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    Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: DR Imran Siddiqui

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    The document summarizes the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle. It begins with pyruvate entering the mitochondria and being converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Acetyl-CoA then enters the TCA cycle where it is oxidized, producing carbon dioxide and hydrogen carriers (NADH and FADH2). These hydrogen carriers are used in the electron transport chain to produce large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, harnessing more energy from glucose than glycolysis alone. Regulation of the cycle is discussed, along with an overview of the cycle's steps and energy production.

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    Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: DR Imran Siddiqui

    Uploaded by

    api-19824406
    161 views10 pages
    The document summarizes the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle. It begins with pyruvate entering the mitochondria and being converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Acetyl-CoA then enters the TCA cycle where it is oxidized, producing carbon dioxide and hydrogen carriers (NADH and FADH2). These hydrogen carriers are used in the electron transport chain to produce large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, harnessing more energy from glucose than glycolysis alone. Regulation of the cycle is discussed, along with an overview of the cycle's steps and energy production.

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    TCA Cycle

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    The document summarizes the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle. It begins with pyruvate entering the mitochondria and being converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Acetyl-CoA then enters the TCA cycle where it is oxidized, producing carbon dioxide and hydrogen carriers (NADH and FADH2). These hydrogen carriers are used in the electron transport chain to produce large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, harnessing more energy from glucose than glycolysis alone. Regulation of the cycle is discussed, along with an overview of the cycle's steps and energy production.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    161 views10 pages

    Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: DR Imran Siddiqui

    Uploaded by

    api-19824406
    The document summarizes the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle. It begins with pyruvate entering the mitochondria and being converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Acetyl-CoA then enters the TCA cycle where it is oxidized, producing carbon dioxide and hydrogen carriers (NADH and FADH2). These hydrogen carriers are used in the electron transport chain to produce large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, harnessing more energy from glucose than glycolysis alone. Regulation of the cycle is discussed, along with an overview of the cycle's steps and energy production.

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    Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

    Dr Imran Siddiqui (MBBS, MPhil)


    College of Medicine
    King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health
    Sciences
    Fate of Pyruvate
    Glucose
    glycolysis
    Anaerobic 2 Pyruvate Anaerobic
    2CO2 aerobic

    2 Ethanol + 2 CO2 2 Lactate


    (in yeast) 2 Acetyl CoA (in contracting
    muscle, RBCs)
    citric acid cycle

    4 CO2 + 4 H2O
    (animal, plant, and microorganisms under aerobic conditions)
    Citric Acid Cycle
    and
    Oxidative
    Anaerobic
    Phosphorylation
    Glycolysis gives only a
    Aerobic fraction of the ATP
    available from glucose.
    Complete oxidation to CO2
    takes place in the citric
    acid cycle.

    In oxidative
    phosphorylation, electrons
    removed in oxidation,
    reduce O2 and synthesize
    large amounts of ATP.
    Formation of acetyl CoA
    Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is not reduced to
    lactate, but decarboxylated to acetate, which links to
    Coenzyme A.
    • Catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase
    (PDH) multienzyme complex consisting of 3
    catalytic subunits and several cofactors.
    • PDH is directly inhibited by NADH, acetyl
    CoA, and ATP.
    • PDH exists in phosphorylated (inactive) and
    dephosphorylated (active) states. Insulin
    stimulates dephosphorylation.
    •Deficiency of PDH causes Congenital Lactic
    Acidosis resulting psychomotor retardation
    to death
    Protein kinase
    PDH PDH-PO4
    (active) Phosphatase (inactive)

    Insulin +
    Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
    Overview of citric acid cycle
    (TCA or Krebs cycle)
    Oxidation of two-carbon units, producing 2 CO2, 1 GTP, and
    high-energy electrons in the form of NADH and FADH2.

    citrate

    Mitochondrial
    matrix
    Pyruvate
    dehydrogenase
    Citrate synthase Aconitase

    Pyruvate Citrate

    H2O
    NAD NADH Aconitase
    CO2 cis-Aconitate
    Oxaloacetate
    Malate H2O
    dehydrogenase NADH

    NAD Isocitrate

    Malate
    Citric acid cycle Isocitrate
    dehydrogenase

    Fumarase
    For reference only
    H2O
    NAD
    NADH Oxalosuccinate
    FADH2 CO2
    Fumarate NADH
    FAD CO2 NAD Isocitrate
    dehydrogenase
    Succinate
    GTP GDP
    dehydrogenase

    α -Ketoglutarate
    Succinate

    Succinyl-CoA α -Ketoglutarate
    synthetase dehydrogenase
    Succinyl-CoA
    Overview of control points for
    the citric acid cycle
    Energy-generating capacity of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
    A total of ~38 ATP molecules
    are formed from 1 glucose
    under aerobic conditions
    Every NADH that is produced
    needs to be re-oxidized to NAD+
    Glycolysis
    This re-oxidation occurs
    by transferring the electrons
    from NADH and FADH2 into
    the electron transport chain

    Electron transport chain results in the


    electrons going into O2 to
    produce H2O and oxidative
    phosphorylation uses the energy
    accumulated by the electron transport
    chain to drive ATP synthesis
    For every 1 NADH ~ 3 ATP are made Citric
    Acid
    For every 1 FADH2 ~ 2 ATP are made
    Cycle
    Animation
    • No. 1
    • No. 2

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