Database System Concepts and Architecture

Chapter 2
Database System Concepts and Architecture
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Chapter 2 Outline
Data Models, Schemas, and Instances Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence Database Languages and Interfaces The Database System Environment Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs Classification of Database Management Systems
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Data Models, Schemas, and Instances

Data abstraction
Suppression of details of data organization and storage Highlighting of the essential features for an improved understanding of data
Data Models, Schemas, and Instances (cont'd.)

Data model
Collection of concepts that describe the structure of a database Provides means to achieve data abstraction Basic operations
Specify retrievals and updates on the database
Dynamic aspect or behavior of a database application

Allows the database designer to specify a set of valid operations allowed on database objects
Categories of Data Models

High-level or conceptual data models
Close to the way many users perceive data Describe the details of how data is stored on computer storage media
Low-level or physical data models
Representational data models
Easily understood by end users Also similar to how data organized in computer storage
Categories of Data Models (cont'd.)

Entity
Represents a real-world object or concept
Attribute
Represents some property of interest Further describes an entity
Relationship among two or more entities
Represents an association among the entities Entity-Relationship model


Relational data model
Used most frequently in traditional commercial DBMSs
Object data model
New family of higher-level implementation data models Closer to conceptual data models

Physical data models
Describe how data is stored as files in the computer Access path

Structure that makes the search for particular database records efficient
Index
Example of an access path Allows direct access to data using an index term or a keyword
Schemas, Instances, and Database State

Database schema
Description of a database Displays selected aspects of schema Each object in the schema
Schema diagram
Schema construct
Database state or snapshot
Data in database at a particular moment in time
Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence

Internal level
Describes physical storage structure of the database Describes structure of the whole database for a community of users Describes part of the database that a particular user group is interested in
Conceptual level
External or view level
Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence (cont'd.)
Data Independence
Capacity to change the schema at one level of a database system
Without having to change the schema at the next higher level
Types:
Logical Physical
DBMS Languages
Data definition language (DDL)
Defines both schemas Specifies the internal schema Specifies user views/mappings to conceptual schema Allows retrieval, insertion, deletion, modification
Storage definition language (SDL)
View definition language (VDL)
Data manipulation language (DML)
DBMS Languages (cont'd.)

High-level or nonprocedural DML
Can be used on its own to specify complex database operations concisely Set-at-a-time or set-oriented
Low-level or procedural DML
Must be embedded in a general-purpose programming language Record-at-a-time
Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs

Centralized DBMSs Architecture
All DBMS functionality, application program execution, and user interface processing carried out on one machine
Basic Client/Server Architectures

Servers with specific functionalities Client machines
Appropriate interfaces to utilize these servers Local processing power to run local applications
Two-Tier Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs

Server handles
Query and transaction functionality related to SQL processing User interface programs and application programs
Client handles
Two-Tier Client/Server Architectures (cont'd.)

Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)
Provides application programming interface (API) Allows client-side programs to call the DBMS
Both client and server machines must have the necessary software installed
JDBC
Allows Java client programs to access one or more DBMSs through a standard interface
Classification of Database Management Systems

Data model
Relational Object Hierarchical and network (legacy) Native XML DBMS
Number of users
Single-user Multiuser
Classification of Database Management Systems (cont'd.)

Number of sites
Centralized Distributed
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Cost
Open source Different types of licensing

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Chapter 2

Database System Concepts and Architecture

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Data Models, Schemas, and Instances

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Data Models, Schemas, and Instances (cont'd.)

Dynamic aspect or behavior of a database application

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Categories of Data Models

Low-level or physical data models

Representational data models

Categories of Data Models (cont'd.)

Represents a real-world object or concept

Represents some property of interest Further describes an entity

Relationship among two or more entities

Represents an association among the entities Entity-Relationship model

Categories of Data Models (cont'd.)

Used most frequently in traditional commercial DBMSs

Object data model

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Categories of Data Models (cont'd.)

Describe how data is stored as files in the computer Access path

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Schemas, Instances, and Database State

Database state or snapshot

Data in database at a particular moment in time

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence

External or view level

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence (cont'd.)

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Without having to change the schema at the next higher level

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Storage definition language (SDL)

View definition language (VDL)

Data manipulation language (DML)

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

DBMS Languages (cont'd.)

Low-level or procedural DML

Must be embedded in a general-purpose programming language Record-at-a-time

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Basic Client/Server Architectures

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Two-Tier Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Two-Tier Client/Server Architectures (cont'd.)

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

Classification of Database Management Systems

Relational Object Hierarchical and network (legacy) Native XML DBMS

Classification of Database Management Systems (cont'd.)

Open source Different types of licensing

Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

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