Course Assessment

Class Participation
Web Assignment
Presentation
Mid - Term Exam
End -Term Exam

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:
:
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10%
10%
10%
20%
50%

TOTAL

: 100%

What is a Computer?
Commonly Operated Machine Precisely Used
for Training, Education and Research.

Block Diagram of Computer

System Unit

A computer is an electronic machine that can be programmed to accept

data (input), process it into useful information (output), and store it in a
storage media for future use
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Input & Output Devices

INPUT
Any data and instructions you enter into the memory of a
computer

INPUT

Data
Collection of unorganized fact - words, numbers, pictures,
sounds and videos information
Instructions
Program
a series of instructions that tells a computer how to perform
the tasks
Command
an instruction given to a computer by typing or pressing keys
on the keyboard or clicking a mouse button
User Response
an instruction you issue to the computer by replying to a
question posed by a computer program
E.g. : Do you want to Exit this program?

INPUT DEVICE
Any hardware component used to enter data and
instruction into a computer
Type of
Input
Device

Example

Keyboard
Input

Keyboard (QWERTY)

Pointing
Devices

Mouse, Trackball, Joysticks, Touchpad,

Light Pen

Source Data
Entry

Scanner, Optical Recognition, Voice Recognition,

Audio and video input, Biometric device

KEYBOARD
input device that contains keys users press to
enter data and instructions into a computer
function keys
typing area
status light

arrow keys
numeric keypad

KEYBOARD
QWERTY keyboard
designed for typewriter

KEYBOARD
Wireless or cordless keyboard
Transmits data using wireless technology
Communicate with a receiver attached to a port on the
system unit

 Special Keys
Toggle Key
Num Lock
Caps Lock
Alt /Ctrl Key
Windows Key

Delete Key
Insert Key
Backspace Key
Home / End Key
Function Keys (F1 till F12)

KEYBOARD
Alternative forms for command
Many programs allow you to use key combination, menu,
or button to obtain same result
Key
Key
Combination
Combination

Menu |
Menu |
Command
Command

Copy
Copy

Shift+F2 or
Shift+F2 or
Ctrl+C
Ctrl+C

Edit | Copy
Edit | Copy

Open
Open

Ctrl+F12
Ctrl+O

File | Open
File | Open

Paste
Paste

Ctrl+V
Ctrl+V

Edit | Paste
Edit | Paste

Command
Command

Button
Button

POINTING DEVICE
input device that allows a user to control
a pointer on the screen
A pointing device can be used to :
move the insertion point;
select text, graphics and other objects;
click buttons, icons, links and menu commands.

I-beam

Block
arrow

Pointing
hand

POINTING DEVICE

Mouse
pointing device that fits under the palm of your hand
Mechanical mouse
Has a rubber ball underneath - electronic circuits in the
mouse translate the movement of the mouse into signals the
computer can process
mouse buttons
wheel
button
ball

mouse pad

POINTING DEVICE
Optical mouse
device that emits and
senses light to detect
the mouses movement
does not require
cleaning.

Wireless or cordless mouse

a battery-powered device that
transmits data using wireless
technology

POINTING DEVICE
Touchpads
a small, flat, rectangular
pointing device that is
sensitive to pressure and
motion
Touch Screens
a touch sensitive
display device.
Users can interact
with these devices by
touching areas of the
screen

POINTING DEVICE
Light pen
A pen-like device connected to the computer terminal device that
can detect the presence of light.
Uses pressure to write text or draw press the light pen against the
screen and press a button on the pen

SOURCE DATA ENTRY

Do not require keystroke data is entered without
requiring humans to type in.
It collects data at the source and send it directly to the
computer.
Advantages : Reduces the number of possible errors.
Scanner
Optical Readers
Barcode Readers
RFID Readers
Magnetic Stripe Card Readers

MICR Readers
Voice Input
Digital Cameras
Video Input
Biometrics

SOURCE DATA ENTRY

Scanner
Convert text and picture into recognizable form optical recognition
The quality of a scanner is measured in no of pixels per inch
(resolution)
determines the sharpness and clearness of the resulting image

SOURCE DATA ENTRY

Types of scanner
Flatbed

Drum

Sheet-fed

Pen or Handheld

SOURCE DATA ENTRY

Optical Readers
a device that uses a light source to
read characters, marks and codes
converts them into digital data.
Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
read hand-drawn marks such
as small circles or rectangle
e.g. for MCQ exam
Optical Character Recognition
(OCR)
Read typewritten,
computer-printed or handprinted characters from
ordinary documents
digital code

SOURCE DATA ENTRY

Bar Code Readers
an optical reader that uses laser
beams to read bar codes
(identification code that consists
of a set of vertical lines and
spaces of different widths)
RFID

Readers

Radio Frequency Identification uses radio signals to communicate

with a tag placed in or attached to
an object, animal or person
RFID tags a memory chip and an
antenna.
Does not required direct contact

SOURCE DATA ENTRY

Magnetic Stripe Card Readers
Reads the magnetic stripe on the
back of credit cards, bank cards
and other similar cards.
Contains information - your name,
account number, cards expiration
date, country code, etc.

MICR Readers
Convert MICR characters a form
the computer can process
MICR device - reads text printed
with magnetized ink.
Used by the banking industry cheque processing

SOURCE DATA ENTRY

Voice Input

the process of entering input by speaking

Voice or speech recognition converts a person's speech into
digital code
comparing the electrical patterns produced by the speaker's
voice with a set of prerecorded patterns stored in the computer

1
0
voice

Wave form

Digital voice

SOURCE DATA ENTRY

Digital Camera
allows users to take pictures and store
the photographed imaged digitally
Transfer the image by downloading or
using storage media

SOURCE DATA ENTRY

Video Input
the process of capturing
full-motion images and
storing them on a
computers storage
medium

Video
conferencing

PC video
camera

Web Cams

SOURCE DATA ENTRY

Biometrics

the technology of authentication a persons identity by verifying a

personal characteristic
Biometric device
translates a personal characteristic (the input)
into a digital code that is compared with a digital code stored in
the computer.

SOURCE DATA ENTRY

Examples of biometric technology

Voice verification system compares live

speech with stored voice pattern
Signature verification system recognizes
shape of signature
Iris recognition system reads patterns in
blood vessels in back of eye
Fingerprint scanner captures curves and
indentations of fingerprint
Hand geometry system measures shape
and size of persons hand

OUTPUT DEVICE

OUTPUT

data that has been processed into useful form Information

4 categories of output

OUTPUT
Categories of output

Text

Examples of text based output are

Memos/Notices
Letters
Reports
E-mail messages

OUTPUT
Categories of output

Audio
Video

Example of audio : audio clips

live broadcasts of interview
listen to music while working
with computer
chat using microphone

OUTPUT
Categories of output

Graphics
Animation

Examples of graphics : logos

chart
drawing
clip art
photographs

OUTPUT
Two kinds of output
Hardcopy
printed output

Softcopy
data that are kept in
any storage media

OUTPUT
Output Devices
Any hardware component that conveys
information to one or more users.

printer

Display device

speaker

COMPUTER DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY

An output device that visually conveys text, graphics and
video information - softcopy
It consists of a screen and the other components
Types of display
CRT (Cathode Ray tube )
Flat-panel displays

CRT

Flat-panel display

COMPUTER DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY

Quality of a Monitor
Resolution
the number of pixels (horizontal by vertical)
E.g. 640x480, 800x600, 1024x768
800 horizontal pixels

600 vertical
pixels

Total of 480,000
pixels on screen

PRINTERS
Devices that produces text and graphic on a
physical medium hardcopy/printout
Two orientations: portrait and landscape
Printer resolution is measured by number of
dots per inch (dpi).
Higher the resolution, the higher the image
quality

PRINTERS
300 dpi

600 dpi

1,200 dpi

PRINTERS

Types of printers
1. Impact

Form character/graphics by striking a

mechanism against an inked ribbon leaving
an image on paper physically

2. Non-impact
Place image on a page without touching the
page physically

 Impact

PRINTERS

Dot Matrix Printer

Produced images when tiny
wire pins strike an inked
ribbon.
Widely used for business
Useful for low quality carbon
copy printing
Advantages:
Handle continuous-form
paper
cheap

DOT MATRIX PRINTER

PRINTERS
Line Printer
Print an entire line at a
time
Speed measured by no
of lines per minute

 Non-impact

PRINTERS

Ink-jet Printer

Spray tiny drop of liquid ink onto paper using multiple jet nozzles
Can print black/ white and several different colors
Resolution measured by dpi (dots per inch)
Speed - measured by ppm (pages per minute)

PRINTERS
Laser Printer
Used a laser beam and
powdered ink (toner) to transfer
images onto paper
Prints text and graphics in very
high-quality resolution

PRINTERS
Plotter
Large printers specialized to
produce high-quality
graphics
Large-format printer creates
photo-realistic quality
color prints
Print signs, posters and
other professional quality
displays

PRINTERS

Mobile Printer

Small lightweight,
battery-powered
printer
allows mobile user
to print from
notebook
computer, while
traveling
Used ink-jet

AUDIO OUTPUT
Component of a computer produces music, speech and other
sound
Speaker
Headphones
Earphones

OTHER OUTPUT DEVICES

Fax machine (Input as well as Output Device)
Fax machine a device that code and encode documents to be
transmitted over telephone lines
Multifunction peripheral
A device that looks like a copy machine but provide functionality
printer, scanner, copy machine and fax machine

OTHER OUTPUT DEVICES

Data projector
A device that displays text and image on a computer screen
projects them on large screen we can see the image clearly

System Unit

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The System Unit

What is the
system unit?
Case that contains
electronic
components of the
computer used to
process data

Sometimes called
the chassis
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Common components inside the SU

Processor
Memory
Adapter cards

Sound card
Modem card
Video card
Network
card

power supply

drive bays

processor

memory
ports

sound card

Ports
Power supply
network card

modem card

video card

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 What is the
motherboard?
Main circuit
board of the
system unit.
Contains
expansion slots,
processor chips,
and memory
slots.
Also called
system board.

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CPU/Processor
Interprets

and
carries out basic
instructions that
operate a
computer

Control
Control
Unit
Unit

Arithmetic
Arithmetic
LogicUnit
Unit(ALU)
(ALU)
Logic
Instructions
Data
Information

Input
Devices

Data

Memory

Information

Output
Devices

Instructions
Data
Information

Storage
Devices

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2.0 Central Processing Unit

2.1 CPU or microprocessors
Consists of two major parts which are:

Control units

Control ALU

Tells the rest of the

computer systems how
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to carry out a program's
instruction.
For each instruction, the
control unit repeats a set
1
of 4 basic operations know
as machine cycle (Fetch,
Decode, Execute, Store).

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ALU
Performs arithmetic operation and logical operations
and controls the speed of the operation.
Arithmetic operation - performs four kinds of arithmetic
operations or mathematical calculations: +, -, X and /.
Logical operation - comparisons such as ==, >=, <= and
others.

Control ALU

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System Unit
Motherboard
The main circuit board in the system unit which holds:
The CPU or microprocessor .
Electronic memory that assists the CPU, known as RAM.
And some expansion slots where additional circuit boards,
called expansion boards may be plugged in.
adapter cards

processor chip

memory chips

Expansion
slots for
adapter cards

memory slots
motherboard

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EXPANSION SLOT

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