Subnetting is the division of a network into subnets. It is used to facilitate the flow of traffic between the different subnets and the outside network (hops) Some of the host IDs are used for creating subnet IDs.
Subnetting is the division of a network into subnets. It is used to facilitate the flow of traffic between the different subnets and the outside network (hops) Some of the host IDs are used for creating subnet IDs.
Subnetting is the division of a network into subnets. It is used to facilitate the flow of traffic between the different subnets and the outside network (hops) Some of the host IDs are used for creating subnet IDs.
Subnetting is the division of a network into subnets. It is used to facilitate the flow of traffic between the different subnets and the outside network (hops) Some of the host IDs are used for creating subnet IDs.
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Chapter
Subnets in TCP/IP Networks
N. Ganesan, Ph.D. N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Chapter Objectives
Module Introduction to Subnetting N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Subnetting Division of a network into subnets For example, division of a Class B address into several Class C addresses Some of the host IDs are used for creating subnet IDs N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Need for Subnetting Classes A and B have a large number of hosts corresponding to each network ID It may be desirable to subdivide the hosts in Class C subnets Often, there is a limitation on the number of hosts that could be hosted on a single network segment The limitation may be imposed by concerns related to the management of hardware Smaller broadcast domains are more efficient and easy to manage N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Subnetting Principle Use parts of the host IDs for subnetting purpose A subnet mask is used to facilitate the flow of traffic between the different subnets and the outside network (hops) A hop is the distance a data packet travels form one node to the other N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Using Host IDs to Subnet 140 15 0 0 Class B Network 140 15 1 0 140 15 2 0 Subnet 1 Subnet 2 Third octet is now used for subnet IDs 140 15 3 0 Subnet 3 N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Subnet Configuration 140 15 1 0 140 15 1 1 Subnet ID First Host ID 140 15 1 254 .. Last Host ID N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Routing of Traffic 140.15.0.0 140.15.2.0 140.15.1.0 140.15.3.0 Routing Subnets 1 2 3 Outside world N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. End of Module Module Subnetting Example N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Subnetting Example Consider the case of a class C address 195. 175.25.0 assigned to an organization Subnets can be constructed by allocating part of the higher-order bits of the host ID Assume that three of the higher-order bits of the host ID are to be reserved for that purpose N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Subnetting Structure 195 175 25 0 11100000 Subnet Mask N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Sub Net Last Octet Subnet ID 1 00000000 195.175.25.0 2 00100000 195.175.25.32 3 01000000 195.175.25.64 4 01100000 195.175.25.96 5 10000000 195.175.25.128 6 10100000 195.175.25.160 7 11000000 195.175.25.192 8 11100000 195.175.25.224 Usable Subnets (6) N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Sample Subnet Division Router 195.175.25.32 195.175.25.64 195.175.25.33 . . . 195.175.25.62 195.175.25.65 . . . 195.175.25.94 30 hosts per subnet. Subnet 2 Subnet 1 N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Total Number of Subnets and Hosts All zeros and ones are not used This has been overcome in the new RFC Total number of subnets is 6 Number of hosts per subnet is 30 Subnet mask is 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.11100000 N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. End of Module Module The Routing Process N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Overview of the Masking Process IP address and subnet masks are used for the masking operation The purpose of masking is to identify whether an IP address corresponds to a local host or a remote host The mathematical technique used is known as the ANDing process N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. ANDing Process Similar to the AND Boolean operator Consider A = B and C A is true only when B and C are true Otherwise, A is false for all other scenarios N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. ANDing Table B C B AND C 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Subnet Masking AND host IP and subnet mask value at startup to identify network ID AND destination IP address and subnet mask value determine either of the following: IP represents local host IP represents remote host N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Subnet Masking Example Subnet ID: 195.175.25.32 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.224 Host address 195.175.25.34 Case 1 destination address 195.175.25.40 Case 2 destination address 195.175.25.67 N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Network Scenario Router Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.224 Host 195.175.25.34 Local Host 195.175.25.40 Outside World 195.175.25.40 195.175.25.67 N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Computing Subnet ID at Startup Host ID 195 175 25 34 11000011 10101111 00011001 00100010 Subnet Mask 255 255 255 224 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000 ANDing Result 195 175 25 32 11000011 10101111 00011001 00100000 Yields subnet ID. N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. TCP/IP Properties of the Host N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Masking of Destination Address:Case 1 Destinati- nation IP 195 175 25 40 11000011 10101111 00011001 00101000 Subnet Mask 255 255 255 224 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000 ANDing Result 195 175 25 32 11000011 10101111 00011001 00100000 Yields subnet ID to be that of the local subnet. N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Case 1 Forwarding of Data Packets The destination host is local Broadcast for the hardware address of the local host at IP 195.175.25.40 Send information to the local host N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Masking of Destination Address:Case 2 Destinati- nation IP 195 175 25 67 11000011 10101111 00011001 01000011 Subnet Mask 255 255 255 224 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000 ANDing Result 195 175 25 64 11000011 10101111 00011001 01000000 Yields subnet ID to be that of different subnet. N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Case 2 Forwarding of Data Packets The destination host is remote Send information to the gateway The router at the gateway will route the data packet to the appropriate subnet N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Gateway IP address specified In TCP/IP properties. N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Summary of Transmission and Routing of Data Packets Router Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.224 Host 195.175.25.34 Local Host 195.175.25.40 Subnet at 195.175.25.64 195.175.25.40 (Case 1) 195.175.25.67 (Case 2) N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Valid Subnet Masks for Class C Addresses Subnet Mask Subnets Hosts Host Total 255.255.255.192 2 62 124 255.255.255.224 6 30 180 255.255.255.240 14 14 196 255.255.255.248 30 6 180 255.255.255.252 62 2 124 255.255.255.254 255.255.255.255 N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. End of Module Module Subnetting Convention N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Subnet Convention Consider the following Class C example 195.175.25.0/27 In the above case, the first three octets and the first three higher-order bits of the fourth octet are used in subnet masking 3*8+3 = 27 bits from the beginning of the 32 bit IP address N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Subnet Convention Illustrated 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 3 Bits Total number of masking bits = 27
195.175.25.0/27 Network ID N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Variable Length Subnets Source: Microsoft White Paper 135.41.0.0/16 135.41.0.0/17 135.41.128.0.0/17 135.41.128.0/21 135.41.128.0./17 135.41.248.0/21 135.41.248.0/24 1 Network, 32,766 hosts 15 Networks, 2046 hosts per network 135.41.255.0/21 Subnet Subnet 8 Networks, 254 hosts per network N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. End of Module Module Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) To avoid the depletion of the class B addresses, it is subnetted and assigned as class C addresses To avoid the proliferation of network IDs that would complicate entries in the routing tables, they were folded for easing the routing process The above is known as CIDR N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Subnetting of Class B Example Consider the requirement of 2000 hosts by a company Allocation of one class B network ID would yield 65,534 hosts Far more than required The solution is to subnet a B class address 8 C class network IDs with each network being able to support 254 hosts The total number of hosts supported is 2,032 N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. CIDR CIDR enables the folding of network IDs The Internet router tables will need one entry for network ID with the use of a subnet mask for supernetting Otherwise, the table need to carry 8 entries in the previous example RIP for IP version 2, OSPF and BGPv2 are protocols that support CIDR N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Classless Addressing Fixed Variable Fixed + Zeros Fixed + Variables Network ID Host IDs N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. End of Module Module Supernetting N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. Supernetting and CIDR 220.78.168.0 Source: Microsoft White Paper on TCP/IP Network ID 220.78.168.0
Subnet Mask 255.255.248.0 (For supernetting) 220.78.175.0 220.778.168.0 Internet Router Entry Network ID . . . 8 Network IDs End of Module End of Chapter
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