3G

Complete
Knowledge
WCDMA Fundamentals
Separate users through different codes
Large bandwidth
Continuous transmission and reception
Code planning - Frequency reuse is 1
No frequency planning
Scrambling code planning
5 MHz carrier separation
Fast Power Control
Soft/Softer Handover
Admission Control
Congestion Control

frequency
Code-Division
Multiple Access
code
CDMA
3GPP : 3rd Generation Partnership Project http://www.3gpp.org
UTRAN Architecture
OSS
(Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)
RN Interfaces
Iu
Iu PS
Connection to the packet switched core network domain
SGSN/GGSN
Iu CS
Connection to the circuit switched core network domain
MSC
Protocol RANAP
Iur
RNC interconnection
[eg: for SHO support ]
Protocol RNSAP
Iub
Connection for the RBS to the RNC
Protocol NBAP
Uu
Air Interface to the UE
Protocol RRC, RLC, MAC


Core Network
RNC
RNC
Iu
Iur
Iub
Uu
RBS
RBS
RBS
UE
Basics of 3G
Basics of 3G
WCDMA Bandwidth
FDD 5 MHZ of Paired
TDD 5 MHZ Only

SF and Data rate
SF is lower when data rate is higher

SF and Power Relation
When lower the SF then more power required

SF and Coverage relation
SF is high then coverage will be high

CPICH Power -:
It takes about 8 to 10% of the total NodeB Power .For a 20W (43dBm) NodeB, CPICH is around 2W
(33dBm).
In urban areas where in-building coverage is taken care of by in-building installations, the CPICH may
sometimes go as low as 5% because:
The coverage area is small since users are close to the site, and
More power can be allocated to traffic channels.
Basics of 3G
RSCP
Stand for Received Signal Code Power, the energy per Chip in CPICH averaged over 512 chip.






RSSI
The desired total signal of UTRA carrier frequency.
Received energy of all cells in particular location.







RSCP = RSSI/Ec/No


Basics of 3G
TCP-
During the Power Control, transmit power control command is used to power up and Power Down
based on SIR Target in the step of 0.5 dB.

Active Set
It Consist group of cells that takes part in soft & softer HO and measured by UE. Typically Active set size
is 3 or 4.
HO Window size is 4 to 6 dB

Pilot Pollution
When number of strong cell added in Active set size there is pilot pollution.

Compressed Mode
Compressed mode is physical layer function that allowed to UE to temporally tune to another frequency
, and measured the RF environment of another UMTS Frequency.

Cell Breathing
The cell coverage shrink as the loading increase in called cell breathing.

TTI
After every TTI resource can be redistributed among the user, resources uses is more efficient.



Basics of 3G
TMA-
It reduce the system noise, Improve the UL sensitivity and leads to longer UE Battery
life
TMA Gain 12 dB
Sensitivity is the minimum input power needed to get a suitable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the output of
the receiver. It is determined by receiver noise figure, thermo noise power and required SNR. Thermo noise
power is determined by bandwidth and temperature, SNR is determined by modulation technique, therefore
the only variable is noise figure.
The cascading noise figure can be calculated by Friis equation (Herald Friis):
NFt = NF1 + (NF2-1)/G1 + (NF3-1)/(G1*G2) + ... + (NFi-1)/(G1*G2*...*Gi)
As the equation shows, the first block imposes the minimum and the most prominent noise figure on the
system, and the following blocks imposes less and less impact to the system provided the gains are positive.
Linear passive devices have noise figure equal to their loss. A TMA typically has a gain of 12dB.
There are typically top jumper, main feeder and a bottom jumper between antenna and BTS. A TMA placed
near antenna with a short jumper from antenna provides the best noise figure improvement the noise
figure will be restricted to the top jumper loss (NF1) and TMA ((NF2-1)/G1), and the remaining blocks (main
feeder and bottom jumper) have little effect.
To summarize, a TMA has a gain thats close to feeder loss.
Why TMA are installed at the top near the antenna and
not the bottom near the NodeB?
Based on Friis Equation, having a TMA near the BTS will have the top jumper and main feeder losses (noise
figures) cascaded in and a TMA will not be able to help suppress the losses.
Basics of 3G
Processing gain
Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate over data bit rate, usually represented in decibel (dB) scale. For
example, with 3.84MHz chip rate and 12.2k data rate, the processing gain is:
PG12.2k = 10 * log (3,840,000 / 12,200) = 25dB
calculate maximum number of users on a cell--
To calculate the maximum number of users (M) on a cell, we need to know:
W: chip rate (for UMTS 3,840,000 chips per second)
EbNo: Eb/No requirement (assuming 3dB for CS-12.2k)
i: other-cell to in-cell interference ratio (assuming 60%)
R: user data rate (assuming 12,200 kbps for CS-12.2k)
: loading factor (assuming 50%)
Take 12.2kbps as example:
M = W / (EnNo * (1 + i) * R) * = 3,840,000 (3 * (1 + 0.6) * 12,200) * 0.5 = 32.8
The number of users could also be hard-limited by OVSF code space. Take CS12.2k for
example:
A CS-12.2k bearer needs 1 SF128 code.
Total available codes for CS-12.2k = 128 2 (1 SF64) 2 (4 SF256) = 124.
Consider soft-handover factor of 1.8 and loading factor of 50%: 124 / 1.8 *.05 = 34 uers/cell.
Basics of 3G
Cell Selection Criteria
Qmean = the average SIR target cell
Qmin = minimum SIR required
Pcomponsation = a correction value for different UE classes

S = Qmean Qmin Compensation
If S>0 then the cell is valid candidate.
A UE camp on the cell with higher S

DRX Cycle
The UE listen to the PICH only at certain predefined times, reducing the power consumption. The
periodically of these search is set by the system and the time interval is called Discontinues Reception.
Different DRX cycle are used for CS and PS service in Ideal mode. A separate DRX cycle is also used to page
connected mode UEs in state URA_CPH.

Near Far Effect
All users use the same bandwidth at the same time and therefore users interface with one another. Due to
the propagation path loss, the signal received by the base station from UE close to the base station will be
stronger the signal received from another terminal located at the boundary. Hence the distant user will be
dominated by the close user. This is called near - far effect.
Solution of this problem is power control, which attempt to achieve the same mean received power for
each user.
Basics of 3G
Noise Rise
For every new user added to the service addition noise is added to the network. This is each new user
causes a noise rise . In theory the noise rise is defined as the ratio of total received wideband power to
the noise power.
Higher nose rise value implies more users are allowed on the network, and each user has to transmit the
higher power to over come the higher noise level. This means smaller path loss can be tolerate and the cell
radius is reduced.

AT what circumstances can a Node B reach its max capacity? What are
the Capacity Limitations?
NodeB reaches its max transmit power, runs out of its channel element, uplink noise rise reaches its design
target.

Resource Management for Capacity Management
DL Power
Received Total Wideband Power
OVSF Codes
RBS Channel Element

Three Sets in HO
Active Set
Monitor Set
Detected Set
Basics of 3G
Measure Difference between GSM and UMTS HO decision
GSM:
Time based mobile measure of Rx Lev and Rx Qual mobile sends measurement report every SACH period
(480ms)
BSC instruct to mobile to HO based on these reports.
UMTS:
Event triggered reporting - UE send a measurement report only on certain event triggered .
UE plays more part in the HO decision.

Direct Retry
When there is a co existing GSM RAN, Excess traffic in a WCDMA cell may be offloaded to GSM.
In a call is chosen for Direct Retry to GSM, the request for the speech RAB will be rejected with cause
Direct Retry and then a request is made to the core n/w to relocate the UE to a specific GSM cell, using
the Inter RAT HO procedure. This HO is blind one since the target cell is chosen not based on UE
measurements. Therefore, the target cell must be co located with the WCDMA cell.
CO Located GSM cells are assumed to have similar coverage and accessibility as their respective WCDMA
cells.
Default Value -85


Basics of 3G
EVENTS
e1a - a primary CPICH enters the reporting range, i.e. add a cell to active set.
e1b - a primary CPICH leaves the reporting range, i.e. removed a cell from active set.
e1c - a non active primary CPICH becomes better than an active Primary CPICH, i.e. replace a cell.
e1d - Change the best cell
e1e - a Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold.
e1f - a Primary CPICH becomes worse that an absolute threshold.
e2a - for inter frequency HO measurement. Change the best frequency.
e2d - for inter frequency HO measurement. The estimate quality of the currently used frequency is below a
certain threshold.
E2b the estimate quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold and the estimate
quality of non used frequency is above a certain threshold.
E2c - The estimate quality of a non used frequency is above certain threshold.
E2e- The estimate quality of non used frequency is below a certain threshold.
E2f The estimate quality of the currently used frequency is above a certain threshold.
e3a - for IRAT HO measurement.
e3d - for IRAT HO measurement. There was a change in the order of best GSM cell list.
E3b the GSM cell quality has moved below threshold
E3c the GSM cell quality has moved above a threshold

Inter frequency HO evaluation is based its decision on P CPICH quality measure on the currently used
frequency and on one or more non used frequency. If the evaluation result is positive, one cell on a non
used frequency is proposed to Inter Frequency HO execution.
Inter Frequency Ho is hard HO where the UE is ordered by the n/w to tune to another frequency . Means
that there will be a small interruption in data flow to and from the UE


RABs supported in RAN P2.1
Conversational Speech
12.2 kbps Circuit switched
Conversational CS Data
64 kbps Circuit switched
Streaming
57.7 kbps Circuit switched
Interactive
Variable rate Packet Switched
RACH/FACH, 64/64, 64/128, 64/384
Combination of Conversational
Speech and Interactive 64/64
Multi-RAB
Radio Access Bearer (RAB)
A radio access bearer (RAB) connection via UTRAN is realised by two concatenated
segments, the Iu bearer connection and the radio bearer connection
UMTS Radio Access Protocol structure
User Plane and Control Plane
MAC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RRC
Physical Layer
C
o
n
t
r
o
l

C
o
n
t
r
o
l

M
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s

Transport channels
Logical channels
User plane Control plane
Layer 1
Layer 2 MAC
Layer 2 RLC
Layer 3
Radio
bearers
Signaling
channels
Signaling Radio
Bearer (SRB)
Radio Bearer for User
Data (RB)
RAB and RAB realizations
RAB (Radio Access Bearer)
Owned by the core network (CN)
CN determines, traffic class, QoS etc
RB (Radio Bearer)
Owned by the Radio Network
One RAB can be mapped to several Radio Bearers
E.g., different bit classes for AMR
RB is how Radio Network realizes a RAB
SRB (Signaling Radio Bearers)
Needed for signaling of, e.g., connection setups, measurements, RN procedures
etc.
Logical Channels
An RB is mapped to a Logical Channel
All user data mapped to DTCH

Radio Access Bearers (RABs)
CS --
Speech AMR 12.2 kbps
Data (Video) 64 kbps
PS I/B (UL/DL)
64/64 kbps
64/128 kbps
64/384 kbps
128/128 kbps (P5)
HSDPA
64/HSDPA interactive
384/HSDPA interactive
Multi-RAB
Speech AMR 12.2 kbps + 64/HSDPA (P5)
Speech AMR 12.2 kbps + 384/HSDPA (P5)
Radio Bearers
No guaranteed performances for an interactive/background RAB
Dedicated 64/64, 128/64, 384/64 kbps RAB
Streaming 128/128 kbps RAB
UTRAN
RBS RNC
Interactive/background RAB forms the bases for normal PS
best effort data
Mapping of UMTS Services to RABs
Basics of 3G
Processing gain
Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate over data bit rate, usually represented in decibel (dB) scale. For
example, with 3.84MHz chip rate and 12.2k data rate, the processing gain is:
PG12.2k = 10 * log (3,840,000 / 12,200) = 25dB
calculate maximum number of users on a cell--
To calculate the maximum number of users (M) on a cell, we need to know:
W: chip rate (for UMTS 3,840,000 chips per second)
EbNo: Eb/No requirement (assuming 3dB for CS-12.2k)
i: other-cell to in-cell interference ratio (assuming 60%)
R: user data rate (assuming 12,200 kbps for CS-12.2k)
: loading factor (assuming 50%)
Take 12.2kbps as example:
M = W / (EnNo * (1 + i) * R) * = 3,840,000 (3 * (1 + 0.6) * 12,200) * 0.5 = 32.8
The number of users could also be hard-limited by OVSF code space. Take CS12.2k for
example:
A CS-12.2k bearer needs 1 SF128 code.
Total available codes for CS-12.2k = 128 2 (1 SF64) 2 (4 SF256) = 124.
Consider soft-handover factor of 1.8 and loading factor of 50%: 124 / 1.8 *.05 = 34 uers/cell.
Eb/No
Eb/No
By definition Eb/No is energy bit over noise density, i.e. is the ratio of the energy per information bit to the
power spectral density (of interference and noise) after dispreading.
Eb/No = Processing Gain + SIR
For example, if Eb/No is 5dB and processing gain is 25dB then the SIR should be -20dB or better.


The Eb/No targets are dependent on the service:
On the uplink, typically CS is 5 to 6dB and PS is 3 to 4dB PS is about 2dB lower.
On the downlink, typically CS has 6 to 7dB and PS is 5 to 6dB PS is about 1dB
lower.
Eb/No requirement lower for PS than for CS
PS has a better error correction capability and can utilize retransmission, therefore it can afford to a lower
Eb/No. CS is real-time and cannot tolerate delay so it needs a higher Eb/No to maintain a stronger RF link.
Eb/No
Io = own cell interference + surrounding cell interference + noise density
No = surrounding cell interference + noise density
Ec/Io
Ec/Io is the ratio of the energy per chip in CPICH to the total received power density (including CPICH itself).

Ec/No
CPICH Ec/No
The CPICH Ec/No is used to determine the quality of the received signal. It gives
the received energy per received chip divided by the bands power density. The
quality is the primary CPICHs signal strength in relation to the cell noise. (Please
note, that transport channel quality is determined by BLER, BER, etc. )
If the UE supports GSM, then it must be capable to make measurements in
the GSM bands, too. The measurements are based on the
SF
Channelization operation: Transforms data symbols into chips. Thus
increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The number of chips per data
symbol is called the Spreading FactorSF.The operation is done
through multiplication with OVSF code.
Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal.
Separates users through different codes
Codes are used for two purposes:
Differentiate channels/users
Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth




Data bit
OVSF
code
Scrambling
code
Chips after
spreading
Spreading principle
Spreading code = Scrambling code + Channelization code

Scrambling codes (Repeat period 10 ms=38400 chips)
Separates different mobiles (in uplink)
Separates different cells (in downlink)

Channelization codes
Separates different channels that are transmitted on the same scrambling code
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes
Period depends on data rate

Spreading principle
User information bits are spread into a number of chips by multiplying them
with a spreading code
The chip rate for the system is 3.84 Mchip/s and the signal is spread in 5 MHz
The Spreading Factor (SF) is the ratio between the chip rate and the symbol rate
The same code is used for de/spreading the information after it is sent over the
air interface
Information signal
Spreading signal
Transmission signal
Spread Spectrum gain
Chanilization Code
OVSF code is used as channelization code
It is used to spread the signal and channel separation from the cell.
Channelization Codes have different length depending on the bit rate
In the Downlink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and control)
channels coming from the same RBS
In the Uplink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and control)
channels from the same UE
DL 4 to 512
UL 4 to 256


SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
C
ch,1,0
= (1)
C
ch,2,0
= (1,1)
C
ch,2,1
= (1,-1)
C
ch,4,0
=(1,1,1,1)
C
ch,4,1
= (1,1,-1,-1)
C
ch,4,2
= (1,-1,1,-1)
C
ch,4,3
= (1,-1,-1,1)
Scrambling Code
Scrambling code GOLD sequence.
Scrambling code period : 10ms ,or 38400 chips.
The code used for scrambling of uplink DPCCH/DPDCH may be of either
long or short type, There are 224 long and 224 short uplink scrambling
codes. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by higher layers.
For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 = 262,143 scrambling codes
can be generated. Only scrambling codes k = 0, 1, , 8191 are used.
SC used to separate the cells in N/W
In UL it is used to differentiate the terminals.
After the Channelization Codes, the data stream is multiplied by a special
code to distinguish between different transmitters.
Scrambling codes are not orthogonal so they do not need to be
synchronized
The separation of scrambling codes is proportional to the code length
longer codes, better separation (but not 100%)
Scrambling codes are 38400 chips long



Scrambling Codes
SC3 SC4
SC5 SC6
SC1
SC1
Cell 1 transmits using SC1
SC2 SC2
Cell 2 transmits using SC2
In the Downlink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each cell
(assigned by operator SC planning)
In the Uplink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each UE
(assigned by network)
Scrambling Code planning
0 8 16 ... ... 504
1 9 17 ... ... 505
2 10 18 ... ... 506
3 11 19 ... ... 507
4 12 20 ... 500 508
5 13 21 ... 501 509
6 14 22 ... 502 510
7 15 23 ... 503 511
64 Code Groups
SC are organized in Code Groups.
The first SC in each Code Group differs from the first SC in the subsequent
Code Group by a multiple of 8
Power Control
36
Power Control
Open Loop
Fast closed Loop
Outer Loop
Open Loop
Controlled by UE
Determined in UL that how much power UE is uses
n/w inform to UE of current n/w status CPPICH Power, UL interference
UE use these parameter to calculate initial power of PRACH
Concept : Power is a common resource in WCDMA
Goal : Ensure sufficient received energy per information bit for all communication
links

When UE is switch on, UE start to send the power to NodeB, first it will send
minimum power then increase the power level till it gets Aquired in that perticuler
network(Information get through AICH).

37
Power Control
Fast Closed Loop (Inner Loop)
Located in NodeB and UE
Controlled the power of dedicated physical channel
PC changes can occur every slots 1500 times/sec
NodeB and UE continuously compare SIR with SIR target and inform each other to
either increase of decrease its power

Outer Loop
Located in RNC
Adjust the SIR for every user based on BLER
Keep the quality of communication at required level (BLER, SIR, BER) by setting SIR
target for fast power control
compensates for fading channels
needs dedicated control channel for power control commands


Handover
40
Hanover
Soft/Softer Hand Over
Inter Frequency hand Over
Inter RAT Handover
Core Network Hard Handover
Service Based Handover to GSM
HSDPA Mobility

Soft/Softer Hand Over
UE connected to two or more RBSs at the same time




Explain Soft and Softer handover?
In Soft Handover, the UE connection consists of at least two radio
links established with cells belonging to different RBSs.
In Softer handover, the UE connection consists of at least two radio links
established with cells belonging to the same RBS.
It acts as macro diversity since UE is connected to more than one radio link
at any given point, adds redundancy and reduces interference. However
there is a tradeoff between soft/softer handover & system capacity.
A UE involved in Soft/Softer Handover uses several radio links, more
DL channelization codes, and more DL power than a single-link connection.
Consequently, if all the UEs connected to a particular RNC are considered,
more resources are needed in the RBSs, more resources over the Iub and
Iur interfaces, and more resources in the RNC. For this reason, the number
of radio links involved in the Soft/Softer handover must be limited
Inter Frequency Handover?
UE handover between different
frequencies or between WCDMA
Inter RAT Handover
Inter frequency handover between
WCDMA and GSM
GSM to WCDMA or Hard HO


HSPA
HSDPA represents an evolution of the WCDMA radio interface, which uses very
similar methods to those employed by EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
Evolution) technology for the GSM radio interface. The fundamental
characteristics which enable the increase in the data throughput and capacity
with reduced latency are summarized below:
Time and code multiplexing of the users
Multi-Code transmission
Fixed Spreading Factor (SF = 16)
Shorter TTI = 2ms
No DTX (Discontinuous transmission) for the data channel
Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) supporting higher order modulation
Node B scheduling and link adaptation
Node B retransmissions (H-ARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat-Request)
No power control
No soft handover
The subscribers request higher speed and better quality data access
Competition challenge from CDMA EV/DO, WiMAX
Up to now, the throughput request for downlink is much more higher than
that of uplink
The channel configuration of R99 lead a very low efficiency on the
downlink capacity


HSPA Calculation
Chip rate in KBPS = 3840
Spreading Factor = 16
Speed =3840/16 = 240

Modulation = 4 (N)
Coding Scheme = 15(M)
Total Speed for 16 QAM = Speed * Modulation Type (N)*Coding Scheme (M)
= 240 * 4* 15 = 14.4 MBPS

Important Facts
2^n formula use for modulation scheme
QPSK 16 QAM 64 QAM
2^1, N=1 2^4, N= 4 2^6, N= 6

Code Used
QPSK 16 QAM 64 QAM
5 10 15 dynamic code will use for more then 64QAM

Total Speed for 64 QAM = 240*6*15 =21.6
HSDPA Characteristics
HSDPA is the solution of WCDMA offering higher speed
downlink data services.
Peak data rate in DL: 14.4Mbps (physical layer)
Shorter delay
Higher efficiency using downlink code and power and
bigger downlink capacity
Flexible cell resource allocation
More high speed user access
HSDPA
Fast Scheduling Basic
If a little part of received 10ms frame (15 slots - R99) cant be
decoded correctly, whole frame will be retransmit 10ms later.
An HSDPA frame is only 2ms(3 slots). If a 2ms frame cant be
decoded correctly, just this 2ms frame need be retransmitted. Other
2ms(up to 6) HARQ process may continue transmitting data, thus
radio resource could be used more effectively.
Physical Layer Basic
Fast Scheduling
Scheduling Principle: based on channel
condition in short period; based on balance
between throughout and proportional fair for all
users in long period.

Some basic scheduler
Round Robin (RR)
Maximum C/I (MAXC/I)
Proportional Fair (PF)
By fast scheduling, HSDPA cell can allocate the available HSDPA power resource and
code resource among users effectively, to improves the throughout.
Scheduler may works
based on CDM and/or TDM
Channel condition
Amount of data waiting in the queue
(delay)
Fairness
Cell throughout, etc
Share and Scheduling of Shared Channel
The following fig describes scheduling processing for 4 users.
All codes
reserved for
HSDPA
transmission
2ms
Max C/I Scheduling Algorithm
Features:
1) Allocates channel to the user with max C/I in one TTI.

2) Provides the highest cell throughout, because channel is allocated to the user in the
best radio condition .

3) It is not fair for the users located in areas of poor coverage. By max C/I algorithm,
the system hardly allocate channel for users under pool signal condition.
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
AMC is based on channel quality
Adjust data rate
Good channel condition higher rate
Poor channel condition lower rate
Adjust code rate
Good channel condition higher rate (e.g. 3/4
code)
Poor channel condition lower rate (e.g. 2/4
code)
Adjust modulation scheme
Good channel condition 16QAM
Poor channel condition QPSK
Channel Quality Feedback (CQI)
UE measures channel quality (SNR) and reports to
Node B every 2ms or longer time.
Node-B chooses modulation scheme, Transport Block
size and data rate based on CQI.
Throughput ~ SIR Relationship
AMC could improve radio bandwidth and fit for high speed radio transmission.
HSDPA
Modulation
QPSK
16QAM
Modulation Scheme
AMC Processing Flow
UE measure CPICH strength
UE reports the signal quality by CQI
(channel quality indicator)
Node B may filter and rectify CQI report to
obtain actual CQI
Determine the channel number, transmit
power and modulation scheme, etc, based
on CQI, transmit data volume, available
power and code.
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
Tranditional ARQ
decode received transport block
detect if there is CRC error in decoded
transport bolck
If there is CRC error
discard error block
Request retransmission
Hybrid ARQ
decode received transport block
Detect if there is CRC error in decoded transport bolck
If there is CRC error
Store error block(no discard)
Request retransmission
Combine the currently received retranmission with
the previous failed decodes.
Soft Combine
Increment redundancy
HARQ helps minimize retransmission time and increase cell throughout.
Combined HARQ
Block1
Block1
Block1?
Block1
Block1
Block2
HARQ Concept
HARQ is a technique that transmitter sends new set of
check bits if the previous transmission failed (NACK)
while receiver buffers the failed decodes for soft
combining with future retransmissions.
The RV parameter indicates different code bit transmit
in IR buffer. Different RV parameter configuration
supports:
CC (Chase Combining): retransmit the same coded data
PIR (Partial Incremental Redundancy): transmit systematic bits
first
FIR (Full Incremental Redundancy): transmit parity bits first
HARQ Gain
One retransmission gain for different retransmission scheme
Code Rate
1/3 1/2 2/3 3/4
CC Gain (dB)
3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
PIR Gain (dB)
3.1 3.3 3.6 6.5
FIR Gain (dB)
3.1 3.5 4.3 8.4
FIR scheme will transmit the check bits first, it has effective average
coded bits after retransmission. Especially for high code rate, the
HARQ gain is very evidence.
Channel Concept
Down Link
WCDMA Downlink (FDD) Rel.99
BCCH
Broadcast Control Ch.
PCCH
Paging Control Ch.
CCCH
Common Control Ch.
DCCH
Dedicated Control Ch.
DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Ch. N
BCH
Broadcast Ch.
PCH
Paging Ch.
FACH
Forward Access Ch.
DCH
Dedicated Ch.
P-CCPCH(*)
Primary Common Control Physical Ch.
S-CCPCH
Secondary Common Control
Physical Ch.
DPDCH (one or more per UE)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPCCH (one per UE)
Dedicated Physical Control Ch.
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits
SSC
i

Logical Channels
(Layers 3+)
Transport Channels
(Layer 2)
Physical Channels
(Layer 1)
Downlink
RF Out
DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel)
One per UE
DSCH
Downlink Shared Ch.
CTCH
Common Traffic Ch.
CPICH
Common Pilot Channel
Null Data
Data
Encoding
Data
Encoding
Data
Encoding
Data
Encoding
Data
Encoding
PDSCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
AICH
(Acquisition Indicator Channel)
PICH
(Paging Indicator Channel )
Access Indication data
Paging Indication bits
AP-AICH
(Access Preamble Indicator Channel )
Access Preamble Indication bits
CSICH
(CPCH Status Indicator Channel )
CPCH Status Indication bits
CD/CA-ICH
(Collision Detection/Channel
Assignment )
CPCH Status Indication bits
S/P
S/P
C
ch

S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
Cell-specific
Scrambling
Code
I+jQ
I/Q
Modulator
Q
I
C
ch

C
ch

C
ch

C
ch

C
ch

C
ch

C
ch

C
ch 256,1

C
ch 256,0


G
S

PSC
G
P

Sync Codes(*)
* Note regarding P-CCPCH and SCH
Sync Codes are transmitted only in bits 0-255 of each timeslot;
P-CCPCH transmits only during the remaining bits of each timeslot

Filter
Filter
Gain
Gain
Gain
Gain
Gain
Gain
Gain
Gain
Gain
Gain
SCH (Sync Channel)
DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1
DCH
Dedicated Ch.
Data
Encoding
M
U
X
M
U
X
CCTrCH
DCH
Dedicated Ch.
Data
Encoding
60
Downlink Logical Channels (L3)
Control Logical Channels
BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel)
Broadcasts cell site and system information to all UE
PCCH (Paging Control Channel)
Transmits paging information to a UE when the UEs location is
unknown
CCCH (Common Control Channel)
Transmits control information to a UE when there is no RRC
Connection
DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel)
Transmits control information to a UE when there is a RRC
Connection
Traffic Logical Channels
CTCH (Common Traffic Channel)
Traffic channel for sending traffic to a group of UEs.
DTCH (Dedicated Traffic Channel)
Traffic channel dedicated to one UE
61
Downlink Transport Channels (L2)
Common Transport Channels

BCH (Broadcast Channel)
Continuous transmission of system and cell information

PCH (Paging Channel)
Carries control information to UE when location is unknown
Pending activity indicated by the PICH (paging indication channel)


FACH (Forward Access Channel)
Used for transmission of idle-mode control information to a UE
Also used for some user data

Dedicated Transport Channels

DCH (Dedicated Channel)
Carries dedicated traffic and control data to one UE
Used for BLER measurements

62
Downlink Physical Channels (L1)
Common Physical Channels

P-CCPCH Common Control Physical Channel (Primary)
Broadcasts cell site information
Timing reference for all DL

SCH Synchronization Channel
Fast Synch. codes 1 and 2; time-multiplexed with P-CCPCH
S-CCPCH Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary)
Transmits idle-mode signaling and control information to UEs
CPICH Common Pilot Channel

Dedicated Physical Channels

DPDCH Dedicated Downlink Physical Data Channel
DPCCH Dedicated Downlink Physical Control Channel
Transmits connection-mode signaling and control to UEs
63
Downlink Physical Channels
Indicator Physical Channels

AICH (Acquisition Indicator Channel)
Acknowledges that BS has acquired a UE Random Access
attempt
(Echoes the UEs Random Access signature)

PICH (Page Indicator Channel)
Informs a UE to monitor the next paging frame


DPCCH: 15 kb/sec data rate, 10 total bits per DPCCH slot
PILOT: Fixed patterns (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits per DPCCH slot)
TFCI: Transmit Format Combination Indicator (0, 2, 3, or 4 bits)
FBI: Feedback Information (0, 1, or 2 bits)
TPC: Transmit Power Control bits (1 or 2 bits); power adjustment in steps of 1, 2, or 3 dB
Channel Concept
UP Link
WCDMA Uplink (FDD) Rel 99
Logical Channels
(Layers 3+)
Transport Channels
(Layer 2)
Physical Channels
(Layer 1)
Uplink
RF Out
UE
Scrambling
Code
I+jQ
I/Q
Mod.
Q
I
Ch
c

I

Filter
Filter
CCCH
Common Control Ch.
DTCH (packet mode)
Dedicated Traffic Ch.
RACH
Random Access Ch.
PRACH
Physical Random Access Ch.
DPDCH #1
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
CPCH
Common Packet Ch.
PCPCH
Physical Common Packet Ch.
Data
Coding
Data
Coding
DPDCH #3 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPDCH #5 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPDCH #2 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPDCH #4 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPDCH #6 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

Q

DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Control Ch.
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits
Ch
d

G
c

G
d

j
Ch
d,1
G
d

Ch
d,3
G
d

Ch
d,5
G
d

Ch
d,2
G
d

Ch
d,4
G
d

Ch
d,6
G
d

Ch
c
G
d

Ch
c


Ch
d

G
c

G
d

j
RACH Control Part
PCPCH Control Part

j

DCCH
Dedicated Control Ch.
DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Ch. N
DCH
Dedicated Ch.
Data
Encoding
DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1
DCH
Dedicated Ch.
Data
Encoding
M
U
X
CCTrCH
DCH
Dedicated Ch.
Data
Encoding
66
Uplink Logical Channels (L3)
Control Logical Channels

CCCH (Common Control Channel)
Transmits control information to a UE when there is no RRC
Connection
DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel)
Transmits control information from a UE when there is a RRC
Connection

Traffic Logical Channels

CTCH (Common Traffic Channel)
Traffic channel for sending traffic to a group of UEs
DTCH (Dedicated Traffic Channel)
Traffic channel dedicated from one UE
67
Uplink Transport Channels (L2)
Common Transport Channels

RACH - Random Access Channel
Carries access requests, control information, short data
Uses only open-loop power control
Subject to random access collisions

Dedicated Transport Channels

DCH - Dedicated Channel
Carries dedicated traffic and control data from one UE
Used for BLER measurements

68
Uplink Physical Channels (L1)
Common Physical Channels

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
Used by UE to initiate access to BS

Dedicated Physical Channels

DPDCH Dedicated Uplink Physical Data Channel
DPCCH Dedicated Uplink Physical Control Channel
Transmits connection-mode signaling and control to BS
69
WCDMA Physical Channels

Base
Station

(BS)



User
Equipment

(UE)

P-CCPCH- Primary Common Control Physical Channel
SCH - Synchronization Channel
CPICH - Common Pilot Channel
Channels broadcast to all UE in the cell
DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH - Dedicated Physical Control Channel
Dedicated Connection Channels
PICH - Page Indicator Channel
Paging Channels
S-CCPCH - Secondary Common Control Physical
Channel
AP-AICH - Acquisition Preamble Indicator Channel
CD/CA-AICH - Collision Detection Indicator Channel
CSICH - CPCH Status Indicator Channel
PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel
AICH - Acquisition Indicator Channel
Random Access and Packet Access Channels
Channel Concept
HSDPA
HSDPA Relevant Physical Channel
Three new HSDPA Physical Channel
For each HS-DPCCH, SF=256
Each H has one HS-DPCCH.
For each HS-SCCH, SF=128
Each cell is assigned up to 4 HS-
SCCH (limited by UE capability)
For each HS-PDSCH, SF=16
HSDPA Channel Mapping
Associated Channel - DPCH
There is another dedicated physical
channel named DPCH for each HSDPA
user. DPCH is also called associated
channel in HSDPA. It is used for
signaling transport and power control.
Normally DPCH doesnt carry service
data, only sometimes carry real time
services such as AMR (the user setup
multiple RAB: CS+PS).


Node B

UE
HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH DPCH HS-DPCCH
Associated? Or Concomitant?
HSDPA Physical Channel (HS-SCCH)
HS-SCCH and HS-PDSCH
are downlink shared
channel shared by all users.
How can users know when
and on which channel my
data is transported?
HS-SCCH is like soldiers holding
flags at the first row of queue. UE
keeps on monitoring the HS-SCCH
channels to identify any HS-PDSCH
subframes addressed to it on the sets
of HS-PDSCH channels. Upon
receiving an HS-PDSCH subframe for
the UE, the UE physical layer will
demodulates the subframe, otherwise
do nothing.
Physical Channel Slot Format (HS-SCCH)
HS-SCCH Slot Format Features
3 slots in one TTI (2ms)
SF=128, QPSK modulation
Maps users seven data attributes, including Xue, Xccs, Xms, Xrv, Xtbs,
Xhap and Xnd;
UE demodulates HS-SCCH and find out the received data addressed to
the UE. Then UE demodulates the HS-PDSCH.
In theory, one cell can configure up to 15 HS-SCCH. But now commercial
UE can only monitor up to 4 HS-SCCH channels simultaneously. So one
cell only configure up to 4 HS-SCCH channels.
Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2
T slot = 2560 chips, 40 bits
Data
N data 1 bits
HS-SCCH subframe: T = 2 ms
Physical Channel Slot Format (HS-PDSCH)

Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2
T
slot
= 2560 chips, M*10*2
k
bits (k=4)
Data
N
data 1
bits
1 subframe: T
f
= 2 ms
HS-PDSCH Slot Format Attributes:
3 slots in one TTI (2ms)
Fixed spreading factor SF16
QPSK or 16QAM modulation
Only carry user data
UE may be assigned multi channelization codes to support multi-code transport
depending on UE capability.
Physical Channel Slot Format (HS-DPCCH)
Uplink HS-DPCCH
TTI 2ms (3 slots), SF 256, Fixed rate of 15Kbps,carry 2 types of HSDPA uplink physical layer
signaling: ACK/NACK and CQI.
ACK and NACK notifies the NodeB if UE has received correct downlink data or not. The field
defines like this:1-Nack, 0-Ack
CQI is a metric that reflects physical channel quality indicator based on CPICH, and reported
by period ranging from 0, 2ms. to 160ms (0 means no transmission). Usually the period is
2ms (one TTI).
ACK/NAK and CQI having different function may be controlled independently by different
parameters .
ACK/NACK/CQI could be configured to repeat up to 4 times to improve TSTD gain.

Subframe #0 Subframe # Subframe #4
HARQ-ACK CQI
One radio frame T
f
= 10 ms
One HS-DPCCH subframe (2 ms)
2 T slot = 5120 chips T
slot
= 2560 chips
Physical Channel Timing
Start of HS-SCCH is aligned with the start of P-CCPCH, HS-PDSCH
subframe is transmitted two slots after the associated HS-SCCH
subframe. UE demodulates HS-PDSCH subframe according to HS-
SCCH.
HS-SCCH and PDSCH are common channels, so there are not timing
between HS-SCCH/PDSCH and DPCH.

HS-SCCH
HS-PDSCH
3 slots = 2 ms
DPCH

DPCH
Radio frame with (SFN modulo 2) = 0
P-CCPCH
2 slots
3 slots = 2 ms
Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot
15 slots = 10 ms
Subframe #0 Subframe #1 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4
Radio frame with (SFN modulo 2)=1
10 ms
Subframe #0 Subframe #1 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4
HS-DPCCH
3 slots = 2 ms
~7.5 slots
UE Capacity Category( for reference)
HSDPA Physical Channel Transmit Power
PHSDPA(HSDPA total transmit power) PHS-PDSCH + PHS-SCCH
The HS-PDSCH transmit power is adjusted by Node B
according to the following factors:
CQI
Amount of data to be transmitted
Available power for HS-PDSCH
Available code resource for HS-PDSCH
HS-SCCH transmit power may use:
Fixed power transmission (outdoor 5%, indoor 3% of the total power)
A fixed power offset between HS-SCCH and DL associated channel (PDCH).
HS-PDSCH transmit power is usually bigger than the PDCH channel to keep a
proper transmit power.
HS-DPCCH transmit power has a power offset based on UL
DPCH.
Slot carrying HARQ-ACK/NACK or CQI may be set different power offset.
HSDPA Channel Mapping
When RAB is mapped onto HS-DSCH,
DPCH is needed to transport UL RLC
AM information and possible UL data, no
matter there is UL data to transport.

The following figure describes that DL
TRB is carried on HS-DSCH SRB and
SRB or UL service is carried on DCH. In
soft handover, there may be one or more
DCH, but only one HS-DSCH.
Channel Switching
Capability
Optimizes the utilization of radio resources, by switching UEs to the
most suitable transport channel based on traffic volume (throughput),
radio resources availability, radio conditions and mobility
Impacting features
Admission Control
Congestion Control
Soft Handover
Channel type switching
Release dedicated
channel
Random-Access
Request
Random-Access Channel
Packet Packet Packet
Dedicated Channel
T
Time-out
Switch to
common
Switch to
dedicated
Random-Access
Request
User 1
User 2
Channel rate switching
Distance
from RBS
or
Load in
the cell
Down-switch
e.g. 384 128 64 Kbps
Up-switch
e.g. 64 128 384 Kbps
Bit rate
Distance
from RBS
or
Load in
the cell
Overview of trigger mechanisms
Down-switch from dedicated
to common channel to resolve
congestion
Admission Control
Down-switch from one
dedicated channel to another,
e.g. from 64/384 to 64/128 to
free up radio resources
Channel Switching
Algorithms
Congestion Control
Soft Handover
Down-switch from 64/384 or 64/128 to
64/64 if Admission Control denies adding
a radio link to the Active Set
Channel
Switching
Down/up switch based on
coverage and user activity
Single RAB State Transitions
Idle Mode
RACH/FACH
(max. 32 kbps)
Common Channel (Cell_FACH)
Cell_DCH 64/64 kbps UL/DL
Cell_DCH 64/128 kbps UL/DL
Cell_DCH 64/384 kbps UL/DL
Dedicated Channel (Cell_DCH)
Connected Mode
1. Common to Dedicated
1
2. Dedicated to dedicated
Single RAB
2
2 2
2
3. Dedicated to common
3
4. Common to Idle Mode
4
3G KPI