SURVEY, SYSTEM DESIGN, ENGINEERING FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS AND GUIDELINES FOR SURVEY

CONTENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Transmission Concepts. Parameters for path loss calculations Survey of LOS links: Preliminary survey Map studies Detailed survey Guidelines for LOS Survey Transmission Planning Guidelines For Cellular Systems

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SURVEY, SYSTEM DESIGN, ENGINEERING FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS AND GUIDELINES FOR SURVEY
1. Objective of the Course: - Demand for Wireless media has increased manifolds due to flooding of Mobile and WLL systems. Telecommunication Industry at present is most competitive market. Survey, system Design and Engineering for Line of Sight Links (Transmission Planning) plays a very important role. For Proper Design of the Network following have to be worked out. Map Study and Physical Survey of the terrain between two points to be linked. Working out Antenna Heights and Tower heights. Working out of reliability of link with well defined equipment parameters. Link Budgeting of Access (Loop or Tandem) and Backbone Links PCM Planning. Frequency Planning Interference Calculations
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2.

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LINE OF SIGHT LINKS (LOS)

AIMS OF THE COURSE
TO ENABLE YOU TO PLAN LINE OF SIGHT POINT TO POINT MICROWAVE LINKS AND PERDICT THE PERFORMANCEOF THE LINK YOU HAVE PLANNED. STUDY OF SURVEY OF INDIA MAPS, MARKING OF SITES, ESTABLISHING OF HOP AND LOCATION OF CRITICAL POINTS. CARRY OUT SURVEY, WHICH IS MOST IMPORTANT PART OF LINK DESIGNING TO FIND OUT WHAT IS GOING TO BE THE TOWER HEIGHTS BETWEEN ANY TWO POINTS OF A HOP. FOR GIVEN DATA ON EQUIPMENT, ANTENNA, FEEDER CABLE/WAVEGUIDE, RAIN REGION, CLIMATE ETC. WORK OUT FADE MARGIN AND RELIABILITY/AVAILABILITY OF LINK.

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LINE OF SIGHT LINKS (LOS)

(PURPOSE AND REQUIREMENT) 1. 2. Purpose For the establishment of short / long haul LOS links Feasibility studies Submission of tenders Up gradation of existing links Requirements of LOS links Signals follow straight lines Signals are affected by free space attenuation and precipitation Use of frequencies greater than 150 MHz Use of spread spectrum and time sharing techniques
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TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
A simplified transmission system:

Transmission Media
Transmitter

Receiver

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TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
Types of Media: 1. Open wire copper cable system 2. Coaxial cable systems 3. High frequency radio communication systems 4. Line of sight communication systems 5. Troposphere scatter systems 6. Satellite communication systems 7. Optical fiber cable systems

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TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
Transmission Concepts: 1. Decibel (dB):- The decibel is a unit that describes a ratio. Number of decibels (dB)=10 log10 P2/P1, P1 is lower and P2 is higher power.
P1 If P1=1W P2=2W Gain dB=10 log 2/1 =3 dB Network P2 P1=1000W P2=1W Loss dB=10 log 1000/1 =30 dB

2.

dBm:- Is a power level related to 1 m W power (0 dBm=1 mW) Power (dBm) = 10 log power (mW)/1 mW If power of an amplifier is 20 W, Whats it output in dBm? Power dBm = 10 log 20x103 mW/1 mW = + 43 dBm (Plus sign indicates that the quantity is above reference of 0 dBm) If input to a network is 0.0004 W, Whats the input in dBm? Power dBm = 10 log 4 x 10-1 mW/1 mW = - 4 dBm (minus sign indicates that the quantity is below reference of 0 dBm)
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TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
3. dBW:- is extensively used in microwave applications. It is an absolute decibel unit referred to 1W. Power level (dBW) = 10 log power (W) /1 W (+30 dBm=0 dBW) dBmV:- is extensively used in video transmission. It is voltage level in decibels above and below 1 mV across 75 . Voltage level dBmV =20 log mV/1 mV 10 V = + 80 dBmV 1V = + 60 dBmV 1mV = 0 1V = -60 dBmV
R K DHAMMI dBm +66 +60 +33 +33 +30 +30 +27 +20 +10 dBW +36 +30 +13 +3 0 0 -3 -10 -20 Watts 4000 1000 20 2 1 mill watts 1000 500 100 10

4.

+7
0 -10

-23
-30 -40

5
1 0.1

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TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
Signal-to-Noise Ratio: The signal-to-noise ratio expressed in decibels (dB) is the amount by which a signal level exceeds its corresponding noise.
60 Signal

30 2 0 0 Noise Frequency

S/N dB = Signal Level dBm Noise Level dBm Noise Figure: All networks active or passive contribute noise to a transmission system. The noise figure is a measure produced by a practical network compared to an ideal network i.e. one that is noise less. For a linear system noise figure is expressed by:NF (dB) = 10 log 10 Signal-to-Noise in / Signal-to Noise out
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TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
Effective Isotropic ally Radiated Power (EIRP): This is an antenna performance expressed in dBm or dBW over an isotropic antenna, which radiates energy uniformly in all directions and has a gain of 1 or 0 dB and is an imaginary antenna used as a reference. High Frequency Radio (HF): Radio frequency transmission between 3 and 30 MHz is called HF. HF propagation is characterized by ground waves and sky wave component. Ground waves follow surface of the earth and can provide useful communication up to about 650 Km. Sky waves permits reliable communication (up to 90 % path reliability) for distances of 6500 Km and even more. The ionosphere is the key to HF sky wave communication*.

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TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
Terminal, Repeater (R/R), Drop Insert, Hop and Link concept for LOS links:
Terminal-B Microwave Vs OFC Route Hop-10 65 Km

R/R-9
139 Km R/R-7 Drop Insert-4 Hop-4 R/R-3 130 Km Hop-3 R/R-1 Hop-1 Hop-2 Terminal-A R/R-2 Hop-5 Hop-7 Hop-6 R/R-5 Hop-8 Drop Insert-8 Hop-9

R/R-6

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LINE OF SIGHT LINKS (LOS)

(LINK ENGINEERING)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Selection of sites which are in line-of-sight of each other Selection of an operational frequency Development of path profiles to determine economic tower heights Path calculations so as to achieve Desired reliability for given fade margin and threshold level Making path survey to ensure correctness of steps 1-4 Equipment configuration to achieve fade margins Establishment of frequency plan Finalization of bill of quantities Placement of orders for equipments & towers Installation testing and commissioning of links

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LINE OF SIGHT LINKS (LOS)

(LINK ENGINEERING) GENERAL FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENTS (BANDS) FREQUENCY WAVE LENGTH (CM) 1. LF : 30 kHz-300 kHz 2. MF : 300 kHz-3 MHz 3. HF : 3 MHZ-30 MHz 4. VHF : 30 MHZ-300 MHz 5. UHF : 300 MHz-3GHz 6. SHF : 3 GHz-30 GHz 100mm-10mm 7. EHF : 30 GHz-300 GHZ THESE BANDS ARE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO SUBBANDS
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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (Limitations of Line of Sight Systems)

How far we can go: The range of LOS microwave systems is limited by: Curvature of earth-Actual Technical radio characteristics (K-factor)-Modified Earth Curvature Actual Obstructions en-route in each hop RF effect of fresnel zone Path loss Transmitter power Antenna gains Transmission line looses Frequency of operation Received power Receiver threshold Signal to noise ratio Fade margin required Desired reliability of link

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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (Design of Line of Sight Microwave Links)
Link Design: The design of microwave links, involves three sets of calculations. 1. Working out antenna heights for the link. K-factor is major dominant variable. Earth bulge. Fresnel zone radius. Actual obstructions on the route Path Loss Operating frequency. Path profile: it indicates the distance from one of the transmitter site where obstructions to the line of sight radio link may occur. The object of this calculation is to arrange tower heights along the entire route of the link, so that an obstruction in the path does not enter into the fresnel zone by a specified amount for a specified K-factor used.
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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (Design of Line of Sight Microwave Links)
2. To determine equipment and other parameters for each hop. Transmit power. Antenna type and gain. Transmission type. Other losses. (Absorption, Diffraction, Reflection or Scattering etc.) Maximum received power. Receiver threshold. This will decide the thermal fade margin, which we will be able to get for each hop. 3. To determine the reliability of each hop and overall reliability of the link. Climatic factor. Terrain roughness. Average annual temperature Annual rain. This will decide, what is total expected outage time per annum for each hop as well as for the entire link.

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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (Free Space Loss)

PROPAGATION:
1. Free space loss: consider a signal is traveling between transmitter at A to a receiver at B. There is for a given frequency and distance, a characteristic loss. This loss increases with both distance and frequency. It is known as free space loss.
Free space loss LdB=92.44+20 log10 F+20 log ( 10 D Where F is in GHz and D is in km's. If D is 40 Km and F is 6 GHz, then free space in dB LdB=92.44+20 log 40+20 log 6 =92.44+20*1.6021+20*0.7782 =92.44+32.042+15.564=140.046 dB
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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (Free Space Loss)

Free space loss: Example:- Free space loss if F=2.5 GHz and D=30 Km FSL (dB) = 92.44 + 20 log 2.5 + 20 log 30 =92.44 + 20*0.398 + 20*1.478 =92.44 + 7.96 + 29.56 = 129.96 dB Now, if F=7.5 GHz (changed) and D=30 Km (unchanged) FSL (dB) = 92.44 + 20 log 7.5 + 20 log 30 =92.44 + 20*0.875 + 20*1.478 =92.44 + 17.5 + 29.56 = 139.5 dB Now, if F=2.5 GHz (unchanged) and D=40 Km (changed) FSL (dB) = 92.44 + 20 log 2.5 + 20 log 40 =92.44 + 20*0.398 + 20*1.602 =92.44 + 7.96 + 32.04 = 132.44 dB It can be seen, that, free space loss increases both with distance and frequency

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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (Fictitious Earth Curvature)

2. Earth bulge and K-factor: The propagation of radio beam is affected by atmospheric conditions and the obstructions on the way. It can be subjected to: Diffraction Reflection Refraction Most important is refraction, which is caused by changes in the density of atmospheric layers confronted by the radio beam front. The curvature of earth and slight bending of waves as it is refracted downwards by the earths atmosphere are two factors, that, must be considered while making path profiles. The earths curvature and microwave beam refraction are combined to form fictitious earth curvature or earth bulge. EARTH CURVATURE (M) = 0.078 x d1 x d2 / K WHERE K = EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS/TRUE EARTH RADIUS EARTH BULGE = d1 x d2 / 12.75 x K EARTH BULGE FOR K=4/3 = d1 x d2 / 17 EARTH BULGE FOR K=2/3 = d1 x d2 / 8.5

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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS

( TOWER HEIGHT FOR DIFFERENT VALUES OF K)
ACTIVITY d1 distance from higher station d2 distance from lower station D hop distance Ea higher HASL UNIT F=6.5 GHz Km Km Km M 15 15 30 400 F=6.5 GHz 16 16 32 400 F=2.4 GHz 21 21 42 400 F=2.4 GHz 22.5 22.5 45.0 400

Eb lower HASL
Ep height of obstruction Earth bulge for K=4/3 (d1 x d2 /17) Earth bulge for K=2\3 (d1 x d2/8.5)

M
M M M

300
330 13.23 26.46

300
330 15.06 30.12

300
330 25.94 51.88

300
330 29.78 59.56

F first fresnel zone radius

0.3 F Clearance CL-1=K 4/3 + F

M
M M

19.76
5.93 32.99

20.44
6.13 35.50.

40.60
12.18 66.54

42.18
12.66 71.96

Clearance CL-2=K2/3 + 0.3 F

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32.39

36.25

64.06

72.22
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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (EARTH BULGE FOR VARIOUS K- FACTORS)

DISTANCE FROM CENTER OF PATH d

h=2d2/3K h is in feet and d is in miles h d 15

10.58

112

225

DEPARTURE FROM A LEVEL TANGENT, h

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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS

(Fresnel Zone)
3. Fresnel zone: The radio beam energy travels in an ellipsoidal wave front, the different components of which maintains different path lengths. The distance from microwave beams center is commonly measured in fresnel zones to take into account both frequency and distance. The first fresnel zone (FFZ) is the surface of the point along which the distance to the ends of the path is exactly wave length larger than the direct end to end path. FFZ radius in meters=17.32d1*d2/fD Where d1 & d2 are in kms, f is the frequency in GHz and D is the hop distance in Kms. In order to achieve a free space propagation condition for a radio beam at least 60 % of FFZ should be cleared under the standard atmospheric condition of K=4/3.

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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS

(Fresnel Zone)
FFZ radius in meters=17.32d1*d2/fD, 1. If f=2.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=32.99 M 2. If f=4.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=24.03 M 3. If f=6.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=19.75 M 4. If f=7.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=17.32 M 5. If f=18.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=11.43 M FFZ radius decreases with increase in frequency. 1. If f=2.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=32.99 M 2. If f=2.5 GHz and D=34 Km, then FFZ=35.33 M 3. If f=2.5 GHz and D=36 Km, then FFZ=36.46 M 4. If f=2.5 GHz and D=40 Km, then FFZ=38.64 M 5. If f=2.5 GHz and D=50 Km, then FFZ=43.73 M FFZ radius increases with increase in distance.
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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (KNIFE-EDGE LOSS CALCULATIONS)

FRESNEL ZONE NUMBERS +10 OBSTRUCTION ZONE INTERFERENCE ZONE R=1.0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0 R=0

-10 dB -20

R= REFLECTION COEFFICIENT -30

-40 -1

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-0.5

0.5

CLEARANCE / FIRST FRESNEL ZONE

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1.0

1.5

2.0

24

2.5

PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (FIRST FRESNEL ZONE AND EARTH BULGE)

f
BUILDING

EARTH BULGE NATURAL EARTH FEATURES

d1

d2

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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (PROPAGATION CONDITIONS)

PERFECT IDEAL AVERAGE DIFFICULT BAD

STANDARD ATMOSPHERE

NO SURFACE LAYER OR FOG

SUBSTANDARD, LIGHT FOG

SURFACE LAYERS, GROUND FOG

FOG, MOISTURE OVER WATER

TEMPERATE ZONE, NO FOG, NO DUCTING, GOOD ATMOSPHERE, MIX DAY & NIGHT K=1.33

DRY, MOUNTAINOUS, NO FOG.

FLAT, TEMPERATE, SOME FOG

COASTAL

COASTAL, WATER, TROPICAL

K=1.00-1.33

K=0.66-1.00

K=0.66-0.50

K=0.50-0.40

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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS

(REFLECTION POINT)
The reflection point area lies between a k-factor of grazing (k=1) and a k-factor of infinity. From the profiles, possible reflection points can be obtained. The object is to adjust tower heights, such that, the reflection point is adjusted to fall on land area, where the reflected energy is broken up and scattered (forest/wooded area). Water bodies and other smooth surfaces cause reflection, which is undesirable. Figure will assist in adjusting the reflection point. It uses a ratio of tower heights h1/h2, where shorter tower is always h1 and distance expressed is always from h1. By adjusting the ratio h1/h2 the reflection point can be moved. For a highly reflective path, we may go in for space diversity.

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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS

(REFLECTION POINT)

Distance to Reflection Point/Total Distance

0.5 0.4

d1 / D

0.3 0.2 0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Ratio of Tower Heights h1 / h2

1 1.0 . 0

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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (DIVERSITY OPERATION)

Diversity Operations is based on the fact, that, radio signals received over different paths will have different levels i.e. if one is faded, other may not. The separation may be in: Frequency Space (Including angle of arrival and polarization) Polarization Diversity (Fade may not be same on both polarizations) Angle Diversity ( Split energy at feed horn and signals arrive on separate paths) Most common are Frequency (separated by 2-3 %) and Space (separated by 100200 , so that the reflected wave travels wave length further than the normal path). The space diversity improvement can be calculated by Vagrant's formula applied to fading margins. The improvement factor on fading margin is: Le=10 log (1.2 x10-3 x S2 x V2 x fm/d), where: S= Separation between the antennas V= Power ratio between the two receivers f = Frequency in GHz m= Selective margin (Number) d= Hop distance in Kms Improvement is limited to 200. Greater improvement can be obtained by combining frequency and space diversity.

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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS

(RECEIVER SENSITIVITY, FADE MARGIN AND SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO)
Receiver Sensitivity: Sensitivity or Threshold Power of receiver is the level of signal which would produce a 30 dB signal to noise ratio out of the base band of an analogue receiver, or a bit error ratio (BER)=10-4 out of the base band of a digital receiver. Typically it is -70 to -90 dB. Fading: Received Signal vary with time due to multipath fading and rain etc. Refractive index of atmosphere varies with Temp. humidity and pressure which in turn cause the electromagnetic waves to change direction. Another cause for Multipath fading is ground reflection. So a fade margin is built in Link Designing. Fade Margin: The fade margin is the power level, that, the unfaded received signal can fall to until it reaches the receiver threshold. This margin will vary depending on geographic and climatic conditions of different geographic areas and desired reliability of the system. Typically it is 20-40 dB. Fade Margin dB=Prx-Pthresh Signal to Noise Ratio: Its the minimum power difference between the wanted received signal and received noise. Signal/Noise Ratio (dB)=10 log10 (Signal Power/Noise Power) Typically it is > 50 dB, logically it should be more than the Fade Margin, so that it is always below the threshold level.

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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (System and Link Reliability)

Reliability of the link: Outage time for each hop and for the complete link is to be worked out, which in turn will give the over all reliability of the link in terms of percentage. Rayleigh fading chart is given below. Single hop reliability (%) Fade Margin 99.9 28 dB 99.99 38 dB 99.999 48 dB CCIR defines its availability objective for radio relay systems over a hypothetical reference circuit as 99.7 %. Resulting unavailability 0.3 % is of three components. Outage due to power failure Outage due to equipment failure Outage due to propagation It is reasonable to allot 50 % of the outage time to power and equipment failures and 50 % for propagation. Considering propagation alone, system should have an availability (reliability) of 99.85 % apportioned across the 2500 Km route. This provide guide to establish a per hop propagation reliability for a particular system. Planner rather first set the limit for the reliability and for wide band links it is better than 99.99 %.

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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (LOS LINK GAINS AND LOSSES SIMPLIFIED)

ANTENNA GAIN EIRP= + 60.5 dBm

Misc. Loss=2dB LINE LOSS EACH=1.5 dB

27dBm LINE LOSSES

ANTENNA GAIN EACH END=35 dB

FREE SPACE LOSS=139.2 dB dB 11 GHz

LINE LOSSES RECEIVER ANTENNA GAIN INPUT -47.2 dBm -68dBm

20 Km

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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (LOS LINK GAINS AND LOSSES SIMPLIFIED)
TRANSMIT Transmit Power Antenna Gain Feeder Loss EIRP PATH LOSS Path Length Frequency Free Space Loss RECEIVE Antenna Gain Feeder Loss Net Gain 35 1.5 33.5 20 11 139.2 27 35 1.5 60.5 dBm dBi dB dBm Km GHz dB dBi dB dB

MISC.
RECEIVE POWER
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Combiner Loss
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-47.2

dB
dBm
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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (DETAILED PATH LOSS CALCULATION SHEET)
Site from: to: Link name: Equipment type: Frequency: Transmit power: Nominal received power: Receiver threshold: Desired fade margin: Desired reliability: Hot standby / frequency diversity and / or space diversity: Azimuth A B: Azimuth B A: Path length: Path length:
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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (DETAILED PATH LOSS CALCULATION SHEET)
SL. NO. DESCRIPTION ADD OR SUBTRACT UNIT COMMENTS

1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

FREE SPACE LOSS

CONNECTOR LOSSES (SUM) CIRCULATOR LOSSES (SUM) POWER SPLIT LOSSES (IF ANY) DIRECTIONAL COUPLER LOSSES (SUM) TRANSMISSION LINE LOSSES (SUM) OTHER LOSSES (SUM) ANY OTHER LOSSES (RADOM) SUM OF LOSSES

MINUS
MINUS MINUS MINUS MINUS MINUS MINUS MINUS

dB
dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB SUM OF TRANS. AND RECEIVE SUM OF TRANS. AND RECEIVE RECT. TO CIRCULAR WAVE GUIDE SUM OF TRANS. AND RECEIVE SUM OF TRANS. AND RECEIVE

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PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (DETAILED PATH LOSS CALCULATION SHEET)
SL. NO. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 DESCRIPTION ADD OR SUBTRACT PLUS PLUS PLUS OR MINUS PLUS PLUS OR MINUS UNIT COMMENTS

TRANSMIT POWER TRANS ANTENNA GAIN TRANSMIT REFLECTOR GAIN OR LOSS RECEIVE ANTENNA GAIN RECEIVE REFLECTOR GAIN OR LOSS SUM OF GAINS INPUT LEVEL TO RECEIVER (9-15) RECEIVER THRESHOLD FADE MARGIN DIVERSITY IMPROVEMENT RELIABILITY OF THE HOP OUTAGE BOTH WAYS - SECONDS

dbm dB dB dB dB dB dbm dbm dB NO % SECONDS

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SURVEY OF LOS LINKS

(PRELIMINARY SURVEY)

Topography of an area is to be extensively studied with the help of detailed survey maps. Initial study of the given link Aerial/quick survey of terrain/map study Selection of media of communication LOS/OFC/Satellite etc Formulation of best route & an alternate route Selection of tentative sites & repeaters Most techno economical media and route to be finalized
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SURVEY OF LOS LINKS

(PRELIMINARY SURVEY)

1.

Points to ponder for site selection Near approach roads for accessibility Near power supply lines to avoid solar power Small hillocks gives height advantage & reduced tower heights Avoid lakes big water reservoirs Dense forests fine Study of other routes around the area
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SURVEY OF LOS LINKS

(MAP STUDIES)
It will be found, that, a through map study will narrow down the problem considerably particularly in case of multi-repeater systems with a wide range of choices. By checking a number of possible routes from map data alone, it will be usually possible to reduce the choice down to a few alternatives 1. Survey maps are available for every country & now digitized in most of the countries 2. Survey of India Topographical maps in different scales of (1:250,000, 1:50,000 and 1:25,000) provides most excusive information 3. Indias co-ordinates are Longitude 68 to 96 degrees E Latitude 8 to 36 degrees N 4. For preliminary survey i:2,50,000 scale or larger scales to be studied where as for detailed survey 1:50,000 or 1:25,000 scales are required 5. Tentative sites to be marked on the maps 6. Each hop needs detailed study for working out exact tower heights

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SURVEY OF LOS LINKS

(MAP STUDIES-INDEX OF MAPS)
36

43
32

52 53 54 55

61 62 63 64 71 72 73 77 82 78 83 79 84

39
28

44 45 46

40
24

41
Latitude N 20 16

47
48
12

56
57 58

65
66

74

85
86 87

49
8

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68

72

76 80 Longitude E of Greenwich

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88

92

96

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SURVEY OF LOS LINKS

(MAP STUDIES)
Survey of India have divided India in to blocks and maps numbered. Each 1:250,000 sheet contains sixteen 1:50,000 sheets, which are numbered from 1-16 i.e. say number 84 is divided into 16 segments 84 A to 84 P as shown opposite. Each such map is in the scale of 1: 250,000.

A
1:2,50,000 Scale

B
C D

F
G H

J
K L

N
O P
41

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SURVEY OF LOS LINKS

(MAP STUDIES)
Each segment is further divided in to 16 sections say 84 A/1 to 84 A/16, which are 1:50,000 scale. For 1:25,000 scale maps, each map is further divided into 4 viz 84 A/2 will have 84A/2/NW, 84A/2/NE, 84A/2/SW and 84A/2/SE. Most likely sites will be located on different maps, which may have to be joined to study individual hops

1
1:50,000 Scale
1:25,000 NW

13

NE SE

6
7 8

10
11 12

14
15 16
42

SW

3 4

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SURVEY OF LOS LINKS

(MAP STUDIES)
PATH PROFILING 1. After tentative terminals or repeater sites are selected, draw a straight line on maps connecting two adjacent sites 2. Carefully trace from one site to another, marking all obstacles or obstructions and possible points of reflection 3. Mark the mid point, which is point of maximum earth bulge and to be marked as obstacle 4. Path profiles are plotted on rectangular graph paper or recorded for feeding in to computer 5. HASL of all obstacles between two sites marked on the map are to be taken in to account at 1-2 km interval 6. Carefully mark water bodies viz lakes, rivers, ponds etc for evaluation of reflection points. 7. Contour interval is at 5/10/20 M, bench mark heights can be located in the maps, heights of most of the hill tops is also given. 8. Study of maps will give an idea, which of the critical points have to be visited and how to approach them during actual survey.
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SURVEY OF LOS LINKS

(MAP STUDIES-RELEVANT POINTS TO BE CHECKED FOR PATH PROFILING )

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Contour interval: It may be at intervals of 5,10, 20 M or more. Bench Marks and other heights: It is required to ascertain the HASL of site in question. Roads, cart tracks, foot paths: For approach to site and to look around for any obstruction on both sides in a hop. Dams, rivers, lakes and other reflecting bodies: For any reflection points in a hop. Hills, sand dunes, rocky slopes, cliffs: For any critical obstruction points (OB). Town, villages, towers, chimneys: For calculating OB points. Communication Towers, Broadcasting stations, TV stations, Airports: For checking interference from other media.

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SURVEY OF LOS LINKS

TRANSFER OF TERRAIN DATA
IN THE SOFTWARE MODULES TERRAIN PROFILE IS PREREQUISITE. THIS CONSISTS OF A TABLE OF DISTANCE AND ELEVATION BETWEEN TWO SITES OF ANY HOP. TERRAIN PROFILE IS CREATED IN THE SOFTWARE MODULE BY ANY METHOD. 1. AFTER DETAILED STUDY OF MAPS AND ROUTE SURVEY MANUAL ENTRY OF CO-ORDINATES, ALTITUDES AND DISTANCES FROM TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS. SOFTWARE WILL CREATE A PROFILE. 2. MANUAL ENTRY OF CO-ORDINATES AFTER SITE VISITS, SOFTWARE HAVING A MAP SOURCE OF THE REGION WILL READ FROM TERRAIN DATA BASE AND CREATE A PROFILE. TERRAIN PROFILE MODIFICATIONS 1. TERRAIN PROFILES TAKEN FROM MAP SOURCES USUALLY SHOW LESS ALTITUDES AT STEEP HILL TOPS THERE BY INCREASING THE TOWER HEIGHTS. THIS TYPE OF ERROR CAN BE CORRECTED BY ACTUALLY VISITING THE HILL TOP AND CHECKING THE HEIGHT BY HIGH RESOLUTION ALTIMETER.
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(DETAILED SURVEY - LIST OF INSTRUMENTS) 1. 2. 3. Laptop with software tool and map source loaded Global positioning system (GPS map 76-s or GPS-V) Digital or analogue THEODOLITE/TELESCOPE with compass as an attachment 4. Digital altimeter 0.5 m resolution 5. High resolution binoculars (Stinger-German) 25 Km range 6. Digital Camera - Sony 7. WALKI-talkie 1.2 GHz range 8. WALKI-talkie VHF range 9. Digital or Analogue compass 10. Heliograph/Mirrors/Lamps for Line of Sight Tests
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SURVEY OF LOS LINKS

(DETAILED SURVEY - LIST OF INSTRUMENTS) 11. Topographical Maps 1:50,000 (Best) For preliminary work out 1:2,50,000 or large scale maps are helpful. In hilly areas where contours are too close 1:25,000 maps are useful. 12. Measuring tape 5 and 50 m. 13. ROTRING scale 1:100, 125, 200, 250, 500, 750 14. Reporting Performa : To be completed before leaving 15. Magnifying glass 16. Stationary items 17. Topographical instruments 18. Ladders, Poles, flags, first aid kit, Helmets, safety belts, shoes, water, Identity cards, letter of authority. 19. Balloons with flags at 1 M interval
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(DETAILED SURVEY SYSTEM DESIGN MIRROR TEST)
Mirrors required for mirror tests: A perfect way of cross checking LOS. 1. Two mirrors are scratched in the shape of a red cross as shown. 2. Scratched portions are joined back to back, faces are out side.
Size of the mirror should be such, that, it can be held In the hand. Mirror is held in hand and light of Sun is allowed to fall on the mirror. Sun light will be seen on the Palm and its reflection in the mirror. Now, the mirror is so adjusted, that, it is directed towards the direction of other station whose Azimuth is known and mirror is tilted such, that, parallax is Removed Between rays falling on the palm and its reflection in the Mirror. The person at other site Can see reflected signal, if LOS Is there. This test is very useful 1. For cross checking of LOS. 2. Useful in Metros having high rise buildings and map study has no relevance. 3. Between two hill tops, where detailed maps are not available and many critical obstructions are seen. 4. If LOS is there, one can see mirror up to hundreds of Kms. Reflection side of Mirror - 2 Scratched side of Mirror 1 & 2

Reflection side of Mirror - 1

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(DETAILED SURVEY GPS APPLICATIONS)
1. Measurements of exact latitude, longitude and altitude of site or for bench marking. Measurements of areas without triangulation. Oceanic and en route navigation. Precise airfield and landing aid locations. Direct routing of aircraft for fuel saving. Monitoring air craft locations in flight. Search and rescue. Tracking and recovering stolen vehicles. Offshore drilling research. Location of containers in marine terminals. Maintaining security of VIPs. Train control and collision avoidance. Hydrographic surveying. Placing and controlling satellites in orbit.
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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

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SURVEY OF LOS LINKS GPS MAP 76 S

GPSMAP 76 S IS A GPS AND MAPPING TOOL.. THE S STANDS FOR SENSORS BECAUSE IT INCORPORATES A GPS RECEIVER, BAROMETERIC ALTIMETER AND AN ELECTRONIC COMPASS THAT DELIVER PRECISE LOCATION, ELEVATION AND BEARING INFORMATION. THE UNIT CAN TAKE A BASE MAP WITH A PLENTY OF MEMORY (24 MB) FOR DOWNLOADING MAP SOURCE DATA, IT IS WAAS (WIDE AREAAUGUMENTATION SYSTEM) ENABLED PRODUCT. COLLECT DATA FROM THE REFERENCE STATIONS AND CREATE A GPS CORRECTION MESSAGE. THIS CORRECTION IS APPLIED TO THE WAAS- ENABLED GPS RECEIVERS.
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(DETAILED SURVEY SYSTEM DESIGN)
Path design: the basic purpose in engineering a radio relay path in microwave range is to achieve a path which will meet the requirements for long term medium noise and also ensure, that, outages due to fading, below the predetermined value is minimized. Regardless of system size, for proper system operation, it is essential for each hop to have adequate clearances under all atmospheric conditions. To determine clearances, the actual topography of the path and also the height location of obstacles along the path, such as multistoried buildings, chimneys, trees, water bodies are taken into account. In a relatively flat country a practical rule of thumb is, that, repeater spacing are generally limited to 25-40 Km with tower heights up to 100 M. Actually, it depends on the topography of terrain. Can any one imagine, that, LOS communication to two terminals which are at a distance of 28 Km is possible with six hops having 3 active and 3 passive repeaters*.
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(DETAILED SURVEY SYSTEM DESIGN)
Determining precise co-ordinates, ground elevation (HASL), pinpointing potential obstacles on the point-to-point microwave path is a critical part of the design process. Path survey consists of five basic steps. 1. Step one-site documentation: Site location maps to be studied thoroughly to obtain best access route to the site On the way to site make note of the distances and time taken from a well known reference point-mettle road- un-mettle roadcart road-foot path right up to the site. Description of accessibility to site is very important for the visit by future teams. Re-location of site if required If it is existing site detailed information may have to be collected from the concerned agency viz existing tower, equipment room, power plant lay outs and their details etc All collected data to be re-confirmed
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(DETAILED SURVEY SYSTEM DESIGN)
2. Step two-site location verification: if site is new it is to verified from maps, THEODOLITE, electronic distance/height meter, known bench mark position. After proper verification of the site following data is to be collected. Site co-ordinates: six digit co-ordinates to be marked. Cross checked by GPS, maps. HASL: cross checked from near by bench mark, barometric altimeter of 0.5 m resolution, maps and GPS. Marking of tower center from minimum three reference points with bearing angle from north and distance- near by hill top, chimneys, buildings, transmission tower or any permanent structure. This is again important for the visit by future teams. Marking of preferably true north/otherwise magnetic north*. Marking of azimuth (Map) of each antenna and checking of near end obstructions: use THEODOLITE, prismatic compass and distance height meter. Tower height, antenna heights and AZIMUTHAL angles.

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(DETAILED SURVEY SYSTEM DESIGN)
Types and sizes of antennas. Type and length of transmission lines. Transmitter output power. Receiver input level, receiver threshold level and requirement of fade margin. Check on space diversity requirements. Number of main and stand by transmitters and receivers. Laptop/small computer can be very handy at site. Operating frequencies for future equipments. Take photographs of site, which may be useful for identification in future. Take note of the type of soil and soil samples can be taken for laboratory testing. This will be useful for economical design of the tower.

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(DETAILED SURVEY SYSTEM DESIGN)
If site is existing, complete lay-out of site is to be made. Existing tower: 1. Type and height of towers, guyed, mast. Take photos. 2. Type, heights, AZIMUTHAL angles of each antenna and availability of space for the type and at proposed height for new antennas. 3. Availability of space for proposed transmission lines on the run way and at wave guide entry point to equipment room. 4. If there is some problem for items at Para 2 & 3, proposal to be submitted in report. Existing equipment, power plant rooms: 1. Type of existing equipments, their operating frequencies & power etc. Lay out to be drawn. 2. Type of power plant, capacity, existing loads and spare capacity also in case solar power is used. 3. Take photos for various equipments.

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(DETAILED SURVEY SYSTEM DESIGN)
3. Step three-identification of critical points along the path. On the maps two sites are joined by a thin straight line. Determine the height, width of all obstructions along the path and HASL at each point for all potential obstructions. Record the man made obstructions, trees, chimneys etc. all above HASL at 1-2 km Intervals, specially record center point obstruction. Allow for future growth of trees and other vegetations for minimum 10 years. Visit every likely critical point to ascertain its height and check other parameters. Determine the width of water bodies, other reflecting points falling along the route. Take mirror tests if after calculations, it is found, that, it is feasible*. Some clients insist on propagation tests, which is neither a practical nor viable approach*.
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(DETAILED SURVEY SYSTEM DESIGN)
4. Step four-path profile: path profiles are drawn based on the detailed survey report. It can be manually or by computerized software. Hop wise data required is given below. Site names. Co-ordinates of each hop. HASL of each site Hop distance (If co-ordinates are fed to computer software, you get hop distance and azimuthal angles) HASL of each obstruction and its height including near-end obstructions. Clearance criteria being adopted. Say Cl=k 4/3 + 100% ffz AND OR Cl=k 2/3 + 30% FFZ Frequency band of operation. With the above parameters antenna heights in each direction of operation can be worked out and hence the tower height at each sight.

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(DETAILED SURVEY SYSTEM DESIGN)
5. Step five-detailed survey report: the report apart from antenna and tower heights already worked out will need reliability calculations for each hop and for the complete link. Determine following parameters. Transmitter power Size and gain of antennas for main and diversity operations (if applicable) Type and transmission line losses for main and diversity operations (if applicable) Other losses Receiver threshold Received power of receiver Signal to noise ratio We get Fade Margin and reliability/availability for each hop. The complete exercise can be worked out manually with the help of a calculator. But now a days different Software's are available for Path Loss Calculations, which has made the job simple for the Engineers.

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FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (LINK DETAILS) (SYNOPTIC OF THE LINK)

96.5M 83.4M 93.2M 86.5M 55M 48M 55 M 41.9M 50 M 100 M 85 M 84.2M

80.2M 8

73.4M 0 . 70.2M 2
52.6M 85 M

74.2M

50.0M 50 M

29.96 Km PARULIA MANKAR

35.33 Km BURDWAN

46.61 Km BELMURI

43.75 Km 9.75 Km HOWRAH CALCUTTA

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GUILDLINES
(SURVEY FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS)
Line-of-Survey Team basically consists of: Transmission (Tx) Planner LOS coordinator LOS Survey Teams 1. Survey Instruments: - Transmission Planner to ensure, that, LOS coordinator and LOS Survey Teams have minimum Survey gadgets which are (not limited to) given below. Laptop with Microwave Planning Tool having requisite digital terrain database maps of the area under study and data bases for the equipments to be used for designing the entire network. Paper maps of Minimum 1:50,000 scales or less. It is essential, that, LOS Survey teams have one set of maps while carrying out survey, another set of maps to be with LOS coordinator

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GUILDLINES
(SURVEY FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS)
Magnifying Glass, graph paper, stationary items Scientific Calculator Copy of Network Design Criteria Global Positioning System (GPS) Digital/Analogue Altimeter (0.5/1.0 M resolution) High Resolution Binoculars Digital Camera Rotring Scale 1 : 100, 125, 200, 250, 500, 750 Measuring Taps 5 and 50 Meter Communication Equipment-Mobile/Walkie-talkie Teodolite/Telescope Prismatic Compass Heliograph/Mirrors Lamps with Reflectors Blimps/Balloons with flags at 1 Meter interval Ladders/Poles/Flags/Helmets/Safety Belts etc.
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: Essential : Essential : Essential : Essential : Essential : Essential : Essential : Essential : Essential : Essential : Optional : Optional : Optional : Optional : Optional : Optional
61

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GUIDELINES
(SURVEY FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS)
2. Clear Cut Idea of Design Criteria: - Transmission Planner, LOS coordinator and LOS Team members should have not only copies of Design criteria with them, but also should have clear cut idea of Network Design. Map Studies: - It will be found, that, a through map study will narrow down the problem considerably for access network in general and multi-repeater systems with a wide range of choices in particular. By checking a number of possible routes from map data alone, it will be usually possible to reduce the choice down to a few alternatives. Map study done in advance even for individual hops (both access and backbone networks) is likely to reduce time taken in field to half. It is desirable, that, LOS Surveyors make it a habit to carry out map study of the area before visiting the sites.

3.

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GUILDLINES
(SURVEY FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS)
4. Site marking: - Determining precise co-ordinates, ground elevation (HASL), pinpointing potential obstacles (trees, buildings etc.) on the point-to-point microwave path is a critical part of the design process. Site location maps to be studied thoroughly to obtain best access route to the site On the way to site make note of the distances and time taken from a well known reference point-mettle road- un-mettle road-cart roadfoot path right up to the site. Description of accessibility to site is very important for the visit by future teams. If it is existing site detailed information may have to be collected from the concerned agency viz existing tower, equipment room, power plant lay outs and their details etc. All collected data to be re-confirmed. If site is new site is too verified from maps. After proper verification of the site following data is to be collected.

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GUILDLINES
(SURVEY FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS)
Site co-ordinates: six digit co-ordinates to be marked. Cross checked by GPS, maps. Altitude (HASL): Site altitude is to be properly checked and cross checked from near by bench mark, barometric altimeter of 0.5/1.0 M resolution, maps and GPS. Correct altitude of site and intervening terrain will determine the Tower Heights at both ends. Marking and making lay out of site with some reference points with bearing angle from north and distance viz near by hill top, chimneys, buildings, transmission tower or any permanent structure. This is again important for the visit by future teams. Marking of azimuthal angle (from Map) towards other site. Check near end obstructions by using compass, binoculars/Teodolite/distance height meter. Site Data Form to be completed in all respects before leaving the site. Photographs to be taken for site details and towards each azimuthal antenna direction.

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GUILDLINES
(SURVEY FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS)
5. PATH PROFILING After two site of a hop is finalized, draw a straight line on maps connecting two adjacent sites. Carefully trace from one site to another, marking altitudes of all obstacles or obstructions and possible points of reflection Mark the mid point, which is point of maximum earth bulge and to be marked as obstacle Path profiles are plotted on graph paper and/or recorded for feeding in to computer software. Altitudes of all obstacles between two sites are marked on the map and verified by actual visit along the line of sight direction from site A to site B are to be taken in to account at 1-2 km intervals (In case of Access Network it may be taken at 0.1-0.5 Km depending on hop length).

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GUILDLINES
(SURVEY FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS)
Carefully mark water bodies viz lakes, rivers, ponds etc for evaluation of reflection points. Contour interval is at 5/10/20 M, bench mark heights can be located in the maps, and heights of most of the hill tops are also given. Altimeters may be calibrated from known bench marks. Study of maps will give an idea, which of the critical points have to be visited and how to approach them during actual survey. Make visit along the line of sight confirm the data and in case of deviation, the same is recorded. Basic idea behind LOS Survey is to ascertain clear Line-ofSight for each hop. The methods to confirm LOS depend on the terrain data, hop length, available gadgets available at the disposal of the LOS Survey teams. However following methods (not limited to) may be adopted for confirmation of Line-ofSight between two sites in a hop.
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GUILDLINES
(SURVEY FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS)
Intracity Access Network: - The hops are mostly in large cities, high rise buildings and other man made structures may have to be encountered. Efforts should be made to get 1:25,000 or lesser scale maps. LOS may be confirmed by: Map terrain data, confirmation of altitudes at sites and intervening obstacles by 0.5/1.0 M resolution Altimeters. Confirmation of exact heights of near end and intervening obstructions. Path Profile. Confirmation of LOS by visual inspection, Binoculars, we may make use of ladders, flags, mirrors, lamps, Cherry pickers and balloons at the other end. Intercity Backbone Network: - The hops are long special efforts are required to confirm LOS for backbone links. LOS may be confirmed by: Map terrain data, confirmation of altitudes at sites and intervening obstacles by 0.5/1.0 M resolution Altimeters. Confirmation of exact heights of near end and intervening obstructions. Thorough map study, field survey, collection of data and correctly transfer of data to Path Profiles is the best way of confirming LOS. In some cases where is difficult to conclude if LOS is clear or not we may establish LOS with the help of Binoculars/Teodolite/Telescope, and we may make use of mirrors during the day time, lamps during the night time and balloons with flags at 1 Meter interval at the other end.

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GUILDLINES
(SURVEY FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS)
6.

Working out Tower Heights at Site (In case of doubt):- LOS surveyor can work out tower heights at site with following minimum items. Paper maps min 1: 50,000 scale or less Scientific calculator Graph paper cm scale Rotring scale 1: 100, 125, 200, 250, 500, 750. 360 angular scale 0.5 mm pencil, rubber etc. After thorough map study, visit to both the sites and route tracking of a hop, mark on graph paper two sites with hop distance as calculated from the map. From the tabulation of distance v/s obstructions find out and plot on graph altitudes and actual obstructions (trees, Buildings) at centre and minimum one most critical point on either side of the hop. On top of it adds height of trees/obstructions, earth bulge and first freznal zone distances as per clearance criteria. Joining lines from one site to other after clearing the three (minimum) obstacles will give desired tower heights at both the sites of the hop. A worked out sample is attached as an example.

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GUILDLINES
(SURVEY FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS)
7. Transfer of Field Data to Microwave Planning Tool: - The complete acquired data for each hop is transferred to Microwave Planning tool for evaluation and working out antenna heights as per given designed clearance criteria. Optimize the Antenna heights in the tool when other hops are added up in the network. In case Tower heights are within network design parameters, work out fade margin and reliability for each hop. Important Note: - Precaution may please be taken, while planning a site on the top of the hill. RF planner may like the site to be at the top of the hill but due to an element of error in computer terrain database site may be found at the slope of the hill. Care may be taken when difference is noticed between computer terrain and terrain in the field. In such cases use only verified data.

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TRANSMISSION PLANNING GUIDELINES

BHARTI CELLULAR LIMITED-EASTERN REGION
1.TRANSMISSION DESIGN CRITERIA (ACCESS PLANNING): POWER TRANSMIT: 18 dBm FOR FLEXIHOPPER 18 GHz RADIOS. POWER TRANSMIT: 20 dBm FOR FLEXIHOPPER 15 GHz RADIOS. TRAFFIC CAPACITY: CAN BE 4E1, 8E1 OR 16E1. RADIO OPERATING MODES: SINGLE (1+0) FOR SITES IN LOOP/RING. HSB (1+1) FOR REMOTE LOOP SITES. FOR SPUR LINKS WILL BE (1+0) BUT WILL BE (1+1) IF TWO MORE SITES DEPENDENT ON IT. 1E1 TO BE COSIDERED FOR CITY SITES. RECEIVER THRESHOLD POWER AT BER: -81 dBm FOR 15GHz 16X2. RECEIVER THRESHOLD POWER AT BER: -83 dBm FOR 15GHz 8X2. RECEIVER THRESHOLD POWER AT BER: -86 dBm FOR 15GHz 4X2. INTERFERENCE MARGIN: 3 TO 4 Db. RELIABILITY OF LINKS: 99.995 FOR ACCESS LINKS AND 99.999 FOR BACKBONE.
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BHARTI CELLULAR LIMITED-EASTERN REGION
FADE MARGIN: 35-40 dB. RAIN REGION: N (120 mm/h) ANTENNA SIZES: 0.6 M AND IF REQUIRED 1.2 M. ANTENNA HEIGHT: MAX. 40 M. ANTENNA SIZES FOR BB LINKS: 1.8 M/ 2.0 M. ANTENNA HEIGHT FOR BB LINKS: 80 M. PREFERENCE IS TO ESTABLISH AS MANY AS LOOPS AS POSSIBLE, SINCE IT PRODUCES 10-100 FOLDS IMPROVEMENT IN THE LINK AVAILABILITY COMPARED TO SINGLE NON-PROTECTED LINK. Microwave Radio Type Maximum Hop Distance (Km) Antenna Sizes for both Sites FlexiHopper 15G, H Pol. 120 mm/hr. V Pol. 120 mm/hr. 16E1 (1+0) 0.6 m 1.2 m 0.6 m 1.2 m 5.0 Km 7.5 Km 6.5 Km 10.5 Km FOR LOS STUDY 100 % F.F.Z. CLEARANCE AT K=4/3, WILL BE CONSIDERED FOR ACCESS NETWORK PLANNING.

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TRANSMISSION PLANNING GUIDELINES

BHARTI CELLULAR LIMITED-EASTERN REGION
2. BACKBONE TRANSMISSION DESIGN CRITERIA: POWER TRANSMIT: 24 dBm FOR CERAGON STM-1 RADIOS. POWER TRANSMIT: 23 dBm FOR FLEXIHOPPER 7 GHz RADIOS. RADIO OPERATING MODES: HSB (1+1) FOR ALL LINKS. SPACE DIVERSITY WILL BE USED FOR ALL BACKBONE SDH LINKS. FOR SPUR LINKS NOKIA WILL PERFORM LINK AVAILABILITY CALCULATIONS. TRAFFIC CAPACITY: STM-1 FOR Ceragon 7GHz (28 MHz BW) and 16E1 for Nokia FlexiHopper 7 GHz (28MHz BW). RECEIVER THRESHOLD POWER AT BER10 raised to power minus 6: 68 dBm for Ceragon radios. RECEIVER THRESHOLD POWER AT BER TEN RAISED TO POWER MINUS 6: -81dBmFOR FLEXIHOPPER 7 GHz 16X2 RADIOS. LINK RELIABILITY: 99.999 AND FOR SECTION 99.995.
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TRANSMISSION PLANNING GUIDELINES

BHARTI CELLULAR LIMITED-EASTERN REGION
RAIN ZONE: 120 MM/HR. RAIN INTENSITY (0.01 %). FADE MARGIN: 35-40 Db MAXIMUM HOP LENGTH IN 7 GHz FOR STM-1 CAPACITY IS GIVEN. SL.NO. FREQ. LINK CONFIG. ANTENNA SIZES 1.2 M 1.8 M 2.4 M

7 GHz (1+0) 13.5Km 17.4Km 19.4Km (1+1)HSB 12.0Km 15.7Km 17.9Km (1+1)HSB WITH S/D 17Km 28Km 35Km FOR LOS STUDY, 100 % FIRST FREZNEL ZONE CLEARANCE AT K=4/3 AND 60 % F.F.Z. CLEARANCE ATK=2/3 WILL BE CONSIDERED FOR BACK BONE PLANNING.

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SURVEY, SYSTEM DESIGN, ENGINEERING AND BID SUBMISSION FOR LOS AND OFC LINKS
CONCLUSION: The course has been developed with the objective, that, Engineers come out of colleges with more theoretical knowledge and are not aware of actual field problems. International Exposure experienced during last 20 years on similar assignments have been shared.

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Tick () on ones 1. (a) Free space loss increases if frequency is increased and decreases if distance is increased. (b) Free space loss decreases with the increase of both distance and frequency. (c) Free space loss increases with the increase of both distance and frequency. 2. (a) First Fresnel Zone Radius increases with increase in distance and decreases with increase in frequency. (b) First Fresnel Zone Radius decreases with increase in distance and increases with increase in frequency. (c) First Fresnel Zone Radius decreases both with the with increase in distance and in frequency. 3. For standard atmosphere value of K is: (a) K=1 (b) K=4/3 (c) K=2/3 4. In a hop Earth Bulge is maximum at (a) the ends (b) the center (c) the critical obstructed point. 5. Reflection point area lies between a K factor of: (a) K=1 and K=Infinity. (b) K=4/3 and K=2/3 (c) K=7/6 and K=5/12.
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6. For a hop if all other parameters are kept same, for K=4/3 tower height will be (a) less (b) more (c) equal in comparison with K=2/3. If frequency diversity is used, the separation between two frequencies is generally kept (a) 12-20 % (b) 2-3% (c) 5-10%. Separation between Space Diversity antennas is to the tune of: (a) 100-200 (b) 5-10 (c) 20-40 . CCIR defines availability of radio relay links over hypothetical reference circuit of 2500 Km route as (a) 97.9 % (b) 79.7 % (c) 99.7 %. India is located between following co-ordinates: (a) Latitude 8 - 36 N, Longitude 68 - 96 E (b) Latitude 8 - 36 S, Longitude 68 - 96 W (c) Latitude 8 - 36 N, Longitude 68 - 96 W Azimuthal angles or bearing is measured from: (a) True South (b) True North (c) True East Maximum height of line of sight towers is normally limited to: (a) 200 M (b) 300 M (c) 100 M

7.
8. 9. 10.

11. 12.

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13. 14. Reliability of a LOS hop can be improved by: (a) Space Diversity (b) Increasing the hop distance (c) Decreasing tower height. On a straight link when single frequency is used in tandem, normally change of polarization is recommended every: (a) 3rd hop (b) hop (c) 5th hop (d) depends on the configuration of the route.

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