Lecture 1 Objectives

EEE 591/445 is a prerequisite for 545 and 547. Motivate the study of microwave circuit design.
Study from the aspects of microwave circuit design. Review skills that students should have developed in previous classes (or from work experience). Prepare students toward real-world project with tools
Field based HFSS Circuit based ADS Combined HFSS and ADS simulations

These classes build-up ground for Microwave systems

Wire-less communications Defense industry: high resolution radars, SLAR, SAR, Microwave radiometers RF Heating, microwave oven, welding, etc. Health care industry, MRI, CT, physical therapy 1 Lecture 1

Microwave generated images by side looking airborne radar (SLAR)

Lecture 1 Courtesy: Microwave Remote Sensing by Ulaby, Moore and Fung

Passive remote sensing: images by microwave radiometer

Courtesy: Microwave Remote Sensing by Ulaby, Moore and Fung

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MRI RF coil and the images: Courtesy MR Instruments, Inc.

Prototype Whole Body TEM Coil @ 4T

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What is a Microwave
Micro= small Electromagnetic waves with small wavelength Small: 1 meter to 1 mm Frequency range: 300 MHz to 300 GHz Classical microwave frequency range: 1 GHz to 30 GHz

Lecture 1

What are some systems whose RF portion works in the frequency range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz?
UHF SATCOM (military) UHF TV Cell phones Wireless LANs Radar (aviation, military, weather, GPR) Public service radios (police, fire) Radio astronomy Communication with space probes Business and family service radios Amateur radio GPS Microwave ovens Secure comm systems for the military (LPI/LPD) DBS MMDS
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Microwave Engineering
Microwave frequency range: 300 MHz to 300 GHz. Below 300 MHz, we can usually use circuit theory to design RF portion of transceiver.
ADS (Advanced Device Simulator) At worst, only the antenna needs to be analyzed using full electromagnetic theory (Maxwells equations), HFSS (high frequency structure simulator)

Above 300 GHz, we can usually use geometric optics (ray tracing) to design systems.
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Microwave Engineering (Contd)

Both circuit theory and geometric optics are special cases of the more general theory of electromagnetism (Maxwells equations). In the microwave frequency range, neither of these approximations can be used to completely characterize the system.
Circuit theory can often be used to analyze much of the system from 300 MHz to 10 GHz. Geometric optics can often be used to analyze much of the system above 60 GHz.
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Why do satellite based systems tend to use microwave frequency range? More bandwidth and hence information carrying capacity is available. Atmosphere is transparent to electromagnetic radiation from about 30 MHz to about 30 GHz (radio window).

Courtesy: Microwave Remote Sensing by Ulaby, Moore and Fung

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Classifications of Microwave Systems

Noise limited vs interference limited Government (military, non-military) vs commercial QoS (quality of service) driven vs capacity driven Example of a Microwave System: Cell Phone: Interference limited, commercial, capacity driven
Complete system must cost $1s or $10s per unit Business is highly commoditized Technology choices will tend to focus on RF-CMOS single chip solutions to drive down cost; performance is a secondary issue.
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Example: Microwave System: Radio Telescope

Noise limited, government (non-military), QoS driven
Complete system may cost $100ks per unit Only one or a few units are ever constructed Technology choices tend to focus on high quality discrete components; performance is tantamount; cost is a secondary factor.

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Aspects of Microwave Circuit Design

Antenna design Transmission media design (microstrip, stripline, waveguide, etc.) Matching network design (L-networks, single- and doublestub matching, multi-section transformers, etc.) Signal (power) distribution (power dividers, and hybrid couplers, etc.) Analog signal processing (e.g., amplitude and phase tapering; attenuators, phase-shifters, etc.) Filter design Low noise or power amplifier design and use in a system (noise and linearity issues). Mixer design Oscillator design SELECTED THREE DESIGNS: MRI, Transceiver, LEPA
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MRI 23cm TEM Coil for 2dB more gain

Short Coil Option

Multiple transmission line

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Tuning stub

h ls

0 s

lT

ls h A-A

Shielding

Magnetic field distribution around field of view

Schematic view and Cross-section view

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Coaxial line passive loads

Multiple transmission line: Parameters found by MoM

Coaxial line passive loads

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Case Study: C/Ku Band Earthstation Antennas

Parabolic
Horn feed

Simulsat
Multiple horn feeds

ATCi Corporate Headquarters 450 North McKemy Chandler, AZ 85226 USA

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Case Study: C/Ku Band Earthstation Antennas

Feed horn is designed so that it will illuminate the reflector in such a way as to maximize the aperture efficiency.

Incoming plane wave is focused by reflector at location of horn feed.

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Case Study: C/Ku Band Earthstation Antennas

A planar orthomode transducer (OMT) is used to achieve good isolation between orthogonal linear polarizations.

Feed horn needs to be able to receive orthogonal linear polarizations (V-pol and H-pol) and maintain adequate isolation between the two channels.
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Case Study: C/Ku Band Earthstation Antennas

To LNB

Feed waveguide (WR 229)

Horn

Stripline circuit with OMT, ratrace and WR229 transitions

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Case Study: C/Ku Band Earthstation Antennas

Layout of the stripline trace layer Single-ended probe WR229 Transitions

Differential-pair probes Ratrace hybrid Vias 50 ohm transmission line

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Case Study: C/Ku Band Earthstation Antennas

Analysis of ratrace hybrid in ADS

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Case Study: C/Ku Band Earthstation Antennas

Resulting layout of ratrace hybrid for analysis in Momentum

Port 1

Port 3

Port 2

Port 4

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Case Study: C/Ku Band Earthstation Antennas

LNB:
LNA
LNB LNB IF Output: 950-2150 MHz (To Receiver)

Mixer

BPF

The two linear polarizations each are fed to a LNB (low noise block).

Local Oscillator

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Case Study: C/Ku Band Earthstation Antennas

Analysis of Design in ADS
Ratrace Hybrid Horn

WR229 Transitions Lecture 1

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Combined HFSS-ADI simulation

Lens enhanced phase array for 60 GHz antennas
Hybrid LEPA configuration

L1 10mm L2 60mm F 20mm G 10mm a1 a2 2.5mm

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Lens enhanced phased array for 60 GHz antennas

Beam-Steerable Antennas are important for radio communication at high frequencies
the directivity of the antenna constitutes an essential term in the link budget steer-ability is necessary for sustaining connectivity between mobile nodes.

Common Methods of Implementation

Phased Array Transceivers with bipolar or CMOS integrated phase shifters Planar Lens-Array Antennas combined with a switchable array of feed antennas at their focal plane
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Introduction
Advantages Phased array transceivers with bipolar or CMOS integrated phase shifters have been extensively researched in recent years, in both industry and academia. Limitations

Phased Array Approach

The maximum practical size of the array is restricted to smaller than 8 8, or more realistically 4 4.

Planar Lens-array Approach

The elimination of the phase shifters and lossy feed networks renders this approach low cost and easily scalable.

(1) discrete beam positions (2) need for RF switches (3) relatively large depth (4) widely spread feed array geometry (5) Not available for compact devices Lecture 1
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Lens enhanced phased array for 60 GHz antennas

Lens-Enhanced Phased Array (LEPA) consists of a small phased array and significantly larger lensarray. Replacing the feed array with the phased array, it offers several advantages:
reduces the depth of the system (from F to G) eliminates the need for RF switches enables high resolution scanning allows for some level of power combining rather than putting the burden of radiation on a single feed at any given time We examine the feasibility of this approach via a 60 GHz 28 Lecture 1 case study.

Base Line Designs

We first simulate two cases: The PA radiating alone and the LA being excited by actual switchable point-source feeds.

Figure 2 Simulated radiation pattern of the 44 PA for (0,0) and (45,45) scan angles.

The dramatic drop in directivity indicates a poor scan performance that is characteristic of shallow lenses (F/D <1, where D is the lens diameter).
Figure 3 Simulated radiation pattern of the 2424 LA for (0,0) and (45,45) scan angles (F=20 mm).

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LEPA Simulations with Virtual Point Source

Figure 4 Simulation results for LEPA set for radiation towards (0,0). Calculations for F= 20 mm, G= 10 mm. Green squares on (b), (c) indicate the lit region in each case. (a) PA phase profile, (b) LA output phase, (c) LA output amplitude, (d) radiation pattern. Lecture 1
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(a)

(b)

(d)

(c)

LEPA Simulations with Virtual Point Source

Figure 5 Same as Fig.4 with LEPA set to scan to (45,45).

(a)

(b)

(d)

(c)

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Fig. 9 the final simulated output phase across the lens and radiation patterns for the (a) (0,0) and (b) (45,45) beam angles.

LEPA with Improved Lens Design

(a). Normal incidence: Phase and amplitude

(b). Oblique incidence: Phase and amplitude

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Three-layer Element Design

Design one element of a1 by a2 in LEPA (p. 25)
Topology and Materials:
Three Metal layers (i.e. copper)
One Rogers 3001 Bonding Film ( Two Rogers RT/duroidTM 5880 Substrate ( Dimensions: Side Length: 2500um Total thickness (About 43mil): Substrate: 381um (15mil) Bonding Film: 38um Metal: 18um Corner Via: 500um (Diameter)
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) )

Three-layer Element Design (HFSS)

3-pole (red) 4-pole (blue)

0.00

200.00

0.00

200.00

150.00 -10.00

150.00 -10.00

100.00

100.00

-20.00 50.00

-20.00 50.00

deg

dB

dB

-30.00

0.00

-30.00

0.00

-50.00 -40.00

-50.00 -40.00

-100.00

-100.00

-50.00 -150.00

-50.00 -150.00

-60.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 Freq [GHz] 65.00 70.00 75.00

-200.00

-60.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 Freq [GHz] 65.00 70.00 75.00

-200.00

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Simplified Geometry of 32 GHz LEPA Unit

Top View from positive Z-axis x y
Bottom Slot Antenna Slot Line Resonator

Eout
Top Slot Antenna

Einc
Substrate: Rogers RT/duroid 5880 h=381um=15mil Bonding film ~ 38um

Copper (zero thickness for simple)

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Created 3D Geometry Model in HFSS

element

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Setting Boundaries and Excitation

For FSS (frequent selective surface) structures, we use Master/Slave boundaries and Floquet Port in HFSS. Master and Slave Boundaries enable you to model planes of periodicity where the E-field on one surface matches the Efield on another to within a phase difference.
They force the E-field at each point on the slave boundary match that at corresponding point on the master boundary. They are useful for simulating devices such as infinite arrays.

Floquet Port in HFSS is used exclusively with planar-periodic structures. Chief examples are planar phased arrays and frequency selective surfaces when these may be idealized as infinitely large. The analysis of the infinite structure is then accomplished by analyzing a unit cell. To create AirBox
Position (-2340, -2340, -4381) XSize 4680; YSize 4680; ZSize 8800
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Setting Boundaries and Excitation

After finishing the above settings for Master1 and Slave1, you can see the boundary condition like the right figure. It is similar to set Master2 and Slave2 on the other sets of side faces.

It is easier to set FloquetPort2 on the bottom face, for you will find that A and B direction are done already according to the previous settings in FloquetPort1. Lecture 1

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Analyzing and Creating Solution Reports

Be sure to save the project in time! To run the project:
HFSS > Analyze all

To create reports:
HFSS > Results > Create Rectangular Report Report Window: Solution: Setup1 Sweep1 Domain: Sweep Category: S Parameter Quantity: S(FloquetPort1:1, FloquetPort1:1) => S11 S(FloquetPort1:1, FloquetPort2:2) => S12 Function: we choose dB for amplitude and deg for phase
Note: We use two modes to represent polarization rotation in this case. The choice of Quantity depends on what are Mode 1 and 2. You can check them in Project Manager Window > PortField Display to make sure the right S parameters are displayed.
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Analyzing and Creating Solution Reports

Solution report from HFSS
Ansoft LLC
0.00

XY Plot 1

HFSSDesign1

ANSOFT

200.00

150.00

-10.00 100.00

50.00 -20.00

0.00

-30.00 -50.00

-100.00 -40.00

-150.00

-50.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 Freq [GHz] 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00

-200.00

deg

dB

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 To generate .sNp file from HFSS

Co-simulation with HFSS and ADS

HFSS > Results > Solution Data > Export Matrix Data Save the solution as sNp file

To load S parameters to ADS, in the ADS:

Data Items > S4P Find the *.s4p file by browse File type: Touchstone Add Term and Ground to each port and set Z0=375 ohm (because of deembeding in HFSS)

Then you can do the simulation and plot S parameter results mode/polarization of HFSS in ADS.
S11: S(FloquetPort1:1, FloquetPort1:1) S(1,1) S12: S(FloquetPort1:1, FloquetPort2:2) S(1,4)
Phys. HFSS ADS Lecture 1
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Co-simulation with HFSS and ADS

To plot S parameter results of HFSS in ADS.
0 200

-10 100

phase(S(1,4))

dB(S(1,4)) dB(S(1,1))

-20 0 -30 -100 -40

-50 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

-200

freq, GHz

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Equivalent Circuit
Equivalent circuit of AFA structure. Here I use Tlines-Stripline for parameters in the table. You can also use Tlines-Ideal as the figure shows.
Ra Ca La n Cf W L 500 1.03pf 0.0218nH 0.293 0.0097pf 225um 2860um

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Equivalent Circuit
To realize Equivalent Circuit in ADS
Term 1~4 for S parameters from HFSS Term 5, 6 for equivalent circuit

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Co-simulation with HFSS and ADS

Tune ADS result (blue) according to that from HFSS (red).

0 -10

200

100
phase(S(5,6)) phase(S(1,4))

-20
dB(S(5,6)) dB(S(5,5)) dB(S(1,4)) dB(S(1,1))

-30 -40 -50

-100

-60 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

-200 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

freq, GHz

freq, GHz

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