1

Physics for Scientists &

Engineers, with Modern
Physics, 4
th
edition
Giancoli
Piri Reis University 2011-2012/ Physics -I
2
Piri Reis University 2011-2012 Fall Semester
Physics -I
Chapter 11
Angular Momentum
3
Piri Reis University 2011-2012
Lecture XI
I. L for Objects Rotating About a Fixed Axis
II. Vector Cross Product !or"ue as a Vector
III. L of a Partic#e
IV. L $ for a %yste& of Partic#es 'enera# (otion
V. L $ for a Rigid Object
VI. Conser)ation of Angu#ar (o&entu&
VII. !he %*inning !o* and 'yrosco*e
VIII. Rotating Fra&es of Reference Inertia# Forces
IX. !he Corio#is +ffect
,
I. Angular MomentumObjects Rotating About
a Fixed Axis
-inear (o&entu& .as defined as/
p = mv where p & v are vectors
!he rotationa# ana#og of #inear &o&entu& is angu#ar
&o&entu&/
L = Iwhere L & are vectors
0
I. Angular MomentumObjects Rotating About
a Fixed Axis
1e.ton2s second #a. for trans#ation .as/
F = dp/dt
!hen the rotationa# ana#og of 1e.ton2s second #a. is/
!his for& of 1e.ton2s second #a. is )a#id e)en if I is not
constant3
4
I. Angular MomentumObjects Rotating About
a Fixed Axis
In the absence of an externa# tor"ue5 angu#ar &o&entu& is
conser)ed/
(ore for&a##y5
the total angular momentum of a
rotating object remains constant if the
net external torque acting on it is zero
0 and constant.
dL
L I
dt
= = =
6
I. Angular MomentumObjects Rotating About
a Fixed Axis
!his &eans/
!herefore5 if an object2s &o&ent of inertia
changes5 its angu#ar s*eed changes as .e##3
7
Example 1: Object rotating on a string of
canging lengt.
A s&a## &ass m attached to the end of a string re)o#)es in
a circ#e on a friction#ess tab#eto*3
!he other end of the string *asses through a ho#e in the
tab#e3
Initia##y5 the &ass re)o#)es .ith a s*eed v
1
8 23, &9s in a
circ#e of radius R
1
8 :37: &3
;
Example 1: Object rotating on a string of
canging lengt.
Initia##y5 the &ass re)o#)es .ith a s*eed v
1
8 23, &9s in a
circ#e of radius R
1
8 :37: &3
!he string is then *u##ed s#o.#y through the ho#e so that
the radius is reduced to R
2
8 :3,7 &3 <hat is the s*eed5
v
2
5 of the &ass no.=
1:
Example 1: Object rotating on a string of
canging lengt.
>
Force on string in.ard creates tension and additiona#
centri*eta# force but no ?externa#@ tor"ue3
>
-ess &ass a distance fro& the ax#e &eans rotationa#
inertia is #ess AI 8 (r
2
B
> 1o externa# tor"ues 8C L conser)ed 8C I
1

1
8 I
2

2
=
constant
11
Example 1: Object rotating on a string of
canging lengt.
Dut it RO!A!+% fasterE %o .here does the force co&e to
acce#erate it=
And .on2t F+ ArotB 8 I
2
be #arger=
8C Gou HO .orI *u##ing it in.ards your force both *u##s it
for.ard and does .orI to increase F+3
12
Example !: "lutc.
A si&*#e c#utch consists of t.o cy#indrica# *#ates that
can be *ressed together to connect t.o sections of an
ax#e5 as needed5 in a *iece of &achinery3
!he t.o *#ates ha)e &asses M
A
8 43: Ig and
M
B
8 ;3: Ig5 .ith e"ua# radii R
0
8 :34: &3
!hey are initia##y se*arated3
P#ate M
A
is acce#erated fro& rest to an angu#ar )e#ocity

1
8 632 rad9s in ti&e t 8 23: s3
13
Example !: "lutc.
!he t.o *#ates ha)e &asses M
A
8 43: Ig and
M
B
8 ;3: Ig5 .ith e"ua# radii R
0
8 :34: &3
P#ate M
A
is acce#erated fro& rest to an angu#ar )e#ocity

1
8 632 rad9s in ti&e t 8 23: s3 Ca#cu#ate
AaB the angu#ar &o&entu& of M
A
5 and
AbB the tor"ue re"uired to ha)e acce#erated M
A
fro&
rest to
1
3
1,
Example !: "lutc.
!he t.o *#ates ha)e &asses M
A
8 43: Ig and
M
B
8 ;3: Ig5 .ith e"ua# radii R
0
8 :34: &3
P#ate M
A
is acce#erated fro& rest to an angu#ar )e#ocity

1
8 632 rad9s in ti&e t 8 23: s3 Ca#cu#ate
AaB the angu#ar &o&entu& of M
A
5
!he angu#ar &o&entu& is 637 IgJ&29s3
AbB the tor"ue re"uired to ha)e acce#erated M
A
fro&
rest to
1
3 !he tor"ue is the change in angu#ar
&o&entu& di)ided by the ti&e5 33; &J13
10
Example !: "lutc.
!he t.o *#ates ha)e &asses M
A
8 43: Ig and M
B
8 ;3:
Ig5 .ith e"ua# radii R
0
8 :34: &3 P#ate M
A
is
acce#erated fro& rest to an angu#ar )e#ocity
1
8 632
rad9s in ti&e t 8 23: s3
AcB 1ext5 *#ate M
B
5 initia##y at rest but free to rotate
.ithout friction5 is *#aced in fir& contact .ith free#y
rotating *#ate M
A
5 and the t.o *#ates both rotate at a
constant angu#ar )e#ocity
2
5 .hich is considerab#y
#ess than
1
3
<hy does this ha**en5 and .hat is
2
=
14
Example !: "lutc3
AcB 1ext5 *#ate M
B
5 initia##y at rest but free to rotate
.ithout friction5 is *#aced in fir& contact .ith free#y
rotating *#ate M
A
5 and the t.o *#ates both rotate at a
constant angu#ar )e#ocity
2
5 .hich is considerab#y
#ess than
1
3
<hy does this ha**en5 and .hat is
2
=
!his is a co##isionE Angu#ar &o&entu& is sti##
conser)ed5 if you define the ?syste&@ as both objects5
and then there is no externa# tor"ue in)o#)ed3 %o
I
1

1
8 I
2

2
16
Example #: $eutron star.
Astrono&ers detect stars that are rotating extre&e#y
ra*id#y5 Ino.n as neutron stars3 A neutron star is be#ie)ed
to for& fro& the inner core of a #arger star that co##a*sed5
under its o.n gra)itation5 to an object of )ery s&a## radius
and )ery high density3
Before collapse5 su**ose the core of such a star is the siKe
of our %un Ar L 6 x 1:
0
I&B .ith &ass 23: ti&es as great as
the %un5 and is rotating at a fre"uency of 13: re)o#ution
e)ery 1:: days3
17
Example #: $eutron star.
Defore co##a*se5 su**ose the core of such a star is the siKe
of our %un Ar L 6 x 1:
0
I&B .ith &ass 23: ti&es as great as
the %un5 and is rotating at a fre"uency of 13: re)o#ution
e)ery 1:: days3
If it .ere to undergo gra)itationa# co##a*se to a neutron star
of radius 1: I&5 .hat is its rotation fre"uency=
Assu&e the star is a unifor& s*here at a## ti&es5 and #oses
no &ass3
1;
Example #: $eutron star.
Defore co##a*se5 su**ose the core of such a star is the siKe
of our %un Ar L 6 x 1:
0
I&B .ith &ass 23: ti&es as great as
the %un5 and is rotating at a fre"uency of 13: re)o#ution
e)ery 1:: days3
If it .ere to undergo gra)itationa# co##a*se to a neutron star
of radius 1: I&5 .hat is its rotation fre"uency=

I
1

1
8 I
2

2
so
2
= I
1

1
/I
2
and I = 2/5 MR
2
As R oes do!n "y #$10
%
& I
2
oes do!n "y '5$10
(
And
2
oes UP "y 5$10
(
=) ' *00 revol+tions/second,
2:
I. Angular MomentumObjects Rotating About a Fixed Axis
Angu#ar &o&entu& is a )ector
for a sy&&etrica# object rotating
about a sy&&etry axis it is in the
sa&e direction as the angu#ar
)e#ocity )ector3
21
Example %: Running on a circular platform.
%u**ose a 4:-Ig *erson stands at the edge of a 43:-&-dia&eter
circu#ar *#atfor&5 .hich is &ounted on friction#ess bearings and has a
&o&ent of inertia of 17:: IgJ&
2
3 !he *#atfor& is at rest initia##y5 but
.hen the *erson begins running at a s*eed of ,32 &9s A.ith res*ect
to the +arthB around its edge5 the *#atfor& begins to rotate in the
o**osite direction3 Ca#cu#ate the angu#ar )e#ocity of the *#atfor&3
22
"onceptual Example &: 'pinning bic(cle )eel.
Gour *hysics teacher is ho#ding a s*inning
bicyc#e .hee# .hi#e he stands on a stationary
friction#ess turntab#e3
<hat .i## ha**en if the teacher sudden#y f#i*s
the bicyc#e .hee# o)er so that it is s*inning in
the o**osite direction=
23
II. *ector "ross +roduct, -or.ue as a *ector
!he )ector cross *roduct is defined as/
!he direction of the cross *roduct is defined by a right-hand
ru#e/
2,
II. *ector "ross +roduct, -or.ue as a *ector
!he cross *roduct can a#so be .ritten in deter&inant for&/
20
II.*ector "ross +roduct, -or.ue as a *ector
%o&e *ro*erties of the cross *roduct/
24
II. *ector "ross +roduct, -or.ue as a *ector
!or"ue can be defined as the )ector *roduct of the force and
the )ector fro& the *oint of action of the force to the axis of
rotation/
26
II. *ector "ross +roduct, -or.ue as a *ector
For a *artic#e5 the tor"ue can be defined around a *oint -/
Mere5 is the *osition )ector fro& the *artic#e re#ati)e to -3
r
r
27
Example /: -or.ue 0ector.
r

r
r
F
r
r
r

%u**ose the )ector is in the ! *#ane5 and is gi)en by 3
Ca#cu#ate the tor"ue )ector if 8 A10: 1B 3
8 A132 &B N 132 &
2;
III. Angular Momentum of a +article
!he angu#ar &o&entu& of a *artic#e about a s*ecified axis is
gi)en by/
3:
III. Angular Momentum of a +article
If .e taIe the deri)ati)e of 5 .e find/
%ince
.e ha)e/
r
1
31
III. Angular Momentum of a +article
"onceptual Example 2: A *artic#e2s angu#ar &o&entu&3
<hat is the angu#ar &o&entu& of a *artic#e of &ass m &o)ing .ith
s*eed v in a circ#e of radius r in a counterc#ocI.ise direction=
32
I*. Angular Momentum and -or.ue for a '(stem
of +articles, 3eneral Motion
!he angu#ar &o&entu& of a syste& of *artic#es can change
on#y if there is an externa# tor"ueOtor"ues due to interna#
forces cance#3
!his e"uation is )a#id in any inertia# reference fra&e3 It is a#so
)a#id for the center of &ass5 e)en if it is acce#erating/
33
*. Angular Momentum and -or.ue for a Rigid
Object
For a rigid object5 .e can sho. that its angu#ar &o&entu&
.hen rotating around a *articu#ar axis is gi)en by/
3,
Example 4: At)ood5s macine.
An At.ood &achine consists of t.o &asses5 m
A
and m
B
5
.hich are connected by an ine#astic cord of neg#igib#e
&ass that *asses o)er a *u##ey3 If the *u##ey has radius R
0

and &o&ent of inertia I about its ax#e5 deter&ine the
acce#eration of the &asses m
A
and m
B
5 and co&*are to
the situation .here the &o&ent of inertia of the *u##ey is
ignored3
30
"onceptual Example 6: 7ic(cle )eel.
%u**ose you are ho#ding a bicyc#e
.hee# by a hand#e connected to its
ax#e3 !he .hee# is s*inning ra*id#y
so its angu#ar &o&entu& *oints
horiKonta##y as sho.n3 1o. you
sudden#y try to ti#t the ax#e u*.ard
Aso the C( &o)es )ertica##yB3 Gou
ex*ect the .hee# to go u* Aand it
.ou#d if it .eren2t rotatingB5 but it
unex*ected#y s.er)es to the rightE
+x*#ain3
34
*. Angular Momentum and -or.ue for a Rigid
Object
A syste& that is rotationa##y
i&ba#anced .i## not ha)e its
angu#ar &o&entu& and angu#ar
)e#ocity )ectors in the sa&e
direction3 A tor"ue is re"uired to
Iee* an unba#anced syste&
rotating3
36
Example 18: -or.ue on unbalanced s(stem.
Heter&ine the &agnitude of the
net tor"ue "
net
needed to Iee* the
i##ustrated syste& turning3
37
*I. "onser0ation of Angular Momentum
If the net tor"ue on a syste& is constant5
!he total angular momentum of a system
remains constant if the net external torque
acting on the system is zero
3;
Example 11: 9epler5s second la) deri0ed.
Fe*#er2s second #a. states that each *#anet &o)es so that a #ine
fro& the %un to the *#anet s.ee*s out e"ua# areas in e"ua# ti&es3
Pse conser)ation of angu#ar &o&entu& to sho. this3
,:
Example 1!: 7ullet stri:es c(linder edge.
A bu##et of &ass m &o)ing .ith )e#ocity v striIes and
beco&es e&bedded at the edge of a cy#inder of &ass M
and radius R
0
3 !he cy#inder5 initia##y at rest5 begins to
rotate about its sy&&etry axis5 .hich re&ains fixed in
*osition3 Assu&ing no frictiona# tor"ue5 .hat is the angu#ar
)e#ocity of the cy#inder after this co##ision= Is Iinetic energy
conser)ed=
,1
*II. -e 'pinning -op and 3(roscope
A s*inning to* .i## *recess
around its *oint of contact .ith
a surface5 due to the tor"ue
created by gra)ity .hen its axis
of rotation is not )ertica#3
,2
*II. -e 'pinning -op and 3(roscope
!he angu#ar )e#ocity of the *recession is gi)en by/
!his is a#so the angu#ar )e#ocity of
*recession of a toy gyrosco*e5 as
sho.n3
,3
*III. Rotating Frames of Reference, Inertial
Forces
An inertia# fra&e of reference is one
in .hich 1e.ton2s #a.s ho#d a
rotating fra&e of reference is non-
inertial5 and objects )ie.ed fro&
such a fra&e &ay &o)e .ithout a
force acting on the&3
,,
*III. Rotating Frames of Reference, Inertial
Forces
!here is an a**arent out.ard force on objects in rotating
reference fra&es this is a fictitious force5 or a *seudoforce3 !he
centrifuga# ?force@ is of this ty*e there is no out.ard force .hen
)ie.ed fro& an inertia# reference fra&e3
,0
I;. -e "oriolis Effect
If an object is &o)ing in a
noninertia# reference fra&e5 there is
another *esudoforce on it5 as the
tangentia# s*eed does not increase
.hi#e the object &o)es farther fro&
the axis of rotation3 !his resu#ts in a
side.ays drift3
Inertial re.erence .ra/e
Rotatin re.erence .ra/e
,4
I;. -e "oriolis Effect
!he Corio#is effect is res*onsib#e
for the rotation of air around #o.-
*ressure areasO
counterc#ocI.ise in the 1orthern
Me&is*here and c#ocI.ise in the
%outhern3 !he Corio#is
acce#eration is/
,6
'ummar( of "apter ;I
> Angu#ar &o&entu& of a rigid object/
> 1e.ton2s second #a./
>Angu#ar &o&entu& is conser)ed3
>
!or"ue/
>
Angu#ar &o&entu& of a *artic#e/
>
1et tor"ue/
> If the net tor"ue is Kero5 the )ector angu#ar &o&entu& is conser)ed3
,7
<hat is the acce#eration of the &ass=
1o. .e can taIe into account the
rotation of the *u##ey=

)
r
&g
!
&a
(
r = radius
F = T
I =
1
2
Mr
2
=
a
r
F
y
= T mg = ma
r F = I
rT =
1
2
Mr
2
a
r
T =
Ma
2
Ma
2
mg = ma
a =
2mg
(M + 2m)
T =
Mm
(M + 2m)
,;
Friction#ess %ide.ays At.ood &achine
.ith a *u##ey .ith &ass
1o. taIe into account the rotation of the *u##ey3
a
ne.
e"uation
!
2
!
1
I 8 A!
2
-!
1
B R
Nx
-y
T
1
= Ma
T
2
mg = ma
I = (T
2
T
1
)R
a = R
1
2
MR
2
a
r
= (T
2
T
1
)R
1
2
MR
2
a
r
= (mg ma Ma)R
a =
m
m+
3
2
M
g
0:
1o. inc#ude friction bet.een b#ocI ( and
surface
a
!
2
!
1
I 8 A!
2
-!
1
B R

Nx
-y
T
1
Mg = Ma
T
2
mg = ma
I = (T
2
T
1
)R
a =R
1
2
MR
2
a
r
= (T
2
T
1
)R
1
2
MR
2
a
r
=
(mg ma Ma Mg)
R
a =
m(1 )
m+
3
2
M
g
01
<hat is the acce#eration of a s*here s&ooth#y
ro##ing do.n an inc#ined *#ane=
aB Hro* an object=
bB D#ocI s#iding do.n a
friction#ess inc#ined *#ane=
cB <ith friction=
dB %*here ro##ing do.n an
inc#ined
*#ane=

a
com
=
a = g
a = gsin
a = g(sin cos)
02
<hat is the acce#eration of a s*here s&ooth#y
ro##ing do.n an inc#ined *#ane=

x co&*onent 1e.tons
-a.
F
net
= Ma
com
f
s
Mgsin = Ma
com

net
8 I =
%o#)e for f
s
Rf
s
= I
com

=
a
com
R
Find tor"ue about the co&
03

a
com
=
gsin
1+
I
com
MR
2
!his .i## *redict .hich
objects .i## ro## do.n
the inc#ined faster3
f
s
= I
com
/ R
=
a
com
R
f
s
= I
com
a
com
/ R
2
I
com
a
com
/ R
2
Mgsin = Ma
com
%o#)e for
0,
shape I
com
1+ I
com
/MR
2
a
com
sphere 2/5 MR
2
1.4 0.71x g/2
disk 1/2MR
2
1.5 0.67 x g/2
pipe MR
2
2.0 0.50 x g/2

a
com
=
gsin
1+
I
com
MR
2
%in 3: 8 :30
-et 8 3: deg
00
HOM!O"#

$iancoli% Chapter 11
&% '% 1(% (&% ()% *(% *&% &+% &1% &)
"e,erences
o
0Physics For Scientists &Engineers with Modern Physics1 Giancoli %
t2
edition&

Pearson International 3dition