = 12rnA
T
":tl 1250mH
2:.
T
(0.25/20)
= 80,000
If =
Vs
R
180 = 9 rnA 20
[180- 12(20]e-80,OOOt
iJO- )
_60e-80,OOot V
P 7.34
t<0
80
t6A
t>O
32
J~1
120
5mH v L
80
v
0
~ 48V
~L 00
.(
) _ 32 -
20
+ 48
_ 4A -
7-36
=R=
5 X 10-3
20
= 250/-Ls;
_!_ =
7
4000
t
iL
= 4 + (6 - 4)e-4OOOt = 4
+ 2e-40OOt
A,
2: 0
t
Vo
= -8h + 48 = -8(4+
2e-400Ot) + 48 = 16 - 16e-4OOOt V,
> 0+
Check:
r_
12Q 6A
vJfl)
++
\Mi
VJO+)648V
80
32V6
50
40
vo(O- )
200
i JO-)
40 _ vo(O~)
4
vo(O-)
20
vo(O-)
5
-800
= (5 + 1 + 4)vo;
v; =
-80V
Problems
7-37
t>O
600
50
240J
20Q
110mH
20
+ 60 (240) = 60V
Remove the voltage source and make series and parallel combinations of resistors to find the equivalent resistance:
RTh ;::;:5
+ 201160= 5 + 15 = 20 n
200
60Vi ~
10mH
=- = R =
~ = 2000
T
io(oo)
= 3A + [io(O+) ( ) di;
io = io(oo)
=3
io(oo)]e-t/T
t
+ (-16
.
- 3)e-20OOt = 3 - 1ge-2000t A,
2:
[b ] Vo
_ _
5~o + 0.01
dt
15 - 95e-2OOOt) 15 - 95e-2OOOt
Va
15 + 285e-2OOOtV,
P 7.36
[a] For t < 0, calculate the Thevenin equivalent for the circuit to the left and right of the 75 mH inductor. We get
7-38
8kQ
~1
-5 rnA
75mH 15kQ
5V
. 2(0-)
5 - 120 15k + 8k
Therefore [c)
T
i(oo)
L 75 x 10-3 R = 15,000
[d) i( t) = i( 00)
+ [i(O+)
= 0.333
+ [-5 - 0.333]e-200,500t
5.333e-200,500t rnA,
t?0
P 7.37
+ (10
- ~)
e-(R/L)t
(Vs =
IoR)e-(R/L)t
Vs .'. R Vs -
10;
loR = 200;
+ Vs R
Ys
= 0A
= 200V.
if
200
so
R = 20 n
7-39
= 100 -
200e-5OOt
+ 100e-1000t
4e-500t
= ~Li2 =
~(0.04)[100 - 200e-500t
+ 100e-100Ot] = 2 -
+ 2e-100Ot
+ 2e-100Oto = 0.25(2)
and thus x2
-
2x
+ 0.75 = 0
to = 500 = 1.386ms
L
T=---
R1 +R2
vo(OO) = vo(t)
0 V,
= _fgR2e-[(Rl+R2)!Ljt
00,
[c]
Vsw =
R2io;
L
Rl+R2
i o(0+) -
1.
g,
io(oo) = t,R R1 R
1+
2
e-[(Rl+R2)!Ljt
Therefore
io(t)
Rl +R2
[1 -~] +R2 9 Rl
io(t) =
Therefore [d] Ivsw(O+)I---» P 7.39
Vsw
2: 0+
00;
duration ---» 0
Opening the inductive circuit causes a very large voltage to be induced across the inductor L. This voltage also appears across the switch (part [e] of Problem 7.38) causing the switch to arc over. At the same time, the large voltage across L damages the meter movement.
7-40
P 7.40
[a]
R L
- R+R+L
Vs
jt v dt + 10
0
1 dv
--vdt L
so
dv = --vdt
R L
r:
Va X
dv R = --dt v L
=_
Rjt dy L
0
In vet) = _ Rt
v,
Vx 20 Vx 20
9 [vx - 250] 50
[vx - 250] = 50
+ 10(vx
- 250) = 0 50
5vx - 5000
+ 20vx = 0;
Vx = 200V
Problems
7~41
t>O
87.2mH
100
400
+v<P
100 200
1
~ 250V ~ 80V
87.2mH
100
80
+v<P
"N'vl
200
~ 80V
b __ ------~------------------~ VTh -
80
18
9 (VTh - 80) = 0 18
100
VTh = 80V
80
b __ ------~------------------~
18
7-42
-. = RTh =
'tT
VT
1.80
i~1
200
0
87.2mH
1. 80
680V
io(oo)
=
= 80/21.8 = 3.67 A
1/7 = 250
t
io =
2:: 0
P 7.42
< 0;
50
> 0;
+
VJO+) t Q,5mA 40
1mA
-0.002
+ Va + Va 5
Vo
15
0 0.001 = 0
Vo -
15
Va
+5 X
10-4
+ Vo
4
4iA -
Problems
7-43
ib,.
=;V
4ib,. - 0.001
Solving,
~----~--~~--~~------.
+
100
~T = -
vr vr . + - - 4~b,. 20 4
4
~b,.
~b,.
VT = - - 4' ZA
=-
VT
20
-=-+---=-=O.lS
VT
iT
1 20
1 4
1 5
2 20
10-3 = 02ms' 10 .,
1/7 = 5000
.'. v; = 0
+ (2 -
0)e-5oOOt = 2e-5OOOt m V,
7-44
P 7.43
[a] Let v be the voltage drop across the parallel branches, positive at the top
node, then - 19 + ~g
IIlot
dx
l2 lot
dx = 0
Therefore v - I 9 R 9 e-t/T• , Thus . _ __!_ 1 R -xiT d ~ 19R9 e-xlT 't1 L1.10 9 ge x - L1 (-1/7)
{t
It_ 19Le (1 _ L1
0-
-tiT)
e
P 7.44 t > 0
+
ia = _5e-20t A,
va
t>0
t
= 80ia =
_400e-20t V,
> 0+
_400e-20t
= -80; 1
20 In5
= 80.47ms
Problems
7-45
P 7.45
[a] [b]
Wdiss
i12H =
112/:( _400)eIt
0
20x
dx
+5
20x
It +0 = _e10
0
+0
3
20t
10 --A 3
Wtrapped
"2(18)(100/9) = 100 J
[e] w(O)
P 7.46 [a] t < 0
~(12)(25) = 150 J
150
t>O
+ v
480
+ IDA
4.8 48
= O.ls;
t~
idoo) = lOA
iL
10 + [20 - 10}e-lOt
10 + 10e-1Ot A,
+ 8 = 4e-lOt + 4A,
t~O
[el
i2
1 =8
lot -480e0
lOx
dx
+ 12 = 6e-1Ot + 6 A,
7-46
CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits For t < 0, i40mH(O) = 75/5 = 15A For t > 0, after making a Thevenin equivalent we have
i~ +
Vo
P 7.47
4Q
40mH
l1SA
60mH
- 100 V
i=
Vs + R
(1 _ Vs) eR
0
tjT
~=R=__!_x103=40 T L 100
10 = 15A;
i=
Vs = 100 R 4
=
25A
25 - lOe-4Ot A,
= 16e-4Ot
t~O
t
Vo
0.04(400e-4Ot)
V,
0+
P 7.48
+ 15
)-1 = 10 nF
+ +
Vo
For t > 0:
200kO
RC
200 x 103
10 X 10-9
2ms;
~ =500
T
> 0+
Problems .
'to
7-47
{b]
Vo
24e-500t
= 120e
X
-500t
p,A
500x
VI = P 7.49
120
10-6
lot e0
dx
+ 0 = 16 -
16e-500tV,
t~O
[a] The energy delivered to the 200 kO resistor is equal to the energy stored in the equivalent capcitor. From the solution to Problem 7.48 we have
W
1 1 = 2C."qV~= 2(10
10-9)(24)2 = 2.88/·tJ
[b] From the solution to Problem 7.48 we know the voltage on the 15 nF
capacitor at t = 00 is 16 V. THerefore, the voltage across the 30 nF capacitor at t = 00 is -16 V. It follows that the total energy trapped is
Wtrapped
1 = 2(30
X
x 10-9)( -16?
+ 2(15
[e] w(O)
P 7.50
= ~(30
10-9)(242)
= 8.64/-tJ
= 8.64 = w(O)
Check:
Wtrapped
[a] t > 0
Vo(O-) = vo(O+) = 0 V
vo(oo)
T
= 40V
liT = 5000
t~0
10-9 dvo
dt
ic
= 25 x
= 20
1O-9(200,000e-5OOOt)
5e-5000t rnA
VI = 4(5e-5OOOt)
'to X
+ 40 -
40e-5OOOt = 40 - 20e-500Ot
[e]
il(t)
= io + ic
= 2 + 4e-5000t
rnA
7-48
rnA
+ i2 = 10 rnA
i (0+) =
c
. ( +)
~o
il(0+) = 5 + 1 = 6 rnA
w..
4kO
2kO
•
~
20mA t
+ 10mA
12kO
t>O
2kO 5m1li
-J,
~
O.OS,uF
4kO
~10mA
12kO
-2kO 3kO
+
v
o
O. OS,uF
Problems
7-49
vo(oo) = 15V;
RC = (5k)(0.05p,)
0.25ms;
- = 4000
T
15 - 105e-4OOOt V
t2::0
P 7.52
Va=OV
== -0 .05
1
80
1.6kn C
=
RC = 2500;
2500(1600) = 250 nF
e-5OOOt]
fJ-J
then
.'. x2
2x + 0.36 = 0
x = 1.8, x = 0.2 ... e+2500t = 5
P 7.53
-150V
7-50
CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits [eJ Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the capacitor:
VTh = -150Y,
RTh
Therefore
r = ReqC =
+ [vc(O+)
- vc(oo)]e-t/T
t~ t~
-150+
=
[f] i
P 7.54
c~c
0+
[a] Use voltage division to find the initial value of the voltage: vc(O+)
= VlOk = 10k
: k15k (-75)
= -30
=
[b] Use Ohm's law to find the final value of voltage: vc(oo) = V5k = (5 x 10-3)(5000) 25Y [e] Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the capacitor:
VTh = 25Y,
RTh
= 5k
+ 20k
= 25kO
[d] o; = vc(oo)
=
+ [vc(O+)
- vc(oo)]e-t/T
t~
Problems P 7.55
7-51
[a)
60r
I
io(O+)
=
3.2kQ
• +
vJt)
6.8kQ
\M~
iJt>
O.2l1P
•
6 rnA
=
= ~~ X 10-3 =
2rns
[a] vo(O-)
vo(O+) = 48 V
Vo(oo)
= -12V;
= 0.8rns;
~ = 1250
T
Vo = -12
Vo
+ (48 -
(_12))e-1250t t :2': 0
-12
+ 60e-125Ot V,
[c]
Vg
Vo -
2.5 x 103io
"o = -12
+ 45e-125OtV
-12
[d] Vg(O+)
+ 45 = 33 V
X
Checks:
Vg(O+)
'l,lOk
io(0+)7.5
103
12
45 - 12
33 V
= 10k = -1.
Vg
+ 4.5e -1250t
7-52
= - 04 + 1.5e -125Ot .
rn
-i; + ilO
P 7.57
+ i30 + 1.6 = 0
(ok)
t < 0;
t = 00:
iJeo) lOmA t
J-
20kQ
20kQ
lOkQ
vJeo)
io(oo)
-10 (~~)
-4rnA; 8k!1;
vo(oo) C
= io(00)(10)
= -40V
RTh
= 10 k!11140k!1 =
= 125nF
= (8)(0.125) = 1 rns;
! = 1000 T
lOmAt
~ 125nF
i=
C
dvo C- = -12.5edt
Vo
lOOOt
rnA
'
. ~1O
= 10 = -
4 + 10ern, -lOOOt
A t > 0+
. ~o
.. = ~c
7-53
ib
= 400(12) = 100pA
48
RTh
15kO
15kQ
Va(OO) = -45 V;
T
(15,000)(8)10-6 = 120ms;
l/T
== 8.33
v;
= -45 + 45e-S.33tV,
=
t 2: 0
wet)
~(8
+ e-16.67t)
p,J
+ e-16.67to)
x
= 0.90(8100)
+ x2
0.90;
= e-S.33to
2x
+ 0.10 = 0
0.0513
e-(25/3)to
0.0513;
(25/3)to
= In 19.4868;
to
= 356.4ms
7-54 P 7.59
vo(O) = 80V
+
> 0:
+
vTh
~it.
80kQ
30 xl0 it.
20kO
• lOOV
vTh
= 30
+ 80 = 50 V
~iT
20kQ 80kQ
t>O
80V
_ r
r---~w.-------,
+
nF
Vo
40kO
l
:
50V
Vo
50 + (80 - 50)e-tjT
-=
'T
5000
Vo
P 7.60
vo(O) = 50V;
RTh 'T
16kO
=
=
_!
r
12,500
Problems P 7.61
7-55
[a]
I,R
F cp I
R~
t=~+
1 IsR = Ri + C
lot idx
0+
+ Va
di i O=R-+-+O dt C di i -+-=0 dt RC
[bJ
~ di - -RC' dt . t(o+)
di
~
i(t)
dy
---Y-
RC
lot dx
0+
dt RC
'
i(t) =t In i(O+) = RC
P 7.62
[a] Let i be the current in the clockwise direction around the circuit. Then
Va =
«n, + C1
iRg +
ft oidx + C1 jotoidx
2
(~1+ ~2)f:idX
the equation or
= tu, + ~ef:idX
Now differentiate
o = Rg dt + Ce
Therefore
di
di dt
+ RgCe ~ = 0
=~
9
1.
i= ~
9
e-t/RgCe
e-t/T;
7-56
C2
1
G Vg;
2
[a] t < 0
"f'.I'.
60J
t>O
2.2kO
0.31$ 1 I
0.6,uF
40V
20V
= 100V
X
(0.2)(5)
10-3
1 ms;
t~
l/T
= 1000
Vo = 100 - 40e-1ooOt V,
rnA.,
[c)
VI
-10 OT Jt' -8
o
x 1O-3e-l000x dx
+ 40
t~0
= 66.67
[d)
712
~./o
-106
r -8 x 1O- e3
- 26.67e-1OOOt V,
1OOOx
dx
+ 20
= 33.33 -
13.33e-1000t V,
t~0
Problems
[e]
1 = 2"(0.3) 10-6 (66.67?
7-57
Wtrapped
2"(0.6)10-6(33.33)2
= 666.67
+ 333.33
= 1000 jLJ.
P 7.64
VO
1Jo(
Vo
= -150
t 2: 0
P 7.65
If =
Leq
t 2:: 0
= 15e-lO,000t V t ~ 0+
= 15 -
+ 0.01 &
di2
di2
di; dil dt = dt
+&
_
di2 = dio _ dil = 2000e-1O,000t dt dt dt 15e-lo,000t = 0.008 dil dt dil = 2500e-lO,000t dt dil = 2500e-lO,00Ot dt {il dx = 2500 {t e-lO,ooOy dy
.10 .10
e-lO,OOOy
+ 0.01
.'. il = 2500
-10,000
It = 0.25 0
0.25e-1O,00Ot A,
t2::0
7-58 [d)
~2
1,0 -
1,1
_ ~
+ 0.25e-lO,OOOt
[e]
Vo
L di2 2 dt
> 0+
(checks)
il(O) = 0.25 - 0.25 = 0; agrees with initial conditions; i2(0) = -0.05 + 0.05 = 0; agrees with initial conditions; The final values of io, iI, and i2 can be checked via the conservation Wb-turns:
of
+ i2(00)M
= 0.25(8m) = -0.05(0.02)
- O.05(lOm) = 15 mWb-turns
i2(00)L2 + il(oo)M
+ 0.25(0.01)
= 15 mWb-turns
Thus our solutions make sense in terms of known circuit behavior. P 7.66
[aJ L
eq
(3)(15) 3 + 15
= 2.5 H
1
7=-=-=-1'3
t.;
R
=
2.5 7.5
io(O) .'.
Vo
0;
io(oo)
120 7.5
16A
io - 16 - 16e-3t A,
= 120 -
t~0 t ~ 0+ t
7.5io = 120e-3t V,
i1 =!
31o
-
rt 120e-3xdx
1,1
= 40
3
_ 40 e-3t A 3 '
_>
1,2
. = ~o .
88 3 - 3e -3tA ,
t>0 -
[b) io(O) = il(O) = i2(0) = 0, consistent with initial conditions. vo(O+) = 120 V, consistent with io(O) = o.
Vo
ai
dil
= I20e
-3t
V,
2: 0+
or
f': di2 -3t v; = IVai = 120e V,
Problems
7-59
= 3il
= 40 - 40e-3t Wb-turns
Al = A2 as it must, since
dAI dA2 dt = dt
Al (00)
Al(oo) = 3il(00)
A2( 00)
.'.
15i2( 00)
P 7.67
LI
L
=R
= 5000;
= 40 -
-:;:= 5000
.'. io(t)
[b]
Vo Vo
40e-500Ot mA,
t~0
= 10 - 250io = lO - 250(0.04
= 0.5~:
+ 0.04e-500Ot
lOe-5000t Y,
[c]
- 0.25~:
= 10e-5OOOty
di; _ dil dt - di dt
di2 _ 200
dt _
-500Ot
A/
di2 = 200e-5000t
10e-5000t
= 0.5~:
di1 dt - 50e-5OOOt
+ 0.25~:
di1 = 80e-5OOOt dt
Jo
i
rtl dx = r 80e10 1
5000y
dy
80 -5000
e-5000y
It =
0
16 - 16e-5OOOt mA
'
t~O
7~60
2: 0
with zero initial stored energy, lOe-5OOOty,
Leq~;=
il dt
= i2(0) = 0, consistent
(0.05)(200)e-5OOOt
t 2: 0+ (checks)
Also, Vo
= 0.5d
- 0.25
d i2 dt
IOe-5000ty,
t ~ 0+ (checks) t 2: 0 +(
checks)
= (16m)(500) = (24m)(250)
+ (24m)(-250) + (16m)(-250)
= 2 mWb-turns
= 2 mWb-turns
(ok)
(ok)
Therefore, the final values of io, ill and i2 are consistent with conservation of flux linkage. Hence, the answers make sense in terms of known circuit behavior, P 7.68
~ = 25
T
[b) Vl(t) = 4~; - 5~! = - ~; = -(100e-25t) [e) V2(t) [d] i(O) 200
= _100e-25ty,
t
t ~ 0+
= 8-di dt
di di - 5- = 3- = 3(100e-25t) = 300e-25t Y dt dt ' 4 - 4 = 0, which agrees with initial conditions. - 4e-25t) - 100e-25t
> 0+
-
= 50i1 + VI + V2 = 50(4
+ 300e-25t = 200Y
Therefore, Kirchhoff's voltage law is satisfied for all values of t > O. Thus, the answers make sense in terms of known circuit behavior. P 7.69 [a] Leq
= 4 + 8 + 2(5) = 22 H
L R 22 50'
- = 2.273
T
T=- =-'
i = 4 - 4e-2.273t A,
t 2: 0
7--'-{)1
= 4 di + 5 di = 9 di = 9(9.0ge-2.273t) = 81.81e-2.273t V =
dt di 8dt dt di + 5dt
dt di 13dt
'
2:: 0+
t ::::: 0+
+ Vl + v2 = 50(4
- 4e-2.273t)
Therefore, Kirchhoff's voltage law is satisfied for all values of t 2:: O. Thus, the answers make sense in terms of known circuit behavior.
P 7.70
< 0:
i{O-)
O:::;t:Sl:
20
= 5/0 =
=
00
idt)
1.25e-t/oo
= 1.25e-o = 1.25
1 :S t <
00:
20
lOmH
10 X 10-3 2 = 5ms;
l/T = 200
7~62 P 7.71
<
3 {ts: +
2kQ v
o
~ 5nF
= RC =
(2 x 103)(5 x 10-9)
10 {tS;
l/T = 100,000
vo(O)
Vo
= OV;
0~t~3{ts
= 6 - 6e~100,ooOt V
2kQ
~ 5nF
t = 00:
i = 6 - (-12)
10
1 8 rnA .
= 2.4
+ (1.555
- 2.4)e-(t-3/-tS)/r
= 1.6kO
RTh
= 2kOll8kO
= (1.6)(5) = 8 {ts;
Vo
= 2.4 - 0.845e-125,OOO(t~3J.tS)
7-63
1500
i (0)
= 60rnA
o :S t :S 250 f-ts:
500
i = 60e~2000t rnA
i(250f-ts) 250 f-ts
750
~ 25mH
R
eq
= (50)(75) = 30n
125
~ = R = 30 T L 25
= 22.52 rnA
7-64
v=L-'
di
dt'
~~ 22.52( -2000) =
= -1.13e
-2000(t-650X
10-6)V,
v(lms) P 7.73
= _1.13e-2000(350)XIO-6= -559.12mV
From the solution to Problem 7.72, the initial energy is 1 w(O) = 2(25 mH)(60 mA)2 = 45f.J,J For 650 f.J,S~ t <
00:
= (0.04)(45f.J,J)
P 7.74
0 ~ t ~ 50 f.J,s; +
120kQ gnF 40kQ
+
494_6mV 600kQ
Vc
200kQ
R;
v-
= 494.6e-1o,000t
vc(50f.J,s) = 494.6e-0.5
= 300mV
7-65
-'9
+
nF 300mV
-1
il
+
40kO
t-----"'-------1
200kO
.! = 10,000
T
= 30m -lO,OOO(t-50/LS)
mV mV
~1
=
=
416 7e-1O,OOO(t-50/L8) nA
•
~2
600}< 103
"2
= 416.7e-1O,OOO(t-50!Ls)
nA
P 7.75
[a] t < 0:
500Vi ~
40
1200 4800
i=
9
4+96
=
500
= 5A
i(O-)
7-66
CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits [b] 0::; t ::; 100 IJS:
i = 4e-t/T ::_ =
T
= 4e-10,OOOt
= 4e-O.25
i(25/hs) = 4e-104(25)XlO-6
= 3.12 A
[c] i(lOOIJS)
= 4e-1 =
00:
1.47 A
1200
20mH
1 R - =T
=-
120 20
103
= 6000
A
i = 1.47e-6000(t-lOOXlO-6)
= 807.59mA
dt
= _800e-104tV
-800e-1 = -294.30 V
1.47e-6000(t-lOOXIO-6)
_176.58e-6OOO(t-lOOXlO-6)
v(100+p,s) = -176.58V
P 7.76
t < 0:
50mA
~------~-------~
+
2kO
4.7kO
.
+
Problems
7--67
o :S t < 250ms:
+
lOOV
7=
00;
1/7 = 0; t<
00:
Vo
= 100e-o = 100 V
250ms:S
+
lOOV~
O. 16lJ.F
6.25kO
= (6.25)(0.16)10-3
= 1 ms;
1/7 = 1000;
Vo
= 100e-1000(t
- 0.25)
Summary: v; = 100V,
o :S t :S 250ms
V, 250ms :S t <
00
v: = 100e-1OOO(t-0.25)
7-68 P 7.77
CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits Note that for t > 0, Va = (35/40)vc, where capacitor. Thus we will find Vc first.
Vc
t<O
280'lJi ~
r
5kO
35kO
5kQ
'-w..-----------.+
vc lOkO
35kO
lOkO
R; _ (10)(40) = 8kn 50
T
2:.
T
2500
3SkQ
SOnF ~
1+
v
c
Vc
= 20.60e-500(t-400X10-
Problems
l.4ms ::; t
7-69
<
00:
5kO
35kO
10kO
r = 400f.-Ls,
vc(1.4ms)
Vc
.!. = 2500 r
= 20.60e-5OO(1400-400)1O-6 = 20.60e-0.5 V = 7.58 V = 12.50V
= l2.50e-2500(t-1.4xlO-3)
vc(1.6ms)
Vo
= 12.50e-25OO(1.6-1.4)10-3 = 12.50e-0.5
= (35/40)(7.58)
X
= 6.63V
= 78.4J.d
P 7.78
w(O) = ~(50
10-9)(56)2
= 56e -250Ot
v2 c
= 3136e-5000t
W10k
400 x 10-6
3136 4
x 1O-4e-5000t dt
-5000t
10- ~5000
14°OX10-6 0 = 54.23f.-LJ
x 1O-8(e-2 -1)
00:
t<
= 12.50e-25OO(t-1.4XIO-3) V; = 156.13
V~ :::;:: 156.13e-5000(t-1.4XIO-3)
PIOk
x 1O-4e-5000(t-L4XIO-3)
WIOk
= [00
. 1.4xlO-3 X
156.13
1O-4e-5000(t-1.4XIO-3)
dt
= 156.13
10-4
= -311.83
7-70
= 54.23
+ 3.12
= 57.35 p,J
% = 5:~:5 (100) = 73.15% To check, find the energy dissipated in the 40 kn resistance: o ::; t < 400 p,s:
P40k
3136 40
x 10 e
-3 -5000t
'
W40k
= 784 x
-4
10
e -5000t -5000
400 x 10-
0 -1)
= 13.56mJ
= -156.8(1O-7)(e-2
W40k
10-4 ( 1400 10-6 x 1000(t-400XlO-6) e= 106.10 X 10-4 _ -1000 400 10-6 X 7)(e-0.6 = -106.1O(10- 1) = 4.79mJ 106.10
X
10-3
110-3
00:
v~ = 156.13e-5000(t-1.4xlO-3)
Note in this interval the energy dissipated in the 40k resistor will be 1/4th that dissipated in the 10k resistor.
W40k
W40k
13.56
W40k
+ W10k
= 57.35
Problems
7~71
P 7.79
[a] 0::;
t -::; 2fl,s
20kQ
+ +
100V
40mH
Vo
idO) = 0;
T
= R = 20,000 = 2 fi,s
0.04
iL = 5 - 5e-500,OOOt rnA,
Vo
= (0.04)[(500,000)(0.005)e-5OO,OOOt]
V,
21l,s<t<00
20kQ
3.16 rnA
l/T rnA,
idoo)
= 0;
'T
= 2p,s;
= 500,000
2 p,s ::; t < 00
= L ~~
(0.04)(3.16 x 1O-3)[_500,000e-500,OOO(t-2~S)]
= (_5)(4)(3.16)e-500,OOO(t-2~) = _63.21e-500,OOO(t-2~)
V,
2p,s<t<00
[b]
Vo(V)
120 100 80
60
40
W o
-20 -40
+---~--~~------~--------~------~~----~~
~~)
-60
-80
7-72
[c] vo(4/-ts)
io
= -23.25V
=
1.16 rnA
+23.25 20000 ,
P 7.80
[a] io(O) = OJ
T
..!:. = R = 8000
io
= (25 -
25e-32,OOOt)
=
00:
< t S 50/-ts
0 S t S 50 P,S
Vo = 0.25~;
50 /-tS~ t <
200e-32,OOOt V,
rnA
< 0:
00 :
Vo Vo Vo = 40.38 V
Osts50/-ts:
200e-32,000t V _159.62e-32,OOO(t-5op.S)
50,1,8 S t <
= -159.62
=
[c] io(50-{ts)
P 7.81
io(50+/-ts) = 19.95rnA
(a] 0 S t RC
Vc
< 6 rns:
vc(oo) = 40 V;
103(0.02 x 10-6) = 10ms;
vc(O+) = OJ
= 500 x
11RO = 100
= 40 -
40e-1OOt 0::;;ts6rns
Vo = 40 - 40 + 40e-100t = 40e-1OOt V,
6rns::;; t <
00:
vc(6ms)
= 4O-40e-O.6
= 18.05V
vc(oo)=OV
T Vc Va
= 10ms;
=
1/7 = 100
18.05e-100(t-O.006) V V,
t ~ 6rns
= =v« = _18.05e-100(t-O.006)
Problems [b}
50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 2
4 6 8
7-73
Vo(V)
t{ms)
10
P 7.82
(50)(0.4)
10-3 = 20ms;
1/7 = 50
= 40 -
40e-50t V,
= -40 + 55.74e-50(t-O.Ol)
=
-40
vo(20ms)
+ 55.74e-O•5 = -6.19V
20 ms :::;t :::; 0: 0
Va
-6. 1ge-50(f-o.o2) V
40 30 20
10
[b]
- ~- - - - -
,.
0
[c} t:::; 0 :
7
Vo
=0
7-74
= 40 -
40e-250tV,
Os t S 10ms
= -40 + 76.72e-250(t-O.Ol)
00:
V,
=
+ 76.72e-2.5
V,
= _33.7e-250(t-O.02)
40 30 20
20 ms ::; t ::; 00
---------
P 7.83
[a]
1/7 = 1250
=
710
20 - 15e -125Ot mA
=
'Lo
io = -6.97 e-1250(t
710
- 500jls)
mA,
-500jls)
00 00
-6000io = 41.83e-1250(t
0.5+ms S t <
7-75
=0
<0
(0+
io = 15e-1250t rnA
io
ms)
= _6.97e-1250(t-500p.s)
t
rnA
0.5+ ms
:s; t < 00
Vo = 0
<0
0 :s; t :s; 0.5- ms
0.5+ ms < t <
00
[b] io(O-)
io(O+) = 15 mA io(0.5- ms) [c] vo(O-) = 0 vo(O+) = 30V vo(0.5- ms) = 120 - 90e-O.625 .:_ 71.83 V vo(0.5+ ms) = 41.83 [d]
= 15e-o.625 = 8.03mA
5
t (ms)
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
-5
-10
fel
t (ms)
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
7-76
P 7.B4
vijl
+
6kQ
VT = 2000iT
= BOOOiT
+ 6000(iT + 15 x + 9(2000iT )
1O-4v</»
= BOOOiT
+ 9v</>
VT -. = -10,000 vr
25mA~ 8H
-imo
1'1L-----J
10-3 = -O.Bms; l/T = -1250
= -10
i=
:.
25e125Ot
25e1250t
P 7.B5
> 0:
+
v
T
25kQ 75xlO
3
i~
Problems
7-77
RTh
= -, =
1,T
VT
-40kO
= RC =
= -10-3
7.6ms
P 7.86
[aJ
VT = 2000iu iu = iu(l1,
a-
1 - 0.75(3 ,
= iT =
2000i =
o
(1 - 0.75(3)
1500iT
RTh
1 _ 0.75(3 = -3000 :. (3 = 2
1500
~--------~------~----,.
VTh -120
2000
+ 6000
_
-0
VTh = 180V
7-78
180~
~· r
-3kQ
1
300mH
180 = -3000i
+ 0.3 dt
di
t' d~ io x +. 06
.'.
t' io 10,000
~! =
i = -60
+ 60e10,OOOt rnA
v = 0.3
e10,OOOt 200 =
In200
P 7.87
Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the capacitor. RTh calculation:
4kQ
+
8kQ
J,
iA
16kQ
. 'IT
VT
= 8000
VT
VT
'IT
2.5
VT
= -20,000
= -2500
iT
7-79
+
8kO
v oc
-t
+
16kO
Vi
if,
Voc
8000
VI -
+ Voc
Voc
VI _
4000
VI
11.5i
A
~
=0
4000
.
+ 16,000
VI
1.6
10-3 = 0
'tA =
16,000
Voc
Solving,
= -12.4 V
Vc(OO)
T
= -12.4 V
= RO = (-2500)(16 = -12.4
x 10-9)
= 930
= -40
x 10-6;
1 -;. -25,000 =
Vc
+ 12.4e25,OOOt
e25,000t = 76;
P 7.88
25,OOOt= In 76;
t = 173.23/ls
[a]
+
(25)(2)
10-3 = 50 ms;
l/T = 20
7--80
.'. [b] 0+
80e-20t = 5;
t=
In16
= 138.63ms
<t<
138.63 ms:
=
i = (2 x 1O-6)(-1600e~2Ot)
t
-3.2e-2OtmA
2: 138.63+ ms:
T=
(2)(4) x 10-3
8 ms;
1/7
125
vc(138.63+ms)
Vc
= 5V;
vc(oo) = 80V
t
= 80 - 75e-125(t-O.13863) V,
2: 138.63 ms
[c] 80 - 75e-125At
= 0.85(80)
= 68
In1~·:5
rv
14.66ms
lO-gd;;
6
=0
= 50 x
-15
103
= 50kO
P 7.90
0 - 15 _ Cdvo = O.
dt'
du; = RC dt
Problems
7-81
+5 =
-15
= 250 x 106(8
20
10-
= 100kO
therefore
P 7.91
therefore
Therefore Therefore
dvo
dt
_1_(Vb
RC
_ V ).
a,
[b] The output is the integral of the difference between scaled by a factor of 1/ RC. 1 ft
Vb
and
Va
and then
[c]
Va =
RC Jo (Vb
X
Va)
dx
RC = (40)
Vb -Va
103(25)
10-9 = 1ms
v; P 7.92
= 50 lot dx = 50t;
V2 -
- 15(20) - 6 V (50) -
6+4 50,000
+ C dt (6 -
d.
Vo)
dvo -.- =
dt
du; = 400dt;
400t + vo(O)
0= 400to-1O t
o
=-
10 = 25ms 400
7-82
10 - (-5) = 15 mV
10 + (15 - 10)e-2000t mV
[10 + 5e-200Ot) mV
Vf = Vo - vp = (30,000t - 40 - 5e-2000t) mV
P 7.94
[a] RC = 40(50)
10-6 = 2 ms;
RC = 500;
Vo = 0,
t <0
lot -0.50
dx = 250t V
= 250(0.05) = 12.5 V
= -500
it
0.05
0.50dx
+ 12.5 = -250(t
- 0.05)
+ 12.5 = -250t + 25 V
00 :
+ 25 = OV
10
20
40
t (ms)
60
80
100
Problems P 7.95
7-83
Write a KCL equation at the inverting input to the op amp, where the voltage is 0:
Note that this first-order differential equation is in the same form as Eq. 7.50 if Is = -vg/ R,. Therefore, its solution is the same as Eq. 7.51:
[a]
Vo
= 0,
<0
Yo
= vo(O) = 0
Vo
50
+ (0 -
50)e-5t
50(1 - e-5t) V,
OS; t S; 50ms
[c] _1_
RfC!
11.06 V
= -50
+ [11.06 -
(_50)]e-5(t-O.05)
-
= 61.06e-5(t-O.05)
50V,
50ms S; t S; lOOms
[d] _1_ = 5
tuc,
Yo
Vo
vo(O.lO) = 61.06e-O.25
50 ~ -2.45 V
= _2.45e-5(t-O.l)
=0
+ (-2.45
- 0)e-5(t-O.l)
V,
lOOms S; t :$
00
7-84
14
12 10 8
-2
-4
40
60
80
t (ms)
wlo fb resistor - - wi fb resistor
P 7.96
5 x 10-3;
o :S t S 5 J1S:
"s = 0.6 x 106t
110
1 RC = 200
-200 -12
.0 X
0.6 x 106xdx
7x2
+0
x
vo(5Jls)
10
1t =
-6
107t2
5/1,8:S t :S 15/1's:
Vg
= 6 - 0.6 x 106t
=
Vo
-200
15xlO-6
=-
[1200X
It
5xlO-
+12 X 6
107x
It
-
5xlO-6
]-
1.5 X 10-3
-
= -1200t
=
+ 6 x 10-3 + 6 x 107t2
107(15 X 10-6)2
X -
1.5 x 10-3
1.5 X 10-3
vo(15 p,s) = 6
1200(15 x 10-6)
+3 x
10-3
= -1.5
15 JlS :S t :S 20 p,s:
Vg
= =
-12
+ 0.6 x
Vo
-200 {t
115xlO-6
+ 0.6 x
-12 x 10
=-
[2400X
It
15xlO-6
It
15xlO-6
]-
1.5 X 10-3
-
1.5 X 10-3
Problems
7-85
[b]
0.0 -0.5 -1.0 0 5 10 15 20
,S
>"
~
[c] The output voltage will also repeat. This followsfrom the observation that at t = 20p,s the output voltage is zero, hence there is no energy stored in the capacitor. This means the circuit is in the same state at t = 20 J1.S as it was at t = 0, thus as Vg repeats itself, so will VO' P 7.97 (a] While T2 has been ON, C2 is charged to Vee, positive on the left terminal. At the instant Tl turns ON the capacitor C2 is connected across b2 - e2, thus Vbe2 = - Vee. This negative voltage snaps T2 OFF. Now the polarity of the voltage on C2 starts to reverse, that is, the right-hand terminal of C2 starts to charge toward +Vee. At the same time, Cl is charging toward Vee, positive on the right. At the instant the charge on C2 reaches zero, Vbe2 is zero, T2 turns ON. This makes Vbel = -~0eand Tl snaps OFF. Now the capacitors C1 and C2 start to charge with the polarities to turn Tl ON and T2 OFF. This switching action repeats itself over and over as long as the circuit is energized. At the instant Tl turns ON, the voltage controlling the state of T2 is governed by the following circuit:
+
v
Rz
cc
Cz Vbe2
It followsthat
= Vee
I .:cc
V
+
be2
- 2Veee-t/R2e2.
[b] While T2 is OFF and Ti is ON, the output voltage Vce2 is the same as the voltage across Ct, thus
7-86
+
V
RL
cc
C1
It follows that Vce2= Vee - Veee-t/ RLel . [c) T2 will be OFF until Vbe2reaches zero. As soon as Vbe2is zero, ib2 will become positive and turn T2 ON. Vbe2= 0 when Vee - 2Veee-t/R2e2 = 0, or when t = R2C2 In2.
I .we have
v ce2
[d] When
t=
R2C2 In 2,
= Vee - Veee-lO
In2 ~
Vee
ibl
~bl
Vee = --
n,
n;
= R2C2
ln Z; therefore
Vee
s,
[gJ
vCe2 v cc
etc.
Problems
7-87
[b]
etc.
t
P 7.98
raj [b]
tOFF2
tON2
[c]
[d]
[e)
= R2C2
In 2
= 18 X 103(2
10-9) In 2
c:: 25/1,8
[f]
[g]
P 7.99
ibl
= :8
Vce2
=9= = =
[a] [b]
[c} [d]
tOFF2
tON2
tOFFl tONI
tuc;
In2 In 2
c:: 37.4J-ts
= R2C2
9
= 35 J-tS
,....,0.561
[f] [g]
ibl
= 1 8 3e-35/9 +
mA
Vce2
=9-
ge-
35 9 /
c:: 8.81 V
Note in this circuit T2 is OFF 35 J-tsand ON 37.4 p,8 of every cycle, whereas Tl is ON 35 J-tSand OFF 37.4 J-tSevery cycle. P 7.100 If
RI = R2 = 50RL = lOOk!),
then
C2 = 100
36
X
X
01 = 12
48
X
02 = 12
and
36
X
Therefore
< 5.77 nF
519.37 pF < O2
4.33 nF
7-88
P 7.101 [a] T2 is normally ON since its base current ib2 is greater than zero, i.e., ib2 = Vee/R when T2 is ON. When T2 is ON, Vce2 = 0, therefore ib1 = 0. When ib1 = 0, T: is OFF. When Tl is OFF and T2 is ON, the capacitor C is charged to Vee, positive at the left terminal. This is a stable state; there is nothing to disturb this condition if the circuit is left to itself.
Vbe2 is changed to -Vee and T2 snaps turns OFF, Vce2 jumps to VeeRd(R1 + Rd and + RL), which turns Tl ON.
ibl
[cJ As soon as T1 turns ON, the charge on C starts to reverse polarity. Since Vbe2 is the same as the voltage across C, it starts to increase from - Vee toward +Vec. However, T2 turns ON as soon as Vbe2 = 0. The equation for Vbe2 is Vbe2 = Vee - 2Veee-tjRe. 7Jbe2 = when t = RC ln2, therefore T2 stays OFF for RC In 2 seconds.
Vce2
Vce2
jumps to
=(
u, +RL
1.4 1.2
Vee
u, = 6(5)
25
1.2 V
tv
4{ts.
+----~-------,
_
~
1
0.8
>
0.6
0.4 0.2
+r~on"norn"nrlTn"~Tn~~~~~~~~
4
t(us)
10
[b]
ib2
V~e
= 259.93 pA,
-5 :S t :S
°us
Problems
7-89
RC In2 < t
600 500 _ 400
1300 .a
4
t(us}
10
P 7.103 [aJ We want the lamp to be in its nonconducting state for no more than 10 s, the value of to: 1-6 10 = R(lO x 10-6) In --6 and R = 1.091Mn 4[b] When the lamp is conducting
VTh
RTh
= =
20 X
= 0 we have
aOOkO
7 = (800)(25) vc(oo) = 40 V;
Vc
1/7 = 0.05
= 40 -
35e-o.05tV,
7-90
15;
...
eO.05tQ =
1.4
= 20 In 1.48 = 6.738
800kO
At t = to we have
40r
25jlF l:V ~
+
Vc
10kQ
40(10)" 910
6
I
~:J J
Jl
(800/81)0
l:V
- = - = 4.05
T
81
20
v
c
40 (t) = - + (40)- 15 81 81
e-4.05(t-to)
40 1175 V = _ + __ e-4.05(t-to) 81 81
.'. 40 + 1175e-4.05(t-to) = 5 81 81
1175 e-4.05(t-to) =
81
e4.05(t-to)
=
365 81
= 60/7.02 = 8.55
[bJ At t = 0 we have
~I++
40vC>
.71 R (kQ)
25jlF
J sv 'c
--
= 25R x 10-3;
1/7 = 40/ R
Problems
Vc
7-91
= 40 -
35e-(40/R)t
40 - 35e-(40/R)to = 15 . to = 40 In 1.4,
R R
in
kO
At t = to:
40vG
r+
=
?'I R (kQ)
+
Vc
25lJ.F 15v ~
10kQ
VTh
10 R + 10(40)
400 R + 10;
T-
_
Vc -
-5
or
4(Rii10)
(t-to)
= 5R -
350
(R+lO)
4(R+1O) eR
3R - 50 _ R-70
t-
to = 4(R
+ 10)
R
In
(3R - 50) R - 70
to + (t - to)
(3R-50) R _ 70
= 5s
=5
dominant term Start the trial-and-error procedure by setting (Rj40) In 1.4 = 5, then R = 200j(In 1.4) or 594.40kO. If R = 594.40kO then t - to r-v 0.29s. Second trial set (Rj40) In 1.4 = 4.7s or R = 558.74kfl. With
R = 558.74 kO,
t-
to ':: 0.30 s
7~92
=~)
(3700)(250 x 10-6) In
(=~~~)
1.80s
L t; - to = RCR I (Vmax - VTh) n R+RL Vmin - VTh RL R+RL 1.3 _ 026' - 1.3+3.7 - . , RC = (3700)(25010-6) = 0.9258 RTh =3.7kll1.3k= 9620
[b] 0 ~ t ~ to:
VL 7"1
= 1000 -
700e-t/71
= RC = 0.925 s
to:::; t ~ t-:
VL =
72
RThC = 962(250)
i
10-6 = 0.2405 s
i=
Graphically,
i versus
i (A) 7
Problems
The average value of i will equal the areas (AI
:. iavg = -~-
7-93
+ A2)
divided by tc'
AI+A2
tc
A =!_
1
3710
t': e-t/0.925
dt
= 0.15 A-s
= 6.475 (1-
A2 =
37 tc 74 to
e-1n7) 370
Q
64e-(t-to)/0.2405
dt
- 1)
74 ( ) - 370 t -t 'C
-= 17.7971
-ln16)
2avg
(0.15 + 0.09436) (1000) = 99.06 rnA 0.9251n 7 + 0.2405 In 16 (1000)(99.06 x 10-3) = 99.06 W kw h rs / yr = (99.06)(24)(365) 1000
= 867 77
[c] Pavg
No.
0f
Cost/year
P 7.106
raJ
Replace the circuit attached to the capacitor with its Thevenin equivalent, where the equivalent resistance is the parallel combination of the two resistors, and the open-circuit voltage is obtained by voltage division across the lamp resistance. The resulting circuit is
RTh
-.'.
RTh = RIIRL = R+R ;
L From this circuit, RRL
:c
vc(O) = Vrnax;
Thus,
VTh)e-(t-to)/r
7-94
= Vmin and
VTh)e-(tc-to)/r -VTh
_
11.= _ID_In
Vmax - VTh
60
+ (30
60
_ 21) 60
e-t/r
where
L/ R.
i = 0.35
+ 0.15e-6Ot/L + 0.15e-30/L
30 L = In3
= 0.40
e30/L = 3;
= 27.31H
t:::; tr,
i=0
+ (30 60
e60tr/L
= 1.25