Dphot: Understanding Light, F Numbers and Aperture - Lenses

DPHOT
Understanding Light , F Numbers and Aperture Lenses

Lecture 4
Exposure Calculator Sensor / Film Speed Camera Shake
Last Time
text
Combined image
Red, Green, and Blue channels after interpolation
Pure white light is perceived as colourless, it actually contains all colours in the visible spectrum. When white light hits an object, it selectively blocks some colours and reflects others Only the reflected colours contribute to the viewer's perception of what we call - colour.
What is Photography?
The more decades I do this, the more I realize everything in photography comes down to one word: vision. KenRockwell Photography is a snapshot. It's purpose serves the artist in recording, as the artist seems fit, a time frame, or record, that reflects the artist's thoughts or ideas. Damien
Franco
Light is the most important part of every photo we take, it's what creates everything that we see and affects how it appears Photography is both an art and a science. Photography allows us to express our feeling and emotions, but to do so we need to master the scientific part of the medium.
Alain Briot
Its not What you see...... Its HOW you see it Its about capturing light ....the core essence of a photographers art is the ability to control and manipulate light.
A true photographer is a master of light
Exposure ....... ++++++
A Legacy of Light
Natural sunlight is constantly in flux
Artificial Light
Tungsten Light Halogen Light Electronic Flash Fluorescent Light
Need to White Balance !
Our Digital Cameras
CIE Chromaticity Diagram
Represents the colours the average human can perceive ?!
Colour Gamut
Represents the colours reproduced by man with RGB devices

approx 16 million
text
Number of colours Reproduced by CMYK Printable colours
The human eye senses this spectrum using a combination of rod and cone cells for vision. Rod cells are better for low-light vision, but can only sense the intensity of light Cone cells can also discern colour, they function best in bright light.
Three types of cone cells exist in your eye, each being more sensitive to either short (S), medium (M), or long (L) wavelength light. The set of signals possible at all three cone cells describes the range of colours we can see with our eyes.
Theory of Light
Theory of Light
Photography Using Light

Cloudy Bright Flash
everything in photography comes down to one word: vision. art or process of producing images on a sensitized surface by the action of radiant energy and especially light. Art of painting with light capturing a moment in history
EXPOSURE
Aperture +/- Shutter Speed = Exposure
+ a few other things.........
Aperture Shutter Speed
Aperture
Aperture is the degree to which the iris or diaphragm inside the lens is opened. Aperture, also, affects the depth of field and therefore which portions of the image will be in focus. The diaphragm is just like the iris in your eye; it can be closed or stopped down to block off a portion of the light coming through the lens.
The Aperture setting is calibrated in f-stops intervals, which is indicated by a series f numbers related to the optical properties of the lens. confusing is the way that the aperture numbers work, the larger the physical aperture the smaller the f-stop number and vice versa.
Aperture f-stop settings are designed to let in half as much light each time you move to the next larger aperture Slightly confusing, the smaller the f-stop number means the larger the aperture. Therefore, an aperture of f-4 will allow more light to the film than an aperture of f-16
Shutter Speed
txt
Exposure is a Combination/Balance
LIGHT Aperture - Shutter Speed
EXPOSURE + other things .....
Exposure
aperture time
1. f 22 2. f 2.8 3. f 8
1/4000 sec 3 sec 1/250 sec
Exposure is a Combination/Balance
LIGHT Aperture - Shutter Speed + other things......
Camera Lens
Lens
Converging Lens
Focal Point
Diverging lens
Focal Length
defined as the distance in mm from the optical centre of the lens to the focal point, which is located on the sensor or film if the subject (at infinity) is "in focus".
FOCAL LENGTH OF A LENS
The focal length of a lens determines its angle of view, and thus also how much the subject will be magnified for a given photographic position.
Wide angle lenses have small focal lengths, while telephoto lenses have larger corresponding focal lengths.
FOCAL LENGTH OF A LENS
Making a Lens
3 Part video
Focal Length Multiplier

Many digital SLRs have sensors smaller than the sensitive area of 35mm film. Typically the sensor diagonal is 1.5 times smaller than the diagonal of 35mm film
Digital SLR and 35mm film camera use lenses with the same FOCAL LENGTH
Information projected by a 200mm lens onto the 35mm film frame area
The sensor with FLM of 1.5X captures only part of the information projected by the 200mm lens into the 35mm film area.
Digital SLR and 35 mm film camera use lenses to achieve the same FOV
300mm lens onto the 35mm film frame area
Information projected by a 200mm lens onto the sensor with FLM of 1.5X. The Field of View is the same as the 300 mm lens on the 35mm camera
Focal length and Perspective
So what can you see ? The longer the focal length the more jumps the church (background object) towards the lamp - the perspective gets COMPRESSED. On the other hand the wide and especially the ultra-wide angle setting moves it away thus creating DEPTH. The 50 mm setting represents the perspective as you can see it with your naked eye.
DEPTH OF FIELD
Depth of field is the range of distance around the focal plane which is acceptably sharp. The depth of field varies depending on camera type, aperture and focusing distance
f/8.0
f/5.6
f/2.8
CONTROLLING DEPTH OF FIELD
There are several situations where controlling depth of field is important. The most common is portrait photography.
Aperture of f 22, the model is in focus, but so is the background
By increasing the aperture to f 5.6, we can make sure that only the subject is in focus. A blurred background is much less distracting, and the distance between the subject and the background is far more apparent.
Another situation in which depth of field is an important issue is landscape photography. Here it is often important to get the maximum depth of field possible, so it is usual to use the smallest possible aperture. This shot was taken using and aperture of f22, to ensure that both the foreground and distant background are in focus.
Auto White Balance Custom
Next Time
Kelvin Tungsten Fluorescent

Daylight Cloudy Flash Shade ISO
text
Simplified diagram of the arrangement of lens

Our subjects are the three spots, red, green and blue, which are at different distances from the camera. The camera lens is focused on the green spot, which means that light from the green spot passes through the aperture and the lens and is focused on the CCD. Light from the red and blue spots also passes through the aperture and lens, but light from the red spot focuses a short distance in front of the CCD, while light from the blue spot would focus a short distance behind it.
Simplified diagram of the arrangement of lens

The light from these other spots still hits the CCD, but due to light scattering it is unfocused and spread over a wide area. What this means is that the red and blue spots will appear as large blurred spots on the final image, while the green spot will be sharp and in focus. The size of the blurred area of the red and blue spots is called the circle of confusion.
Circle of Confusion.
Imagine a single point of light cast onto the surface of film or paper. If the image is totally in focus then that point should appear as a point. But if the image is out of focus then the point will appear as a small blurry disc. Now, no lenses are optically perfect. So any point will appear as a blurry circle when enlarged enough even at the most perfect focus attainable. The smallest circle that looks like a point to the eye is considered the circle of confusion. The concept is particularly important to depth of field calculations. Values of 0.025mm and 0.03mm are typically cited as reasonable circle of confusion diameters for 35mm film.

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DPHOT

Understanding Light , F Numbers and Aperture Lenses

Exposure Calculator Sensor / Film Speed Camera Shake

Red, Green, and Blue channels after interpolation

A true photographer is a master of light

Exposure ....... ++++++

Need to White Balance !

Our Digital Cameras

CIE Chromaticity Diagram

Represents the colours the average human can perceive ?!

Represents the colours reproduced by man with RGB devices

Number of colours Reproduced by CMYK Printable colours

Photography Using Light

Aperture +/- Shutter Speed = Exposure

+ a few other things.........

Aperture Shutter Speed

LIGHT Aperture - Shutter Speed

EXPOSURE + other things .....

1/4000 sec 3 sec 1/250 sec

LIGHT Aperture - Shutter Speed + other things......

FOCAL LENGTH OF A LENS

FOCAL LENGTH OF A LENS

Focal Length Multiplier

300mm lens onto the 35mm film frame area

Focal length and Perspective

CONTROLLING DEPTH OF FIELD

Aperture of f 22, the model is in focus, but so is the background

Auto White Balance Custom

Kelvin Tungsten Fluorescent

Simplified diagram of the arrangement of lens

Simplified diagram of the arrangement of lens

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