Les06 12787960143317 Phpapp02

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
Writing Explicit Cursors

6-2 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to
do the following:
Distinguish between an implicit and an explicit
cursor
Discuss when and why to use an explicit cursor
Use a PL/SQL record variable
Write a cursor FOR loop
About Cursors
Every SQL statement executed by the Oracle Server
has an individual cursor associated with it:
Implicit cursors: Declared for all DML and PL/SQL
SELECT statements
Explicit cursors: Declared and named by the
programmer
Explicit Cursor Functions
Controlling Explicit Cursors
1. Open the cursor
2. Fetch a row
3. Close the Cursor
1. Open the cursor
2. Fetch a row
3. Close the Cursor
1. Open the cursor
2. Fetch a row
3. Close the Cursor

Declaring the Cursor
Do not include the INTO clause in the cursor
declaration.
If processing rows in a specific sequence is
required, use the ORDER BY clause in the query.
CURSOR cursor_name IS
select_statement;
Syntax:

Declaring the Cursor
DECLARE
CURSOR emp_cursor IS
SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees;
CURSOR dept_cursor IS
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE location_id = 170;
BEGIN
...
Example:

Opening the Cursor
Syntax:
OPEN cursor_name;
Open the cursor to execute the query and identify
the active set.
If the query returns no rows, no exception is
raised.
Use cursor attributes to test the outcome after a
fetch.

Fetching Data from the Cursor
Syntax:
FETCH cursor_name INTO [variable1, variable2, ...]
| record_name];
Retrieve the current row values into variables.
Include the same number of variables.
Match each variable to correspond to the columns
positionally.
Test to see whether the cursor contains rows.

Fetching Data from the Cursor
Example:
LOOP
FETCH emp_cursor INTO v_empno,v_ename;
EXIT WHEN ...;
...
-- Process the retrieved data

END LOOP;
Closing the Cursor

Syntax:
CLOSE cursor_name;
Close the cursor after completing the processing
of the rows.
Reopen the cursor, if required.
Do not attempt to fetch data from a cursor after it
has been closed.
Explicit Cursor Attributes
Obtain status information about a cursor.
The %ISOPEN Attribute
Fetch rows only when the cursor is open.
Use the %ISOPEN cursor attribute before
performing a fetch to test whether the cursor is
open.
Example:

IF NOT emp_cursor%ISOPEN THEN
OPEN emp_cursor;
END IF;
LOOP
FETCH emp_cursor ...
Controlling Multiple Fetches
Process several rows from an explicit cursor using
a loop.
Fetch a row with each iteration.
Use explicit cursor attributes to test the success
of each fetch.
The %NOTFOUND
and %ROWCOUNT Attributes
Use the %ROWCOUNT cursor attribute to retrieve an
exact number of rows.
Use the %NOTFOUND cursor attribute to determine
when to exit the loop.
Example

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
v_empno employees.employee_id%TYPE;
v_ename employees.last_name%TYPE;
CURSOR emp_cursor IS
SELECT employee_id, last_name FROM employees;
BEGIN
OPEN emp_cursor;
LOOP
FETCH emp_cursor INTO v_empno, v_ename;
EXIT WHEN emp_cursor%ROWCOUNT > 10 OR
emp_cursor%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (TO_CHAR(v_empno)
||' '|| v_ename);
END LOOP;
CLOSE emp_cursor;
END ;
Cursors and Records

CREATE TABLE temp_list AS SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 50;
DECLARE
CURSOR emp_cursor IS SELECT employee_id, last_name FROM employees;
emp_record emp_cursor%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN emp_cursor;
LOOP
FETCH emp_cursor INTO emp_record;
EXIT WHEN emp_cursor%NOTFOUND;
INSERT INTO temp_list (empid, empname)
VALUES (emp_record.employee_id, emp_record.last_name);
END LOOP;
COMMIT;
CLOSE emp_cursor;
END;
Process the rows of the active set by fetching values into a PL/SQL RECORD.
Cursor FOR Loops

FOR record_name IN cursor_name LOOP
statement1;
statement2;
. . .
END LOOP;
Syntax:
The cursor FOR loop is a shortcut to process
explicit cursors.
Implicit open, fetch, exit, and close occur.
The record is implicitly declared.
Cursor FOR Loops

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
CURSOR emp_cursor IS SELECT last_name, department_id
FROM employees;
BEGIN
FOR emp_record IN emp_cursor LOOP
--implicit open and implicit fetch occur
IF emp_record.department_id = 80 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (Employee ||
emp_record.last_name || works in the Sales Dept. );
END IF;
END LOOP; --implicit close and implicit loop exit
END ;
Print a list of the employees who work for the sales department.
Cursor FOR Loops Using Subqueries

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
BEGIN
FOR emp_record IN (SELECT last_name, department_id FROM employees) LOOP
--implicit open and implicit fetch occur
IF emp_record.department_id = 80 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (Employee || emp_record.last_name
|| works in the Sales Dept. );
END IF;
END LOOP; --implicit close occurs
END ;
No need to declare the cursor.
Example:
Summary
In this lesson you should have learned to:
Distinguish cursor types:
Implicit cursors: used for all DML statements and
single-row queries
Explicit cursors: used for queries of zero, one, or
more rows
Manipulate explicit cursors
Evaluate the cursor status by using cursor attributes
Use cursor FOR loops
Practice 6 Overview
This practice covers the following topics:
Declaring and using explicit cursors to query rows
of a table
Using a cursor FOR loop
Applying cursor attributes to test the cursor status

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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Writing Explicit Cursors

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