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Zeal Polytechnic, Pune.: Third Year (Ty) Diploma in Electrical Engineering Scheme: I Semester: V
Zeal Polytechnic, Pune.: Third Year (Ty) Diploma in Electrical Engineering Scheme: I Semester: V
Page 1 of 10
Scheme - I
Instructions:
(1) All questions are compulsory.
(2) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary.
(3) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(4) Sub-questions in a main question carry equal marks.
(5) Assume suitable data if necessary.
(6) Preferably, write the answers in sequential order.
1
c) Discuss the role of capacitor in single phase capacitor start capacitor run induction
motor.
d) Describe the working of synchronous reluctance motor with the help of neat diagram.
e) Draw and explain torque speed characteristics of stepper motor.
2
Scheme - I
Instructions:
(1) All questions are compulsory.
(2) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary.
(3) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(4) Sub-questions in a main question carry equal marks.
(5) Assume suitable data if necessary.
(6) Preferably, write the answers in sequential order.
3
Scheme - I
Instructions:
(1) All questions are compulsory.
(2) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary.
(3) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(4) Sub-questions in a main question carry equal marks.
(5) Assume suitable data if necessary.
(6) Preferably, write the answers in sequential order.
4
22523
11920
3 Hours / 70 Marks Seat No.
Marks
P.T.O.
22523 [2]
Marks
2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12
a) Derive the condition for maximum torque under running condition
of a 3 phase induction motor.
b) A 16 pole, 3 phase star connected alternator armature has
12 slots with 24 conductors per slot and flux per pole is
0.1 wb. sinusoidally distributed. Calculate line emf generated
at 50 Hz.
c) Explain the effect of variable excitation on the behaviour of
synchronous motor under constant load condition.
d) Prove that for a 3z induction motor.
Rotor copper loss = S. Rotor input.
Page No : 1 of 21
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Model Answers
Winter – 2019 Examinations
Subject & Code: Industrial A.C Machines (22523)
1 c) State advantages of short pitch winding over full pitch winding in alternators.
Ans:
Advantages of Short Pitch Winding over Full Pitch Winding in Alternators:
1) Short pitching reduces the amount of copper needed for end connection when
compared with full pitched coil. 1 Mark for
2) They improve the waveform of generated EMF i.e. generated EMF can be each of any
made approximately to sine wave more easily and the distorting harmonics two
can be reduced. advantages
3) Due to the elimination of high frequency harmonics, eddy current and = 2 Marks
hysteresis losses are reduced, thereby increasing the efficiency.
4) The power quality of generated emf is improved.
Page No : 2 of 21
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Subject & Code: Industrial A.C Machines (22523)
2 a) Derive the condition for maximum torque under running condition of a 3 phase
induction motor.
Ans:
Condition for Maximum Torque Under Running Conditions:
Torque produced by three-phase induction motor is given by,
( )( N-m 1 Mark
)
Since synchronous speed NS is constant and the rotor standstill emf E2, rotor
standstill resistance R2 & reactance X2 are constants, the only variable on which
torque depends will be the slip „s‟.
For maximum torque,
[( ) ]
( ) 1 Mark
( ) [( )
]
Page No : 4 of 21
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Subject & Code: Industrial A.C Machines (22523)
( ) ( )
( ) 1 Mark
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 Mark
Thus the motor under running condition produces maximum torque at speed or
slip when rotor resistance is equal to the rotor reactance under running condition.
The maximum torque under running conditions is produced at a speed that
corresponds to the slip value given by the ratio of the rotor resistance to the
standstill rotor reactance (s = R2/X2).
OR Equivalent Derivation
Page No : 5 of 21
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Subject & Code: Industrial A.C Machines (22523)
1 Mark
OR
( )( )( )( )( )
2 Marks for
diagram
If the gross output of the rotor of an induction motor is Pm and its speed is N
r.p.m., then gross torque Tg developed is given by:
Tg = 9.55 N-m 1 Mark
Now,
Page No : 7 of 21
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Subject & Code: Industrial A.C Machines (22523)
3 a) The power input to a 500V 50Hz 6Pole 3Ø induction motor running at 975 rpm
is 40 kW. The stator losses are 1 kW and friction and windage losses are 2 kW.
Calculate :
(i) Seip Slip
(ii) Rotor copper loss
(iii) Shaft power
(iv) Efficiency
Ans:
Synchronous speed NS = 120f/P = 1000 RPM.
3 b) ( )
Prove that = in an alternator.
( )
Page No : 8 of 21
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Subject & Code: Industrial A.C Machines (22523)
Ans:
Distribution Factor of a Winding:
Distribution factor is defined as;
Kd = OR
Kd =
Consider the following figure,
Let be the value of the angular displacement between the slots. Its value is
1 Mark
m = No. of slots/pole/phase.
m = Phase spread angle.
Then the resultant voltage induced in one polar group would be m ES.
Where Es is the voltage induced in one coil side. The following figure illustrates 1 Mark
the method for finding the vector sum of „m‟ voltages each of value Es and
having a mutual phase difference of (if m is large, then the curve ABCDE will
become part of a circle of radius r).
1 Mark
AB = Es = 2r sin(/2)
The arithmetic sum = m ES = m× 2r sin(/2)
The vector sum AE= Er = 2r sin(m/2)
The distribution factor (Kd) is proved as,
( )
( )
1 Mark
( )
( )
3 c) Explain working of resistance split phase single phase induction motor with
vector diagram.
Ans:
Page No : 9 of 21
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Circuit Diagram:
1 Mark for
circuit
diagram
Vector Diagram:
1 Mark for
phasor
diagram
3 d) A 400V, 50Hz seipring slip ring type three phase induction motor is star
connected and has per phase rotor resistance and standstill reactance of 0.5 and
1.5 ohm respectively. Calculate resistance to be added per phase to achieve
maximum torque at starting.
Ans:
1 Mark
=
where,
Page No : 10 of 21
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Subject & Code: Industrial A.C Machines (22523)
Ts = Starting torque
Tm = Maximum torque
a = ratio of rotor resistance per phase to rotor reactance per phase
= R2 / X2
Since, Ts = Tm, =1 Hence, 1=
1 Mark
a=1
Now a=
where Rx = External resistance / phase added to the rotor circuit to
achieve maximum torque at starting 1 Mark
1=
Rx + 0.5 = 1.5
Rx = 1 1 Mark
2 Marks for
diagram
A three phase star connected autotransformer along with suitable change over
switch forms an autotransformer starter.When the switch is in the starting
position, the stator of an induction motor is supplied with reduced voltage
through the autotransformer using suitable tap.This limits the starting current to a
Page No : 11 of 21
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Subject & Code: Industrial A.C Machines (22523)
safe value.Usually 3 tappings per phase are provided to give 50,65 or 80% of the
normal line voltage across the motor terminals.When the motor attains about
80% of its normal speed, the switch is thrown to „RUN‟ position which connects
the motor directly across the supply and cuts out the autotransformer from the 2 Marks for
circuit.These actions may be carried out automatically by time-delay operated working
magnetic contactors. The provision of required taps on the autotransformer
makes the adjustment possible to suit the local conditions. Hence the motor is
started safely by reducing heavy starting inrush current.
2 Marks for
diagram
When single phase supply is applied across the stator winding, an alternating
field is created. The flux distribution is non-uniform due to shading bands on the
poles. The shading band acts as a single turn coil and when links with alternating
flux, emf is induced in it. The emf circulates current as it is simply a short
circuit. The current produces the magnetic flux in the shaded part of pole to
oppose the cause of its production which is the change in the alternating flux
produced by the winding of motor. Now consider three different instants of time
t1, t2, t3 of the flux wave to examine the effect of shading band as shown in the
figure.
At instant t1: The flux is positive and rising; hence the shading band
current produces its own flux to oppose the rising main flux. Due to this
opposition, the net flux in shaded portion of pole is lesser than that in
unshaded portion. Thus the magnetic axis lies in the unshaded portion
and away from shaded portion.
At instant t2: The flux is maximum; the rate of change of flux is zero. So
the shading band emf and current are zero. Thus the flux distribution
among shaded and unshaded portion is equal. The magnetic axis lies in 2 Marks for
the center of the pole. explanation
Page No : 12 of 21
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Subject & Code: Industrial A.C Machines (22523)
2 Marks for
diagrams
Page No : 13 of 21
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further by 90 and when the magnetic axis of the stator and rotor coincide, we
get α = 180⁰. Further if only B phase is excited with reversed current iB, the rotor
moves further by 90 and when the magnetic axis of the stator and rotor
coincide, we get α = 270⁰.
In this way, the sequential excitation of phases A and B with forward and reverse
current, the rotor movements in steps of 90 can be obtained. It is also possible
to obtain steps of 45 by exciting both the phases simultaneously.
2 Marks for
diagram
Working:
When stator is energized with single phase ac supply, rotating magnetic field is
produced because of starting (auxiliary) and main windings, which remain in
circuit permanently. The rotor, which is hysteresis ring, cuts this flux, emf is
induced and eddy currents start circulating in rotor as it is a shorted ring. Thus
eddy current torque is developed along with the hysteresis torque in the rotor.
Hysteresis torque in the rotor is developed because the rotor magnetic material
has high hysteresis loss property and high retentivity. Now the rotor starts
rotating initially as induction motor with speed somewhat less than synchronous
speed and rotor pole axis lagging behind the axis of rotating stator field. 2 Marks for
When the speed of the rotor reaches near about the synchronous speed, then rotor working
poles are locked with stator field poles and then rotor starts rotating with
synchronous speed. At the condition of synchronism, the relative motion
between stator field and rotor field vanishes, hence no eddy current & torque. In
this condition the rotor continues to rotate because of hysteresis torque. This
torque is constant at all speeds and motor runs with perfect synchronous speed.
Due to the principle of magnetic locking this motor either rotates at synchronous
speed or not at all.
Page No : 14 of 21
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Subject & Code: Industrial A.C Machines (22523)
5 a) Explain the activities carried out during weekly maintenance of 3 ph. Induction
motor.
Ans:
Activities Carried out During Weekly Maintenance of 3 ph. Induction
Motor:
1) Check belt tension. In cases where this is excessive it should immediately be
reduces and in the case of sleeve bearing machines the air gap between rotor
and stator should be checked.
2) Blow out windings of protected type motors, situated in dusty locations. 6 Marks
3) Examine starting equipment for burnt contacts where motor is started and
stopped frequently.
4) Examine oil in the case of oil ring lubricated bearings for contamination by
dust, dirt, etc (This can be roughly ascertained on inspection by the colour of
the oil)
OR
Preventive maintenance on a weekly basis includes remedial measures for the
following;
1) Start each motor to determine if it comes up to speed within the normal
time frame.
2) Measure line current and compare to previous records and if it is within the
FLC of the motor‟s nameplate rating. Line currents should be balanced
with in the tolerance limits.
3) Listen to each motor for any unusual noises.
4) Inspect switches, fuses, starter, and other control equipment.
5) Observe any excessive sparking of brushes.
6) Check lubricant levels of bearings and look for any leaks.
Page No : 15 of 21
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2) Consider field current If. The open circuit voltage corresponding to this field
current is E1.The short circuit armature current corresponding to field current
If is I1.On the short circuit, voltage E1 is being used to circulate short circuit
armature current I1 against the synchronous impedance Zs. This is illustrated
in following figure:
Page No : 16 of 21
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Subject & Code: Industrial A.C Machines (22523)
1 Mark for
each point
= 5 Marks
Now = I1ZS
( )
( )
But, OB = and BC =
√[( ) ( ) ]
Page No : 18 of 21
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2 Marks for
diagram
a) When the load p.f. is unity, the effect of armature reaction is wholly distorting.
In other words, flux in air gap is distorted but not weakened. As shown in
figure, at unity p.f., armature flux is 90 electrically behind the main flux. The
result is that the total flux is strengthened at trailing pole tips and weakened at
leading pole tips. However the average flux in the air gap practically remains 3 Marks for
unaltered. explanation
b) When the load p.f. is zero lagging, the effect of armature reaction is wholly
demagnetizing. In other words the flux in air gap is weakened. As shown in
figure, at zero p.f. lagging, the armature flux and main flux are in direct
opposition with each other resulting in considerably reduction in air gap flux
and hence generated emf.
c) When the load p.f. is zero leading, the effect of armature reaction is wholly
magnetizing. In other words the flux in air gap is increased. As shown in
figure at zero p.f. leading the armature flux and main flux are in phase with
each other resulting in considerably increased in air gap flux.
d) For intermediate values of load p.f. the effect of armature reaction is partly
distorting and partly weakening for inductive loads which is shown in figure
for 0.7 lagging p.f. For capacitive loads the effect of flux is partly distorting
and partly strengthening.
OR Equivalent Diagrams & Explanation
b) Draw and explain „V‟ and „inverted V curves‟ for synchronous motor.
Ans:
‘V curves’ and ‘inverted V curves’ for Synchronous Motor:
V curve:
V curve is a plot of the stator current versus field current for different constant
loads. The graph is plotted between the armature current Ia and field current If at
no load. This curve is known as V curve because the shape of this curve is
similar to the letter “V”. For higher values of field current the power factor is
leading whereas for lower values of field current the power factor is lagging.
Similar curves are plotted for various constant loading conditions. When such
Page No : 19 of 21
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Subject & Code: Industrial A.C Machines (22523)
number of V-curves are plotted, the unity power factor line is locus of minimum
armature current. The family of curves for different loads are as shown below:
3 Marks for
diagram and
explanation
of V curves
Inverted V Curve:
When the power factor is plotted against field current for any constant load, the
3 Marks for
shape of the graph looks like an inverted V. Such curves obtained by plotting p.f. diagram and
against field current at various constant load conditions, are called Inverted V- explanation
curves of synchronous motor. The highest point on each of these curves indicates of inverted
unity power factor. V curves
c) List different starting methods of three phase synchronous motor. Explain any
one of them.
Ans:
Different Starting Methods of Three Phase Synchronous Motor:
As synchronous motor is not self starting, different methods of starting are as 1 Mark for
follows: each =
1) By using an Induction (Pony) motor 3 Marks
2) By using a DC Machine / Source
3) By using Damper windings
1) By using an Induction (Pony) motor:
Page No : 20 of 21
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Subject & Code: Industrial A.C Machines (22523)
A small induction motor (pony motor) is directly coupled with the synchronous
motor. The number of poles of the induction motor should be less than the
synchronous motor. First supply is given to the pony motor, when it rotates the
rotor of the synchronous motor near to the synchronous speed, the main switch
and DC switch of synchronous motor are closed. The rotor poles of synchronous
motor are pulled into synchronism. After that, supply to the pony motor is
disconnected and it can be de-coupled from the synchronous motor shaft.
2) By using a DC Machine / Source:
A DC machine is coupled to the synchronous motor. The DC machine works like
a DC motor initially and brings the synchronous motor near to synchronous
speed. The main switch and DC switch of synchronous motor are closed. The 3 Marks for
rotor poles of synchronous motor are pulled into synchronism. Once it is any one
achieved, the DC machine can be operated like a DC generator and DC power methods
generated can be supplied to the rotor of the synchronous motor.
3) By using Damper Windings:
In this method, the motor is first started as an induction motor and then starts
running as a synchronous motor after achieving synchronous speed. For this,
damper windings are used. Damper windings are additional windings consisting
of copper bars placed in the slots in the pole faces. The ends of the copper bars
are short-circuited. These windings behave as the rotor of an induction motor.
When 3 phase power is supplied to the motor, the motor starts running as an
induction motor at a speed below synchronous speed. After some time DC
supply is given to the field winding. The rotor gets pulled into synchronism and
starts running at constant speed as a synchronous motor.
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