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    Marine Fisheries Introduction and Status

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    Astrini Nurul Sentanu
    Marine fisheries are an important resource but many stocks are overexploited or depleted. Near-shore ecosystems are most productive but significant predator declines have occurred. While production peaked in the 1980s, aquaculture now provides more fish.

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    Marine Fisheries Introduction and Status

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    Astrini Nurul Sentanu
    118 views36 pages
    Marine fisheries are an important resource but many stocks are overexploited or depleted. Near-shore ecosystems are most productive but significant predator declines have occurred. While production peaked in the 1980s, aquaculture now provides more fish.

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    Marine Fisheries Introduction

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    Marine fisheries are an important resource but many stocks are overexploited or depleted. Near-shore ecosystems are most productive but significant predator declines have occurred. While production peaked in the 1980s, aquaculture now provides more fish.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    118 views36 pages

    Marine Fisheries Introduction and Status

    Uploaded by

    Astrini Nurul Sentanu
    Marine fisheries are an important resource but many stocks are overexploited or depleted. Near-shore ecosystems are most productive but significant predator declines have occurred. While production peaked in the 1980s, aquaculture now provides more fish.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 36

    Marine Fisheries: Introduction and Status

    by Wynn W. Cudmore, Ph.D. Northwest Center for Sustainable Resources


    DUE# 0757239
    This project supported in part by the National Science Foundation. Opinions expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Foundation.

    Global map of cumulative human impact across 20 ocean ecosystem types

    A. Global oceans B. Eastern Caribbean C. North Sea D. Sea of Japan E. Torres Strait Northern Australia

    From: B. S. Halpern et al., Science 319, 948 -952 (2008) reprinted with permission from AAAS

    Recent reports on the status of marine fisheries

    What is a fishery?

    The resource The habitat The people involved

    NOAA Photo Library Kip Evans

    ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies / Marine Photobank

    NOAA Photo Library

    World Fisheries Production 1950-2006

    UN FAO

    Top species contributing to marine capture fisheries production in 2004


    Production (millions of metric tons)

    Anchoveta Alaska pollock Blue whiting Skipjack tuna Atlantic herring Chub mackerel Japanese anchovy

    10.7 2.7 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.8

    Most fish are harvested within 200 miles of shore


    Upwellings Continental shelves Estuaries

    NEFSC (NOAA)

    NASA, MODIS Rapid Response Team

    Nearshore ecosystems are the most productive fishing grounds

    NOAA

    U.S. tuna and swordfish longline effort


    No. of long line sets

    Atlantic Ocean

    Fig. 1 from Baum, et al. 2003 Science 299:389-392 reprinted with permission from AAAS

    MILLER. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections and Solutions Brooks / Cole Reproduced by permission

    Seamounts
    Former volcanoes that emerge from the seafloor

    NEFSC NOAA

    Global Distribution of Seamounts

    14,000 large seamounts (elevation > 1,500 m) Could be as many as 200,000 seamounts, knolls, pinnacles (Hillier & Watts 2007)
    Seas Around Us - Kitchingman & Lai 2004

    Seamounts as Fish Habitat


    Currents and upwellings around seamounts concentrate plankton and increase productivity

    Fisheries Centre, Aquatic Ecosystems Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia

    Orange Roughy

    Orange Roughy and other deep water species

    Stephen McGowan, Australian Maritime College, 2006 / Marine Photobank

    Trend in Mean Depth of Catch Since 1950

    Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

    Marine fish are categorized according to their habitat

    Demersal species bottom-dwelling

    Haddock

    Flounder

    Cod

    Pelagic species open water

    Anchovy

    Tuna

    Mackerel

    Northeast Fisheries Science Center

    Harvest of fish from high seas areas has increased since 1950

    High seas areas lie outside of the Exclusive Economic Zone of any country (>200 miles)
    UN FAO

    Campbell, Neil A.: Mitchell, Lawrence G.; Reece, Jane B., Biology: Concepts and Connections, 2nd Edition, 1997, p. 711. Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

    NCSR et. al.

    A Marine Biomass Pyramid

    Euphausid crustaceans

    Diatoms, dinoflagellates, and other phytoplankton

    Importance of fish as a food source

    Nearly 144 million metric tons(mmt) produced annually for consumption


    (92 mmt from wild capture, 52 mmt from aquaculture)

    More than 2.6 billion people get at least 20% of their animal protein from fish and shellfish 30-90% for some coastal and island regions

    Tsukiji Fish Market Tokyo, Japan

    Wikipedia

    Fish as food: per capita supply

    UNFAO

    Top ten U.S. fish species


    Shrimp Tuna Salmon Pollock Catfish Tilapia Crab Cod Clams Flatfish

    Northeast Fisheries Science Center

    Status of Marine Fisheries a historical perspective


    Until recently in the balance between productivity of fish populations and peoples ability to catch fish, the fish were favored. Iudicello, et al.
    1999

    World capture fisheries production


    (1950-2006)

    UN FAO

    Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

    Status of Marine Fisheries

    In 2004, 52% of world fish stocks were fully exploited, 25% were overexploited or depleted

    Large predatory fish have declined globally by 90%


    At least 42% of U.S. fisheries are being overexploited

    UNFAO Antonio Pais

    Evidence for rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities

    Data from Myers and Worm (2003)

    Mean Catch Rates of Sharks in the Gulf of Mexico - 1950s vs. 1990s
    Mean catch rate/1000 hooks
    5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

    Mid 1950s 1990s

    Oceanic white tip

    O ce

    Si lk y M ak o H am Tig m er er he ad Bl ac kt Sa ip nd ba Sp r in n T h er re sh er

    an

    ic

    hi te tip

    Tiger

    Hammerhead Mako
    Data from Baum and Myers (2004) / Images from Wikimedia

    Fisheries Collapses
    Atlantic cod Atlantic salmon Pacific sardine

    Haddock
    Atlantic halibut Peruvian anchovy

    Collapse of the Atlantic Cod Fishery off Newfoundland

    Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

    Are any marine fish endangered?

    Blue hake

    Roundnose grenadier

    NOAA - Northeast Fisheries Science Center

    Reprinted with permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Nature, 439, 7072. 2006

    Some good news for a change?


    Worm, B., et al. 2009. Rebuilding global fisheries. Science 325:578-585.

    In 5 of 10 well-studied ecosystems average exploitation rate has recently declined 63% of assessed global fish stocks still require rebuilding Fisheries and conservation objectives can be met by using a variety of management actions (catch restrictions, gear modification and closures)

    COMPASS, E. Neeley

    Summary

    Marine fisheries are an important biological and cultural resource Near-shore ecosystems are the most productive Significant numbers of stocks (especially large predators) are overexploited or depleted Capture fisheries production probably peaked in the 1980s Aquaculture provides an increasing proportion of total fish production
    OAR / National Undersea Research Program (NURP); Alaska Department of Fish and Game

    Photo Credits

    Baum and Myers (2004) Communication Partnership for Science and the Sea (COMPASS), E. Neeley Fisheries Centre, Aquatic Ecosystems Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UNFAO) Marine Photobank- ARC Centre for Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Stephen McGowan, Antonio Pais Millenium Ecosystem Assessment MILLER, Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections and Solutions Myers and Worm (2003) NASA - MODIS Rapid Response Team Nature one figure reprinted with permission NOAA- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Ocean Explorer, Kip Evans, Russ Hopcroft, Jerry McLelland, B. Sheiko Science multiple figures reprinted with permission from AAAS Seas Around Us - Kitchingman & Lai 2004 Wikipedia, Wikimedia

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