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    CDMA: Fundamentals: The Use of A Proper Code Allows Spreading Transmitted Signal and Despreading Received Signal

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    GehendraSubedi
    The document discusses code division multiple access (CDMA) fundamentals and W-CDMA technology. CDMA allows multiple users to share the same frequency band by assigning each user a unique code. W-CDMA is an implementation of CDMA used in 3G cellular networks. It uses spreading codes and channelization codes to distinguish signals and dynamically allocates data rates. The physical layer maps transport channels to physical channels using techniques like complex scrambling, orthogonal variable spreading factor codes, and hybrid phase shift keying modulation to optimize performance.

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    CDMA: Fundamentals: The Use of A Proper Code Allows Spreading Transmitted Signal and Despreading Received Signal

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    GehendraSubedi
    98 views31 pages
    The document discusses code division multiple access (CDMA) fundamentals and W-CDMA technology. CDMA allows multiple users to share the same frequency band by assigning each user a unique code. W-CDMA is an implementation of CDMA used in 3G cellular networks. It uses spreading codes and channelization codes to distinguish signals and dynamically allocates data rates. The physical layer maps transport channels to physical channels using techniques like complex scrambling, orthogonal variable spreading factor codes, and hybrid phase shift keying modulation to optimize performance.

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    overview of wcdma

    Original Title

    Wcdma

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    The document discusses code division multiple access (CDMA) fundamentals and W-CDMA technology. CDMA allows multiple users to share the same frequency band by assigning each user a unique code. W-CDMA is an implementation of CDMA used in 3G cellular networks. It uses spreading codes and channelization codes to distinguish signals and dynamically allocates data rates. The physical layer maps transport channels to physical channels using techniques like complex scrambling, orthogonal variable spreading factor codes, and hybrid phase shift keying modulation to optimize performance.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    98 views31 pages

    CDMA: Fundamentals: The Use of A Proper Code Allows Spreading Transmitted Signal and Despreading Received Signal

    Uploaded by

    GehendraSubedi
    The document discusses code division multiple access (CDMA) fundamentals and W-CDMA technology. CDMA allows multiple users to share the same frequency band by assigning each user a unique code. W-CDMA is an implementation of CDMA used in 3G cellular networks. It uses spreading codes and channelization codes to distinguish signals and dynamically allocates data rates. The physical layer maps transport channels to physical channels using techniques like complex scrambling, orthogonal variable spreading factor codes, and hybrid phase shift keying modulation to optimize performance.

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 31

    CDMA: fundamentals

    10 kHz bandwidth 1.25 MHz bandwidth 1.25 MHz bandwidth 1.25 MHz bandwidth 1.25 MHz bandwidth 10 kHz bandwidth

    Frequency

    Frequency

    fc

    Frequency

    fc

    Frequency

    Frequency

    Frequency

    Baseband data

    Encoding & Interleaving

    Walsh Code Spreading

    RF Section

    RF Section
    1.25 MHz bandwidth

    Walsh Code Correlator

    Decode & Deinterleaving

    Baseband data

    Transmitter
    Background noise

    Receiver

    Other users Interference

    fc

    Frequency

    fc

    Frequency

    The use of a proper code allows spreading transmitted signal and despreading received signal.

    W-CDMA: general features


    W-CDMA is designed to allow many users to efficiently share the same RF carrier by dynamically reassigning data rates and link budget to precisely match the demand of each user in the system. As its name implies, W-CDMA is a code division multiple access (CDMA) system.

    As opposed to time division multiple access (TDMA), in CDMA, all users transmit at the same time. Frequency divisions are still used, but at a much larger bandwidth.
    In addition, multiple users share the same frequency carrier. Each users signal uses a unique code that appears to be noise to all except the correct receiver. Therefore, the term channel describes a combination of carrier frequency and code.

    W-CDMA: scrambling and channelization codes

    The scrambling code (SC) provides a unique identity to each UE and each BS. The OVSF code allocations provide a unique identity to each channel conveyed by a UE or BS within one cell.

    WCDMA: protocol architecture


    The network layer (layer 3) is based heavily on GSM standards. It is responsible for connecting services from the network to user equipment. The RLC block is responsible for the transfer of user data, error correction, flow control, protocol error detection and recovery, and ciphering. The MAC function is responsible for mapping between logical channels and transport channels. The physical layer maps the transport channels onto the physical channels and performs all of the RF functions necessary to make the system work.

    W-CDMA: basic uplink channel without complex scrambling

    W-CDMA: OVSF codes

    The spreading factor (SF) can be 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, or 256, corresponding to DPDCH bit rates from 960kbps down to 15kbps. Seven sets of spreading codes are specified, one set for each spreading factor. Each code is denoted by Cch,SF,n. For example, Cch,4,2 means channelization code, SF = 4, code number 2.

    W-CDMA: basic uplink channel with complex scrambling

    W-CDMA: complex scrambling

    I I chip Is Q chip Qs Q I chip Qs Is Q chip I jQ (I chip Is Q chip Qs ) j (I chip Qs Is Q chip ) (Ichip jQ chip ) (Is jQ s ) A chipA s e
    j(chip s )

    W-CDMA: complex scrambling

    What kind of constellation does it result if complex scrambling is applied?

    W-CDMA: complex scrambling

    In the case of two channels with the same amplitude, the chip signal maps onto a QPSK constellation. The scrambling signal also maps onto a QPSK constellation.

    W-CDMA: complex scrambling

    In the case of two channels with different amplitudes, the chip signal maps onto a rectangular 4-QAM constellation. The scrambling signal still corresponds to a QPSK constellation.

    W-CDMA: HPSK modulation


    W-CDMA systems use Hybrid Phase Shift Keying (HPSK), also known as Orthogonal Complex Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OCQPSK), to reduce the peakto-average power ratio of the signal in the uplink.

    HPSK is a variation of basic complex scrambling that eliminates zero-crossings for every second chip point. It accomplishes this by using a specific repeating sequence as the scrambling signal and by choosing specific orthogonal codes to spread the different channels.

    W-CDMA: HPSK modulation

    The repeating Walsh rotator sequence, Is = W0 = (1,1) and Qs = W1 = (1,1), is used as the scrambling signal. Only even-numbered OVSF codes are used to spread the data from the different channels. Even numbered OVSF codes consist of pairs of identical bits. For two consecutive identical chip points, the first one is rotated by +45, and the second one by -45, which ensures that they will be 90 apart in the final constellation and the transition between them does not go through zero.

    W-CDMA: HPSK modulation

    Constellation without HPSK

    Constellation with HPSK

    W-CDMA: HPSK modulation


    HPSK eliminates 0 phase shift transitions for every second chip point. A 0 phase transition occurs when two consecutive points are at the same place on the final constellation. This causes overshooting trajectory, which increases the peak-to-average power ratio of the signal. HPSK forces 90 transitions between pairs of consecutive points. This minimizes 0 phase transitions, which further reduces the peak-to-average power ratio of the signal.

    W-CDMA: primary PN spreading code


    A primary PN spreading (scrambling) code PN(1) is applied to the final I and Q signals to allow for identification of the mobile and correlation at the receiver.

    The PN(1) sequence is the same for I and Q and it does not affect the number of 90 transitions. The PN(1) spreading code can instead be directly multiplied with the I and Q components of the scrambling signal before the complex scrambling.

    W-CDMA: primary PN spreading code

    The PN(1) sequence does not affect the number of 90 transitions.

    W-CDMA: secondary PN spreading code


    A decimated secondary PN spreading code (P) is multiplied with the Q component of the Walsh rotator, W1=(1,-1). P is a decimated version of the real chip rate sequence PN(2). P randomizes the direction of the phase rotation while keeping the phase difference of 90 between pairs of consecutive final points.

    W-CDMA: secondary PN spreading code

    The decimated secondary PN sequence (P) randomizes the direction of the rotation.

    W-CDMA: uplink structure

    W-CDMA: uplink DPCH/DPCCH coding, spreading, and scrambling.

    In Band/in Channel Measurements


    Modulation domain measurements Error vector

    QPSK EVM
    Composite EVM Symbol EVM Rho Code domain power

    Modulation Domain Measurements Error Vector


    The resulting constellation depends on the physical channel configuration. The constellation typically does not look like QPSK, or any other known constellation, except for some very specific channel configurations. For example, a signal with a single DPDCH (or a single DPCCH) does map onto a QPSK constellation. A signal with a DPDCH and a DPCCH at the same amplitude level maps onto a 45rotated QPSK constellation. You can use a regular EV measurement to evaluate the modulation quality of the transmitter for a single DPDCH, a single DPDCH, or a signal with both at the same amplitude level. More complex signals cannot be analyzed with this measurement.

    Modulation Domain Measurements QPSK EVM

    A regular QPSK EVM measurement can be used to evaluate the modulation quality of the transmitter for a single DPDCH, a single DPDCH, or a signal with both at the same amplitude level. More complex signals cannot be analyzed with this measurement. QPSK EVM compares the measured chip signal at the RF with an ideal QPSK reference.

    Modulation Domain Measurements Composite EVM

    The composite EVM is useful throughout the development, performance verification, and manufacturing phases of the UE life cycle. It in particular allows the: evaluation of the quality of the transmitter for a multi-channel signal. detection of spreading or scrambling errors. detection certain problems between the baseband and RF sections. analysis of errors that cause high interference in the signal.

    Modulation Domain Measurements Symbol EVM

    By descrambling and despreading the signal the constellation and EVM for a specific code channel at the symbol level, even in the presence of multiple codes, can be analyzed.

    Misurazioni in Banda/nel Canale


    Dominio della modulazione
    Rho (r) obiettivo: valutare la qualit di modulazioni numeriche a
    divisione di codice (CDMA); definizione: rapporto tra la potenza correlata e la potenza complessiva del segnale in banda base trasmesso, caratterizzato da un solo codice (un solo canale); procedura: la potenza correlata calcolata rimuovendo gli offset in frequenza, in fase e nel tempo e calcolando, in banda base, la mutua correlazione fra il segnale misurato e quello di riferimento (ideale); strumentazione: VSA, analizzatore di spettro dotato di specifica measurement personality.

    Misurazioni in Banda/nel Canale


    Rho (r)
    r
    potenza correlata potenza complessiva

    Il valore di rho tanto pi elevato quanto maggiore il grado di somiglianza tra il segnale trasmesso e quello ideale. Poich la potenza non correlata si manifesta come interferenza, bassi valori di rho compromettono la capacit di una cella nei sistemi radiomobili.

    Misurazioni in Banda/nel Canale


    Dominio della modulazione
    Potenza nel dominio dei codici obiettivo:
    verificare se la stazione base sta trasmettendo la potenza prevista sui canali attivi (differenti codici) oppure sta trasmettendo anche sui canali inattivi, generando interferenza con altri utenti; definizione: potenze associate alle diverse componenti (caratterizzate da diversi codici) di un segnale in banda base in modulazione CDMA; procedura: le diverse componenti in banda base sono separate sfruttando lortogonalit tra i codici; strumentazione: VSA, analizzatore di spettro dotato di specifica measurement personality.

    Misurazioni in Banda/nel Canale


    Potenza nel dominio dei codici

    La potenza associata ai vari canali pu essere valutata solo dopo la loro decodifica.

    In Band/out of Channel Measurements


    ACLR is a measure of transmitter performance. It is defined as the ratio of the transmitted power to the power measured after a receiver filter in the adjacent RF channel. This is what was formerly called adjacent channel power ratio. ACS is a measure of receiver performance. It is defined as the ratio of the receiver filter attenuation on the assigned channel frequency to the receiver filter attenuation on the adjacent channel frequency. ACIR is a measure of overall system performance. It is defined as the ratio of the total power transmitted from a source (BS or UE) to the total interference power resulting from both transmitter and receiver imperfections affecting a victim receiver.

    The following relation holds

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