Physics 1220/1320

Electromagnetism part one: electrostatics

Lecture Electricity, chapter 21-26

Electricity

Consider a force like gravity but a billion-billion-billion-billion times stronger

And with two kinds of active matter: electrons and protons And one kind of neutral matter: neutrons

The phenomenon of charge

Problem Invisibility
Common problem in physics: have to believe in invisible stuff and find ways to demonstrate its existence.
Danger of sth invisible

If we rub electrons onto the plastic, is it feasible to say that we rub protons on it in the second experiment? No! If we move protons, we move electrons with them. But what if in the second experiment we still moved electrons in the other direction?

Why matter is usually electrically neutral:

Like charges repel, unlike charges attract

Mixed + and are pulled together by enormous attraction

These huge forces balance each other almost out so that matter is neutral Two important laws: Conservation & quantization of charge

Where do the charges come from?

Electrons and protons carry charge. Neutrons dont. Positive (proton), negative (electron)

Consider:

Why does the electron not fall into the nucleus? Why does the nucleus not fly apart? Why does the electron not fly apart?

Consequence of QM uncertainty relation More forces, total of four Short ranged limit for nucleus size Uranium almost ready to fly apart

Electric Properties of Matter (I)

Materials which conduct electricity well are called ______________ Materials which prohibited the flow of electricity are called ________________ _____ or ______ is a conductor with an infinite reservoir of charge ____________ are in between and can be conveniently switched _____________are ideal conductors without losses

Induction : Conductors and Insulators

Induction Appears visibly in conductors

a) Are charges present? b) Why are there not more - charges?

c) Why do like charges collect at opposite side? d) Why does the metal sphere not stay charged forever?

Coulombs Law

Concept of point charges Applies strictly in vacuum although in air deviations are small Applies for charges at rest (electrostatics)

Force on a charge by other charges ~ ___________ ~ ___________ ~ ___________ Significant constants: e = 1.602176462(63) 10-19C i.e. even nC extremely good statistics (SI) 1/4pe0 Modern Physics: why value? how constant?

Principle of superposition of forces:

If more than one charge exerts a force on a target charge, how do the forces combine? Luckily, they add as vector sums! Consider charges q1, q2, and Q: F1 on Q acc. to Coulombs law Component F1x of F1 in x:

Find F1

What changes when F2(Q) is determined? What changes when q1 is negative?

Electric Fields
How does the force migrate to be felt by the other charge? : Concept of fields

Charges q and 4q are placed as shown. Of the five positions indicated at 1-far left, 2 distance, 3 middle, 4 distance and 5 same distance off to the right, the position at which E is zero is: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Group task:
Find force of all combinations of distances and charge arrangements

Group task:

Find fields for all combinations of distances and charge arrangements at all charge positions.

Direction E at black point equidistant from charges is indicated by a vector. It shows that: a) A and B are + b) A and B are c) A + B d) A B + e) A = 0 B -

Electric field lines

For the visualization of electric fields, the concept of field lines is used.

Electric Dipoles
H2O : O2- (ion) H1+ H1+

Gausss Law, Flux

Group Task:
Find flux through each surface for q = 30 and total flux through cube

What changes for case b? n1: n2: n3: n4: n5,n6:

Gausss Law

Basic message:

Important Applications of Gausss Law

Group Task

2q on inner 4q on outer shell

http://www.falstad.com/vector3de/

http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~phys1/java/phys1/EField/EField.html http://www.falstad.com/vector3de/

Group Task
For charges 1 = +q, 2 = -q, 3= +2q
Find the flux through the surfaces S1-S5

Electric Potential Energy

Electric Potential V units volt: [V] = [J/C]

Potential Difference

Potential difference: [V/m]

Calculating velocities from potential differences

Dust particle m= 5 10-9 [kg], charge q0 = 2nC

Energy conservation: Ka+Ua = Kb+Ub

Group task:

Find potential and potential energy for all combinations of distances and charge arrangements at all charge positions.

Outside sphere: V = k q/r Surface sphere: V = k q/R Inside sphere:

Equipotential Surfaces

Potential Gradient

Capacitance

E ~ /Q/ Vab ~ /Q/ Double Q:

But ratio Q/Vab is constant

Capacitance is measure of ability of a capacitor to store energy! (because higher C = higher Q per Vab = higher energy Value of C depends on geometry (distance plates, size plates, and material property of plate material)

Plate Capacitors
E = s/e0 = Q/Ae0 For uniform field E and given plate distance d Vab = E d = 1/e0 (Qd)/A

Units: [F] = [C2/Nm] = [C2/J] typically micro or nano Farad

Capacitor Networks

In a series connection, the magnitude of charge on all plates is the same. The potential differences are not the same. Or using concept of equivalent capacitance 1/Ceq =

In a parallel connection, the potential difference for all individual capacitors is the same. The charges are not the same. Or Ceq =

Equivalent capacitance is used to simplify networks.

Group task: What is the equivalent capacitance of the circuit below?

Step 1: Find equivalent for C series at right Hand. Step 2: Find equivalent for C parallel left to right. Solution: parallel branch series branch

Step 3: Find equivalent for series.

total:

Capacitor Networks
24.63 C1 = 6.9 mF, C2= 4.6mF Reducing the furthest right leg (branch): C=(

Combines parallel with nearest C2:

C= Leaving a situation identical to what we have just worked out: mF

So the overall CEQ =

Charge on C1 and C2: QC1 =

QC2 =

For Vab = 420[V], Vcd=? Vac = Vbd = Vcd=

Energy Storage in Capacitors

V = Q/C W = 1/C int0Q [q dq] = Q2/2C

Energy Storage in Capacitors

24.24: plate C 920 pF, charge on each plate 2.55 mC a) V between plates: V= b)For constant charge, if d is doubled, what will V be?

c) How much work to double d?

If d is doubled, Work equals amount of extra energy needed which is mJ

Other common geometries

Spherical capacitor

Need Vab for C, need E for Vab: Take Gaussian surface as sphere and find enclosed charge

Cylindrical capacitor

Dielectrics
Dielectric constant K

K= C/C0
For constant charge: Q=C0V0=CV

And V = V0/K
Dielectrics are never perfect insulators: material leaks

Induced charge: Polarization

If V changes with K, E must decrease too: E = E0/K This can be visually understood considering that materials are made up of atoms and molecules:

Induced charge: Polarization Molecular View

Dielectric breakdown

Change with dielectric:

E0 = s/e0

E = s/e

Empty space: K=1, e=e0

Moving charges: Electric Current

Path of moving charges: circuit Transporting energy Current

http://math.furman.edu/~dcs/java/rw.html Random walk does not mean no progression

Random motion fast: 106m/s Drift speed slow: 10-4m/s e- typically moves only few cm

Positive current direction:= direction flow + charge

Work done by E on moving charges heat (average vibrational energy increased i.e. temperature)
Current through A:= dQ/dt

charge through A per unit time

Unit [A] Ampere [A] = [C/s] Current and current density do not depend on sign of charge Replace q by /q/ Concentration of charges n [m-3] , all move with vd, in dt moves vddt, volume Avddt, number of particles in volume n Avddt What is charge that flows out of volume?

Resistivity and Resistance

Properties of material matter too: For metals, at T = const. J= nqvd ~ E Proportionality constant r is resistivity r = E/J Ohms law

Reciprocal of r is conductivity Unit r: [Wm] Ohm = [(V/m) / (A/m2)] = [Vm/A]

Types of resistivity

Resistance
Ask for total current in and potential at ends of conductor: Relate value of current to Potential difference between ends. For uniform J,E I = JA and V =EL with Ohms law E=rJ V/L = rI/A Const. r I ~ V resistance R = V/I [W] r vs. R R =rL/A R = V/I V=RI I = V/R

E, V, R of a wire

Group Task

Typical wire: copper, rCu = 1.72 x 10-8 Wm cross sectional area of 1mm diameter wire is 8.2x10-7 m-2 current a) 1A b) 1kA for points a) 1mm b) 1m c) 100m apart
E = rJ = rI/A = V/m (a) V/m (b)

V = EL =

mV (a),

mV (b),
W

V (c)

R = V/I = V/ A =

Resistance of hollow cylinder length L, inner and outer radii a and b

Current flow radially! Not lengthwise! Cross section is not constant: 2paL to 2pbL find resistance of thin shell, then integrate Area shell: 2prL with current path dr and resistance dR between surfaces dR= rdr/(2prL) dV = I dR to overcome And Vtot= SdV R = int(dR) = r/(2pL) intab(dr/r) = r/(2pL) ln(b/a)

Electromotive Force
Steady currents require circuits: closed loops of conducting material otherwise current dies down after short time

Charges which do a full loop must have unchanged potential energy

Resistance always reduces U

A part of circuit is needed which increases U again This is done by the emf. Note that it is NOT a force but a potential!

First, we consider ideal sources (emf) : Vab = E = IR

I is not used up while flowing from + to I is the same everywhere in the circuit
Emf can be battery (chemical), photovoltaic (sun energy/chemical), from other circuit (electrical), every unit which can create em energy EMF sources usually possess Internal Resistance. Then, Vab = E Ir and I = E/(R+r)

Circuit Diagrams

(Ideal wires and am-meters have Zero resistance) No I through voltmeter (infinite R) i.e. no current at all

Voltage is always measured in parallel, amps in series

Energy and Power in Circuits

Rate of conversion to electric energy: EI, rate of dissipation I2r difference = power output source

Resistor networks

Careful: opposite to capacitor series/parallel rules!

Combining Measuring Instruments

Group Task: Find Req and I and V across /through each resistor!

Group task: Find I25 and I20

Kirchhoffs Rules
A more general approach to analyze resistor networks Is to look at them as loops and junctions:
This method works even when our rules to reduce a circuit to its Req fails.

Charging a battery

Circuit with more than one loop! Apply both rules. Junction rule, point a:

Loop rule: 3 loops to choose from

I = A [Similarly point b: ]

1: decide direction in loop clockwise (sets signs!)

r = W Find E from loop 2: Lets do the loop counterclockwise:

E= V

Group task: Find values of I1,I2,and I3!

5 currents Use junction rule at a, b and c 3 unknown currents Need 3 eqn Loop rule to 3 loops: cad-source cbd-source cab (3 bec.of no.unknowns)

Lets set R1=R3=R4=1W And R2=R5=2W

I1 =

A, I2 =

A, I3 =

RC Circuits
Charging a capacitor

From now on instantaneous Quantities I and V in small fonts vab = i R vbc = q/C Kirchhoff: E iR q/C = 0 i = E/R q/RC As q increases towards Qf, i decreases 0

dq/dt = -(q-CE)/RC or dq/(q-CE) = -dt/RC integral: ln{(q-CE)/(-CE)} = -t/RC Take exponential of both sides: {} = e-t/(RC)

Characteristic time constant t = RC !

Discharging a capacitor

Ex 26.37 - C= 455 [pF] charged with 65.5 [nC] per plate C then connected to V with R= 1.28 [MW]

a) iinitial? b) What is the time constant of RC?

a) i = q/(RC)

[C/(WF]
b) t = RC =

=! [A]

Group Task: Find t charged fully after 1[hr]? Y/N

Ex 26.80/82 C= 2.36 [mF] uncharged, then connected in series to R= 4.26 [W] and E=120 [V], r=0
a) Rate at which energy is dissipated at R b) Rate at which energy is stored in C c) Power output source

Group Task

a) PR =
b) PC= c) Pt = d) What is the answer to the questions after a long time? all zero