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Quantitative Metallography PDF
Quantitative Metallography PDF
Page no.
1. Abstract …………………………………..(2)
2. Metallography Introduction ……………...( 3)
3. Quantitative Metallography Introduction…(4)
4. Quantitative Metallography Applications...(7)
5. Quantitative Metallography Methods …….(8)
Comparison Method …………………………….(8)
Measurement Method…………………………..(9)
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Abstract
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Metallography
structure
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Quantitative metallography
Quantitative Metallography involves determination of specific
characteristics of a microstructure by making quantitative
measurements on micrographs or metallographic images.Quantities
so measured include volume concentration of phases, grain size,
particle size and surface area to volume ratio of micro constituents.
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adequate sampling must be made to obtain a proper statistical basis
for the measurement. Efforts to eliminate bias are required.
For example, the amount of a phase or constituent, that is, its volume
fraction, is defined in ASTM E 562; manual grain size measurements
are described in ASTM E 112 (equiaxed grain structures with a
single size distribution) and E 1182 (specimens with a bi-modal grain
size distribution); while ASTM E 1382 describes how any grain size
type or condition can be measured using image analysis methods.
Characterization of nonmetallic inclusions using standard charts is
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described in ASTM E 45 (historically, E 45 covered only manual
chart methods and an image analysis method for making such chart
measurements was described in ASTM E 1122. The image analysis
methods are currently being incorporated into E 45). A stereological
method for characterizing discrete second-phase particles, such as
nonmetallic inclusions, carbides, graphite, etc., is presented in ASTM
E 1245.
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Quantitative Metallography
Applications :-
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QUANTITATIVE METALLOGRAPHY
Methods:
Comparison Method
It is a quickest method for routine analysis
• Inclusion rating
• On the micrograph
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Drawing straight lines on the image projected on the
ground glass screen or micrograph .The average grain size
is the total length of the lines divided by number of grains
intercepts and by the linear magnification.
-Comparison method
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- Determination of Particle
size and Number
- Linear analysis
• Drawing straight lines on the image or micrograph ,the length of all
intercepts for a certain phase are summated.
• The Ratio between the summated length and the total length of the
lines is equal to the volume fraction which occupies the structure.
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• For accuracy, large number of grid points must be used.
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_ Determination of Grain size :
Comparison method
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Comparison method ASTM E112 Plate III, Rating of Austenitic Grain
size of copper alloy
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The Root of this value is designated as the average grain size.
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- Determination of Grain size
- Planimetric method (Jeffries method)
Magnification 100X
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- Determination of Grain size
- Intercept method
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Quantitative Metallography Equipments :
with fibre optic illumination and digital photography (Nikon Coolpix 4500)
AxioCam ICc3
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Summary
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representative of the whole. In the matter of arriving at average
values for dimensions of distributed particles one must have a
knowledge of the actual or approximate shape of the particles. Few
particles are actually perfectly spherical. but this is a mathematical
convenience.
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References
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External links
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