RBCs Abnormal Morphology

RBCs Abnormal morphology
RED BLOOD CELL MORPHOLOGY
NORMAL RED BLOOD CELLS

Abnormal erythrocyte morphology is found in pathological states that may be : - abnormalities in size (anisocytosis). - In shape (poikilocytosis). -In hemoglobin content or the presence of inclusion bodies in erythrocyte.

Hypochromic: A descriptive term applied to a red blood cell with a decreased concentration of hemoglobin. Normochromic: A descriptive term applied to a red blood cell with a normal concentration of hemoglobin. Normocytic: A descriptive term applied to normal size of RBC Macrocytic: A descriptive term applied to a larger than normal red blood cell.
1-Variation in erythrocyte size (anisocytosis)

1-Microcytosis: Morphology: - Decrease in the red cell size. Red cells are smaller than
7m in diameter. The nucleus of a small lymphocyte ( 8,m) is a useful guide to the size of a red blood cell.
Found in: - Iron deficiency anemia.

-
Thalassaemia. Sideroblastic anemia. Lead poisoning. Anemia of chronic disease.

Comment:
Most erythrocytes presented in the picture are microcytes (compare with the small lymphocyte). The degree of hemoglobinization is sufficient. Normal platelets and single ovalocytes are present. Staining: MGG Magnification: x 1000 1. microcyte 2. normocyte

2-Macrocytosis: Morphology:
Increase in the size of a red cell. Red cells are larger than 9m in diameter. May be round or oval in shape, the diagnostic significance being different.
Found in: - Folate and B12 deficiencies (oval) - Ethanol (round) - Liver disease (round) - Reticulocytosis (round)
II-Variation in hemoglobin content

1-Hypochromasia: Morphology:
Increase in the red cells' central pallor which occupies more than the normal third of the red cell diameter.
Found in:
Iron deficiency - Thalassaemia any of the conditions leading to Microcytosis
2- Polychromasia: Morphology:
II-Variation in hemoglobin content
Red cells stain shades of blue-gray as a consequence of uptake of both eosin (by hemoglobin) and basic dyes (by residual ribosomal RNA). Often slightly larger than normal red cells and round in shape - round macrocytosis.
Found in:
Any situation with reticulocytosis for example bleeding, hemolysis or response to haemostatic factor replacement.
III- Variation of red cells shape (Poikilocytosis)

RBCs may have different shapes: 1- Spherocytosis: Morphology:
Red cells are more spherical. Lack the central area of pallor on a stained blood film.
Found in: - Hereditary spherocytosis

- Immune haemolytic anemia - Zieve's syndrome - Microangiopathic haemolytic anemia

2-Target Cells: Morphology:
Red cells have an area of increased staining which appears in the area of central pallor.
Found in: -Obstructive liver disease

- Severe iron deficiency - Thalassaemia - Haemoglobinopathies (S and C) - Post splenectomy

3- Ovalocytes: Morphology: oval shape red blood cell Found in:
- Thalassaemia major.
- Hereditary ovalocytosis. - Sickle cell anemia

4- Elliptocytosis: Morphology:
The red cells are oval or elliptical in shape. Long axis is twice the short axis.
Found in: - Hereditary elliptocytosis

- Megaloblastic anemia - Iron deficiency - Thalassaemia - Myelofibrosis

5- Tear Drop Cells: Morphology:
Red cells shaped like a tear drop or pear
Found in:
- Bone marrow fibrosis

- Megaloblastic anemia - Iron deficiency - Thalassaemia

6- Blister cell:
Morphology: Have accentric hallow area.
Found in: Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

7- Schistocytosis: Morphology:
Fragmentation of the red cells.
Found in: - DIC

- Micro angiopathic haemolytic anemia - Mechanical haemolytic anemia

8- Stomatocytosis:
Morphology:
Red cells with a central linear slit or stoma. Seen as mouthshaped form in peripheral smear.
Found in: - Alcohol excess

- Alcoholic liver disease - Hereditary stomatocytosis - Hereditary spherocytosis

9- Burr (crenation ) cell: Morphology:
Red cell with uniformly spaced, pointed projections on their surface.
Found in: - hemolytic anemia

- Uremia. - Megaloblastic anemia

10- Keratocytes (horn cell):
Morphology: Part of the cell fuses back leaving two or three horn-like projections. The keratocyte is a fragile cell and remains in circulation for only a few hours. Found in: - Uraemia - Severe burns - EDTA artifact - Liver disease

11- Acanthocytosis: Morphology:
are red blood cells with irregularly spaced projections, these projections very in width but usually contain a rounded end
Found in: - Liver disease

- Post splenectomy - Anorexia nervosa and starvation

12- Sickle Cells: Morphology: Sickle shaped red cells Found in: Hb-S disease

13- Rouleaux Formation: Morphology: Stacks of RBC's resembling a stack of coins. Found in:
- Hyperfibrinogenaemia
- Hyperglobulinaemia

14- Red cell-agglutination: Morphology: Irregular clumps of red cells Found in: - Cold agglutinins - Warm autoimmune hemolysis

15- Nucleated red blood cells.
These red blood cells are released from the bone marrow early into the blood stream, due to the need for oxygen. Normal red blood cells do not contain a nucleus on a peripheral smear.
IV -Erythrocyte inclusion bodies

1- Howell-Jolly Bodies: Morphology:
Small round cytoplasmic red cell inclusion with same staining characteristics as nuclei
Found in: - Post splenectomy

- Megaloblastic anemia

2- Siderotic Granules (Pappenheimer Bodies)
RBCs which contain no hemoglobin iron granules. They appear as dense blue, irregular granules which are unevenly distributed in Wright stained RBCs. Pappenheimer bodies can be increased in hemolytic anemia, infections and postsplenectomy.

3- Basophilic stippling: Morphology: Considerable numbers of small basophilic inclusions in red cells. Found in: - Thalassaemia - Megaloblastic anemia - Hemolytic anemia - Liver disease - Heavy metal poisoning.

4- Heinz Bodies:
Represent denatured hemoglobin (methemoglobin - Fe+++) within a cell. With a supravital stain like crystal violet, Heinz bodies appear as round blue precipitates. Presence of Heinz bodies indicates red cell injury and is usually associated with G6PD-deficiency.

5- Cabot Rings: Reddish-blue threadlike rings in RBCs of severe anemia's. These are remnants of the nuclear membrane and appear as a ring or figure 8 pattern. Very rare finding in patients with Megaloblastic anemia, severe anemia's, lead poisoning, and dyserythropoiesis.

6- Parasites of Red Cell: are protozoan parasites which occur in many species of birds and are the cause of avian malaria. Transmitted by mosquitoes, infection with Plasmodium can be a cause of hemolytic anemia
RBCs Abnormal morphology

Depiction of red blood cell morphologies that may appear on a peripheral smear, showing: (A) basophilic stippling, (B) Howell-Jolly bodies, (C) Cabot's ring bodies and (D) Heinz's bodies.

RBCs Abnormal Morphology

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RBCs Abnormal morphology

RED BLOOD CELL MORPHOLOGY

NORMAL RED BLOOD CELLS

RED BLOOD CELL MORPHOLOGY

RED BLOOD CELL MORPHOLOGY

1-Variation in erythrocyte size (anisocytosis)

Found in: - Iron deficiency anemia.

Thalassaemia. Sideroblastic anemia. Lead poisoning. Anemia of chronic disease.

1-Variation in erythrocyte size (anisocytosis)

1-Variation in erythrocyte size (anisocytosis)

II-Variation in hemoglobin content

Iron deficiency - Thalassaemia any of the conditions leading to Microcytosis

II-Variation in hemoglobin content

III- Variation of red cells shape (Poikilocytosis)

Found in: - Hereditary spherocytosis

III- Variation of red cells shape (Poikilocytosis)

Found in: -Obstructive liver disease

III- Variation of red cells shape (Poikilocytosis)

III- Variation of red cells shape (Poikilocytosis)

Found in: - Hereditary elliptocytosis

III- Variation of red cells shape (Poikilocytosis)

- Bone marrow fibrosis

III- Variation of red cells shape (Poikilocytosis)

Found in: Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

III- Variation of red cells shape (Poikilocytosis)

Found in: - DIC

III- Variation of red cells shape (Poikilocytosis)

Found in: - Alcohol excess

III- Variation of red cells shape (Poikilocytosis)

Found in: - hemolytic anemia

III- Variation of red cells shape (Poikilocytosis)

III- Variation of red cells shape (Poikilocytosis)

Found in: - Liver disease

III- Variation of red cells shape (Poikilocytosis)

III- Variation of red cells shape (Poikilocytosis)

III- Variation of red cells shape (Poikilocytosis)

III- Variation of red cells shape (Poikilocytosis)

IV -Erythrocyte inclusion bodies

Found in: - Post splenectomy

IV -Erythrocyte inclusion bodies

IV -Erythrocyte inclusion bodies

IV -Erythrocyte inclusion bodies

IV -Erythrocyte inclusion bodies

IV -Erythrocyte inclusion bodies

RBCs Abnormal morphology

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