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Engineers Wallah Electrical Engineering

Short Notes
Subject: Electrical Machine

Machine (DC Machine)

Lap Winding Wave Winding

A = mP m = 1 simplex
m = 2 duplex A = 2m
m = 3 triplex

High current & low voltage Low current and high voltage

yw = yb – yF =  2m 4(c  1)
yw = y b + y F =
p
+ Prograssive
– Retrogassive

yC =  m 2(c  1)
yc =
p
 2

yw = 2 YC yw = 2 YC

Lap Winding Wave Winding

Power Same Power Same
yb  yF yb = yF (may be possible)
Equilizer ring Not required
Not required Dummy coil

xZ
Total armature resistance Ra =
A2
Where x = Resistance of one conductor
2
Rw  AL 
= 
RL  AW 

Generated EMF Back EMF (motor)

𝑁𝑃𝜙𝑍
N .PZ 𝐸𝑏 =
Eg = 60𝐴
60 A

N = speed rpm
P = pole
 = flux per pole
Z = conductor
A = parallel path

Shunt Generator

Shunt Generator
 3

V
I sh =
Rsh

I a = I L + I sh

Eg = Vt + I a Ra + Brush drop

Shunt Motor

IL = Ia + Ish
V = Eb + Ia Ra
V
Ish =
Rsh

Series Generator
 4

I a = I se = I L

E g = Vt + I a ( Ra + Rse )

Series Motor

V = Eb + I a ( Ra + Rse )

I L = I se = I a

Long Shunt Generator

I a = I L + I sn

Eg =Vb + I a ( Ra + Rse )

V
I sn =
Rsn
 5

Long Shunt Motor

IL = Ia + Ish
V = Eb + Ia (Ra + Rse)
V
Ish =
Rsh

Short Shunt Generator

Ia = IL + Ish
Eg = V+ IaRa + IL Rse

Short Shunt motor

 6

Z Pole Arc
Compensating winding conductor per pole = ×
AP Pole pitch

Current through compensating winding conductor = Ia

Commutation

2I
Reactance Voltage induced in a coil :- VL = L
tC

Current through interpole winding = Ia

Torque, Back emf, Flux & Speed Relation

𝑇 ∝ 𝜙. 𝐼𝑎
Power = T.ω = Eb . Ia
Eb ∝ N . ϕ
Or
Eb
N∝

Shunt motor ϕ = constant
T ∝ Ia, N ∝ Eb
Serial motor

T ∝ I a2

Eb Eb
N∝ 
 Ia
 7

Condition for maximum mechanical power developed

V
Eb =
2
V
I a Ra =
2
% = 50%

Speed control Method

Braking of D.C. Motor

V + Eb
(1) Plugging, I B =
Ra + R ext

Braking current
Eb
(2) Rheostatic braking I B =
Ra + R ext

(3) Ragenerative braking

(1) MMF (Magneto motive force) → F = N .I amp turn

M.M.F N.I
Flux = = (wb)
reluctance rel
 8

 A.T  −1
 or  Henry 
𝑙 𝑀𝑀𝐹
(2) Reluctance → 𝑅𝑙 = 𝜇 𝐴 = ←
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥
 wb 
1
(3) Permeance = → (Henrry)
reluctance

(4) Induced emf → E = 2fN = 4.44fm N

E1
(5) EMF per turn →
N1

E1
= 2f m ,
N1

E2
= 2fm ,
N2

E1 E 2
=
N1 N 2

E1 N1
= =a
E2 N2

(6) Phasor Diagram

At No load
Ic = I0 cos ϕ0
Im = I0 sin ϕ0

I0 = Ic2 + I
m2

(7) Equivalent circuit referred to primary side

 9

2 2
N  N  N 
I'2 =  2  I2 R '2 =  1  R2 x '2 =  1  x2
 N1   N2   N2 

=
I2 = a 2 IR = a2x2
a
 10

Open Circuit Test

(Generally performed on low voltage side)

→ Core Loss / Iron loss Pi = V0.C I0. Cos ϕ0

Pi
IC = Im = I02 − IC2
V0.C

V0.C V
RC = , X m = 0.C
IC Im

Short circuit Test

(Generally performed on high voltage side)
 11

→ Copper loss Pcu = I 2 Req

Pcu Vs.c
xeq = zeq
2
− R eq
2
R eq = 2
, zeq =
I sc Is.c

Sumpner Test

Losses in Transformer (Core Loss / Iron Loss)

Eddy Current Loss

𝑃𝑒 = 𝐾𝑒 𝑓 2 𝐵𝑚
2 2
.𝑡

2
ke = , P = resistivity t = thickness of lamination
6P

Hysteresis Loss
 12

𝑥
𝑝ℎ = 𝑘𝑛 𝑓𝐵𝑚 . 𝑣3
x = stein metz constant
x = 1.6
 v 
m  
 f 

Losses in Transformer (Copper loss/Ohmic loss)

Pcu = I 2 R eq

( Pcu ) x% = x 2 ( Pcu )rated

Efficiency of Transformer

At Rated Load

VI cos 
=
VI cos  + Pi + Pcu

Condition for Maximum Efficiency

Pcu = Pi

Maximum Efficiency
VI cos 
max =
VI cos  + 2 Pi

At x% Rated Load

xVI cos 
=
xVI cos  + Pi + x 2 Pcu
Condition for Maximum Efficiency
Pi
x 2 Pcu = Pi  x =
Pcu

Load KVA at Maximum Efficiency

= xVI

Condition for maximum efficiency for constant current

 13

At UPF Load

Voltage Regulation of Transformer

At lagging Load

I (R eq cos  + X eq sin )
V .R eg =
V
OR
V.Reg = Rp.u cos ϕ + Xp.u sin ϕ
Always +ve

At leading load

I (R eq cos  − X eq sin )
V.Reg =
V
OR
= Rpu cos ϕ – Xpu sin ϕ
+ ve 

−ve 
zero 

Voltage Regulation of Transformer

Condition for maximum voltage Regulation

→ lagging load

=

xeq
tan  =
R eq

R eq
cos  = , (V .R )max = z p.u
zeq

Condition for zero voltage regulation

 14


→ = −  → Leading load
2

R eq
tan ϕ =
xeq

X eq
cos ϕ =
Z eq

Condition for minimum voltage regulation

→ Condition → Load (Pure Capacitor) ZPF leading

IX eq
→ Minimum voltage reg. = – Xp.u = –
V

Auto Transformer

❖ Conductive power transfer = k (Load Power)

❖ Inductive power transfer = (1 – k) Load power
❖ Weight of copper in Auto T/F = (1 – k) copper in 2 winding t/f
❖ % Copper saving = k × 100
Note: k < 1

❖ Per unit full load copper loss in auto transformer = (1 – k) per unit copper loss in 2 winding transformer
❖ Per unit impendance drop in auto transformer = (1 - k) per unit impedance drop in 2 winding transformer
❖ Voltage regulation in auto transformer = (1 – k) voltage regulation in 2 winding transformer
❖ Per unit S.C. current in Auto transformer = per unit S.C. current in 2 winding transformer

Parallel operation of T / F

ZB
SA = SL
Z A + ZB

ZA
SB = SL
Z A + ZB

1
S
Z p.u
 15

3-ϕ T/F

Star Delta

VL = 3V ph VL = V ph
I L = I ph I L = 3I ph

Y – Δ → Primary & secondary

Δ – Δ → Low voltage high power
Y – Y → High voltage & low power (Tertiary Δ winding)
Δ – Y → Secondary distribution T/F

(3-ϕ) Induction motor

N s − Nr
(1) Slip( s ) = s = 1% to 5%
Ns

120 f
Ns = (Synchronous Speed)
P
𝑁𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠)𝑁𝑠

(2) Slip speed s N s = N s − N r

(3) Effect of slip on rotor

f r = sf , E2' = sE2 , x2' = sx2 , R2 = No change

R2
Rotor power factor cos ' 2 =
R22 + ( sX 2 )2

(4) at starting (s = 1)

Starting

3  60 E22 R2
Tst = .
2N s R22 + X 22

Condition for maximum torque

R2 = X2

3  60 E22
Tmax = .
2N s 2 X 2

1
Power factor =
2
 16

Running

3  60 sE 2 R
Tfl = . 2 2 2 2
2N s R2 + ( sX 2 )

R2
R2 = sX 2  sm =
X2

3  60 E22
Tmax = .
2N s 2 X 2

1
Power factor = = 0.707 lagging
2

Tst 2sm R2
= sm =
Tmax 1 + sm2 x2

Ns − Nm
sm =
Ns

T fl 2sm
=
Tmax s + sm2
2

Low slip region T  s

1
High slip region T 
s

Power stage
 17

rotor o / p
=1− s
rotor i / p
R.C.L = s  rotor power input

Type of starter

D.O.L method

2
Tst  I st 
=  s fl
T fl  I fl 
Stator resistance starting / auto T/F starting
2
Tst I 
= x 2  st  s fl x = auto transformation ratio
T fl  I fl 
 

Start delta starting

2
Tst 1  I st 
=   s fl
T fl 3  I fl 

1
x= = 0.577 ← for auto transformer & Y-Δ equal
3
Sv −v = 57.7% S−

Stator Fed I.M

(i) Speed of stator R.M.F w.r.t stator = Ns

(ii) Speed of stator R.M.F w.r.t rotor = sNs
(iii) Speed of rotor R.M.F w.r.t rotor = sNs
(iv) Speed of rotor R.M.F w.r.t stator = Ns
(v) Speed of stator R.M.F w.r.t stator R.M.F = 0

Rotor fed I.M

 18

(i) Speed of stator R.M.F w.r.t stator = SNs

(ii) Speed of stator R.M.F w.r.t rotor = Ns
(iii) Speed of rotor R.M.F w.r.t rotor = Ns
(iv) Speed of rotor R.M.F w.r.t stator = sNs
(i) Speed of stator R.M.F w.r.t stator R.M.F = 0

Ns
Ns −
Slip due to 7th harmonic s7 = 7 =6
Ns 7
N5
Ns −
Slip due 5th harmonic s5 = 5 = 6 = 1.2
N5 7

Single phase I.M

Ns − Nr
Forward slip → S f =
Ns

Ns + Nr
Backward slip ← Sb = = 2− sf
Ns

R2
Rf =
2s f
R2
Rb =
2(2 − s f )

Cascading
u is varaible speed
120 f 120 f 120 f 120 f
, , ,
P1 + P2 P1 − P2 P1 P2
↑ ↑
Cumulative Diffenetial

Synchronous Machine
120 f
Ns =
p
Alternator
 19

E f  = Vt 0 + I a ( Ra + iX s )

Motor

E f  −  = Vt 0 − I a ( Ra + jX s )

Power flow equation (Alternator)

E f Vt Vt2
Pgo = cos( − ) − cos 
Zs Zs
E f Vt Vt2
Pgo = sin( − ) − sin 
Zs Zs
Condition for maximum power transfer
=
Ra = 0
E f Vt
Pgo = sin 
Xs

E f Vt Vt2
Pgo = cos  −
Xs Xs
 at maximum power transfer  = 90

Motor

E f Vt
Pmi = sin 
Xs
Vt2 E f Vt
Qmi = − cos 
Xs Xs