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    How Does It Work?: High Temperature Reservoir

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    siddharthupes
    Thermal energy moves through five loops of heat transfer in an HVAC system: 1) indoor air loop, 2) chilled water loop, 3) refrigerant loop, 4) condenser water loop, and 5) cooling water loop. Vapour compression refrigeration uses mechanical energy to move heat from one location to another via a refrigeration cycle involving a compressor, condenser, expansion device, and evaporator. Vapour absorption refrigeration uses thermal energy in a similar cycle involving an absorber, generator, condenser, and evaporator.

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    How Does It Work?: High Temperature Reservoir

    Uploaded by

    siddharthupes
    59 views28 pages
    Thermal energy moves through five loops of heat transfer in an HVAC system: 1) indoor air loop, 2) chilled water loop, 3) refrigerant loop, 4) condenser water loop, and 5) cooling water loop. Vapour compression refrigeration uses mechanical energy to move heat from one location to another via a refrigeration cycle involving a compressor, condenser, expansion device, and evaporator. Vapour absorption refrigeration uses thermal energy in a similar cycle involving an absorber, generator, condenser, and evaporator.

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    Thermal energy moves through five loops of heat transfer in an HVAC system: 1) indoor air loop, 2) chilled water loop, 3) refrigerant loop, 4) condenser water loop, and 5) cooling water loop. Vapour compression refrigeration uses mechanical energy to move heat from one location to another via a refrigeration cycle involving a compressor, condenser, expansion device, and evaporator. Vapour absorption refrigeration uses thermal energy in a similar cycle involving an absorber, generator, condenser, and evaporator.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    59 views28 pages

    How Does It Work?: High Temperature Reservoir

    Uploaded by

    siddharthupes
    Thermal energy moves through five loops of heat transfer in an HVAC system: 1) indoor air loop, 2) chilled water loop, 3) refrigerant loop, 4) condenser water loop, and 5) cooling water loop. Vapour compression refrigeration uses mechanical energy to move heat from one location to another via a refrigeration cycle involving a compressor, condenser, expansion device, and evaporator. Vapour absorption refrigeration uses thermal energy in a similar cycle involving an absorber, generator, condenser, and evaporator.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 28

    Introduction How does it work?

    High Temperature Reservoir

    Heat Rejected R Work Input

    Heat Absorbed Low Temperature Reservoir


    3

    Introduction
    How does it work?
    Thermal energy moves from left to right through five loops of heat transfer:
    1) Indoor air loop 2) 3) 4) 5)

    Chilled water loop

    Refrigerant loop

    Condenser water loop

    Cooling water loop

    (Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 2004)

    Introduction AC Systems
    AC options / combinations:
    Air Conditioning (for comfort / machine) Split air conditioners Fan coil units in a larger system Air handling units in a larger system

    Introduction Refrigeration systems for industrial processes


    Small capacity modular units of direct expansion type (50 Tons of Refrigeration)
    Centralized chilled water plants with chilled water as a secondary coolant (50
    250 TR)

    Brine plants with brines as lower temperature, secondary coolant (>250 TR)
    6

    Introduction Refrigeration at large companies


    Bank of units off-site with common
    Chilled water pumps Condenser water pumps

    Cooling towers

    More levels of refrigeration/AC, e.g. Comfort air conditioning (20-25 oC)


    Chilled water system (8 10 oC) Brine system (< 0 oC)
    7

    Types of Refrigeration Refrigeration systems


    Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR): uses mechanical energy Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR): uses thermal energy

    Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration


    Highly compressed fluids tend to get colder when allowed to expand If pressure high enough Compressed air hotter than source of cooling Expanded gas cooler than desired cold temperature
    9

    Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration


    Two advantages Lot of heat can be removed (lot of thermal energy to change liquid to vapour) Heat transfer rate remains high (temperature of working fluid much lower than what is being cooled)
    10

    Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration


    Refrigeration cycle
    Condenser 4 3

    High Pressure Side Expansion Device


    Compressor

    1 Evaporator

    Low Pressure Side

    11

    Type of Refrigeration
    Low pressure liquid refrigerant in evaporator absorbs heat and changes to a gas

    Vapour Compression Refrigeration


    Refrigeration cycle
    Condenser 4 3

    High Pressure Side Expansion Device


    Compressor

    1 Evaporator

    Low Pressure Side

    12

    Type of Refrigeration
    The superheated vapour enters the compressor where its pressure is raised

    Vapour Compression Refrigeration


    Refrigeration cycle
    Condenser 4 3

    High Pressure Side Expansion Device


    Compressor

    1 Evaporator

    Low Pressure Side

    13

    Type of Refrigeration
    The high pressure superheated gas is cooled in several stages in the condenser

    Vapour Compression Refrigeration


    Refrigeration cycle
    Condenser 4 3

    High Pressure Side Expansion Device


    Compressor

    1 Evaporator

    Low Pressure Side

    14

    Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration


    Refrigeration cycle
    Condenser 4 3

    Liquid passes through expansion device, which reduces its pressure and controls the flow into the evaporator

    High Pressure Side Expansion Device


    Compressor

    1 Evaporator

    Low Pressure Side

    15

    Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration


    Type of refrigerant Refrigerant determined by the required cooling temperature Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) or freons: R-11, R-12, R-21, R-22 and R502
    16

    Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration


    Choice of compressor, design of condenser, evaporator determined by
    Refrigerant
    Required cooling Load

    Ease of maintenance
    Physical space requirements Availability of utilities (water, power)
    17

    Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration


    Condenser

    Generator
    Hot Side

    Evaporator

    Cold Side

    Absorber

    18

    Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration


    Evaporator

    19

    Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration


    Absorber

    20

    Type of Refrigeration
    Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
    High pressure generator

    21

    Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration


    Condenser

    22

    Type of Refrigeration
    Evaporative Cooling
    Air in contact with water to cool it close to wet bulb temperature Advantage: efficient cooling at low cost

    Disadvantage: air is rich in moisture


    Sprinkling Water

    Hot Air

    Cold Air

    (Adapted from Munters, 2001)


    23

    Assessment of Refrigeration and AC Assessment of Refrigeration


    Cooling effect: Tons of Refrigeration
    1 TR = 3024 kCal/hr heat rejected

    TR is assessed as:
    TR = Q xCp x (Ti To) / 3024
    Q= Cp = Ti = To = mass flow rate of coolant in kg/hr is coolant specific heat in kCal /kg deg C inlet, temperature of coolant to evaporator (chiller) in 0C outlet temperature of coolant from evaporator (chiller) in 0C

    24

    Assessment of Refrigeration and AC Assessment of Refrigeration


    Specific Power Consumption (kW/TR) Indicator of refrigeration systems performance kW/TR of centralized chilled water system is sum of
    Compressor kW/TR Chilled water pump kW/TR

    Condenser water pump kW/TR


    Cooling tower fan kW/TR
    25

    Assessment of Refrigeration and AC

    Assessment of Refrigeration
    Coefficient of Performance (COPCarnot)
    Standard measure of refrigeration efficiency Depends on evaporator temperature Te and condensing temperature Tc:
    COPCarnot = Te / (Tc - Te)

    COP in industry calculated for type of compressor:


    COP = Cooling effect (kW) Power input to compressor (kW)

    26

    Assessment of Refrigeration and AC Assessment of Refrigeration

    COP increases with rising evaporator temperature (Te)

    COP increases with decreasing condensing temperature (Tc) 27

    Assessment of Refrigeration and AC

    Assessment of Air Conditioning


    Measure
    Airflow Q (m3/s) at Fan Coil Units (FCU) or Air Handling Units (AHU): anemometer

    Air density (kg/m3)


    Dry bulb and wet bulb temperature: psychrometer Enthalpy (kCal/kg) of inlet air (hin) and outlet air (Hout): psychrometric charts
    Q h in h out TR 3024
    28

    Calculate TR

    Assessment of Refrigeration and AC

    Assessment of Air Conditioning


    Indicative TR load profile
    Small office cabins : 0.1 TR/m2 Medium size office (10 30 people occupancy) with central A/C: 0.06 TR/m2 Large multistoried office complexes with central A/C: 0.04 TR/m2
    29

    Assessment of Refrigeration and AC Considerations for Assessment


    Accuracy of measurements
    Inlet/outlet temp of chilled and condenser water Flow of chilled and condenser water

    Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV)


    kW/TR for 100% load but most equipment operate between 50-75% of full load IPLV calculates kW/TR with partial loads Four points in cycle: 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%
    30

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