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    Basic Biologic Interactions of Radiation

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    Ayu Fadhilah
    The document discusses the basic biological interactions of radiation, including that radiation interactions are probability functions and damage cannot be distinguished from other sources. It also covers initial changes at the subcellular level, direct and indirect interactions, radiolysis of water, effects on DNA and chromosomes, and mutations.

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    Basic Biologic Interactions of Radiation

    Uploaded by

    Ayu Fadhilah
    58 views28 pages
    The document discusses the basic biological interactions of radiation, including that radiation interactions are probability functions and damage cannot be distinguished from other sources. It also covers initial changes at the subcellular level, direct and indirect interactions, radiolysis of water, effects on DNA and chromosomes, and mutations.

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    Basic Biologic Interactions of Radiation

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    The document discusses the basic biological interactions of radiation, including that radiation interactions are probability functions and damage cannot be distinguished from other sources. It also covers initial changes at the subcellular level, direct and indirect interactions, radiolysis of water, effects on DNA and chromosomes, and mutations.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    58 views28 pages

    Basic Biologic Interactions of Radiation

    Uploaded by

    Ayu Fadhilah
    The document discusses the basic biological interactions of radiation, including that radiation interactions are probability functions and damage cannot be distinguished from other sources. It also covers initial changes at the subcellular level, direct and indirect interactions, radiolysis of water, effects on DNA and chromosomes, and mutations.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Basic Biologic Interactions of Radiation

    Radiation Biology ME 397P Spring, 2000

    Keep in Mind...
    All radiation interactions are probability functions We can predict overall effects, but cannot predict specific events: which cell or DNA molecule will be affected

    Keep in Mind...
    Time frame Energy is transferred from photon/particle very quickly (10-17 to 10-15 seconds) Chain of events may appear to be simultaneous

    Keep in Mind...

    Radiation interaction is nonselective Radiation doesnt seek certain cells, etc.

    Keep in Mind...
    Radiation damage to the cell cannot be distinguished from damage caused by other sources such as chemicals, heat, or trauma This concept makes it difficult to tell what caused damage - especially when studying effects of low-level radiation

    Keep in Mind...
    Radiation effects exhibit a latent period during which no evidence of damage is present Latent period may last from few minutes to decades (length is dependent on dose and type of cells involved)

    Initial Changes:
    Begin at subcellular level Depend upon where initial interactions* occur * Initial interactions may be caused by excitation or ionization of medium or target

    Target
    Usually a critical biologic macromolecule (e.g., DNA)

    Direct Interaction of Radiation


    Energy of radiation is deposited directly in critical target resulting in excitation or ionization. Starts a chain reaction which may or may not be fatal to cell (e.g., may be repaired) More likely to occur with high-LET radiation such as particles or neutrons

    Indirect Interaction of Radiation


    Involves the radiolysis of water Is the most common effect since cell is primarily water Example: For every one DNA molecule, there are 1.2X107 water molecules

    Radiolysis of Water
    Involves the production of a free radical (highly reactive species) Free radicals are designated by a dot and contain a single unpaired electron in outer electron shell

    Radiolysis of Water
    HOH --> HOH+ + e HOH+ --> H+ + OH. OH. + OH . = H2O2
    Hydrogen peroxide is very toxic!

    Direct or Indirect Effect?


    Experiments have been performed with simple organisms such as Artemia (brine shrimp) cysts in wet and dry conditions. Which tolerated the larger dose? Can you think of other ways researchers could study these effects?

    LET and RBE


    LET (Linear Energy Transfer) - rate at which energy of radiation is transferred to medium in units of keV/micron RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness) comparison of dose of test radiation to dose of 250 keV x-rays to produce same biological effect

    LET
    X-rays and gamma rays are low-LET radiations Alpha and fast neutrons are high-LET radiations LET directly related to ionization and therefore, biological damage

    RBE
    High-LET results in high RBE Is similar to Quality Factor (Q) RBE = dose of 250-keV x-ray to produce same effect divided by dose of test radiation to produce same effect Same biological endpoint (effect) is constant; not doses

    Radiation and Cellular Targets


    Damage to a critical molecule which results in significant impact on cell Radiation does not seek out targets Most critical site in cell is probably DNA in nucleus

    DNA Damage
    Much of damage may be repairable Different kinds of damage (base damage, single-strand breaks, doublestrand breaks, and crosslinking)

    Radiation Effects on Chromosomes


    DNA damage may not be visible as chromosome damage Can have actual visible changes in chromosomes Chromosome damage can occur in either sex cells or somatic cells

    Structural Changes in Chrom.


    Actual breaks Stickiness or clumping of chromosomes

    Chromosome Damage
    Broken pieces may correctly rejoin Piece is lost (acentric fragment) Rearrangement of broken ends yield rings, dicentrics, etc. Rearrangements not visible, but genetic material has been affected resulting in a mutation

    Ring Chromosome Aberration

    Accident Dosimetry

    Radiation Mutation Effects Summary


    Germ cell changes may produce genetic effects (future generations). Somatic effects will cause changes in exposed person only. Radiation effects are nonspecific (no radiounique effects) Most mutations are undesirable

    Radiation Effects on Other Organelles


    Nucleus most important Cell membrane permeability changes Any membrane-bound organelle susceptible to radiation-induced changes

    Membrane Leakage

    Glossary
    Please refer to definitions in glossary of textbook

    Coming Attractions...
    Bean lab results next week Will be starting Drosophila lab Research paper assigned Exam #1 coming up

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