HISTOLOGY of DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Ageng Brahmadhi

Overview
Digestive system
components:
GI tract/ alimentary canal
( 9m in cadaver)

Mounth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine

Accescory digestive organs

Teeth
Tounge
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

Overview

Basic process in digestive system:

Ingestion
Secretion
Mixing & Propulsion

Digestion

Motility
Mechanical
Chemical

Absorption
Defecation

Oral Cavity

Lips
three regions:

the skin aspect,

the vermilion zone
the mucous aspect.

The mucous (internal) aspect

of the lip is always wet and is lined
by stratified squamous

nonkeratinized epithelium

Lip, oral Mucosa

Teeth

Mineralized Components :

Enamel

Dentin

70% calcium hydroxyapatite

Cementum

96% calcium hydroxyapatite

50% calcium hydroxyapatite

Pulp, a richly vascularized

and innervated loose
connective tissue

stratified squamous
nonkeratinized
epithelium
Orthokeratinized
Parakeratinized

Humans have two sets

of teeth

20 deciduous (milk)
teeth
replaced by 32
permanent (adult) teeth

composed of 20
succedaneous teeth and
12 molars (accessional
teeth).

The Tongue

The tongue is a mass of striated muscle covered

by a mucous membrane

Mucosal folds lingual papillae

Lamina propria
Muscles:

Intrinsic muscles

Originate in the tongue

Alter the shape of the tongue

Extrinsic muscles

Outside the tongue

Moving tongue in & out, side to side

Tongue region :

A dorsal region
A ventral region
Two lateral region

The Tongue

The Tongue Muscle

Papillae

Papillae are elevations of the oral epithelium and

lamina propria
four types of lingual papillae:

filiform papillae

fungiform papilla

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

stratified squamous nonkeratinized
Fungiform papillae have taste buds

Foliate papillae
circumvallate papillae

Filiform Papilae

Circumvalata papilae

Fungiform papilae

Foliata papilae

Taste Bud

Alimentary Canal

The esophagus,
Stomach,
Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum),
Large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal,
and appendix).

Alimentary canal Histology

Layers:

mucosa,
submucosa,
muscularis externa,
and serosa (or adventitia).

similar throughout the length of the digestive tract

but display regional modifications and
specializations.

Alimentary canal Histology

Mucosa

Submucosa

dense, irregular fibroelastic connective tissue layer

no glands except in the esophagus and duodenum

Muscularis Externa

Epithelium
lamina propria
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) system
muscularis mucosae

inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers

Serosa and Adventitia

Serosa surround by mesothelium

Esophagus

Muscular tubes

Submucosa

Mucosa
stratified squamous epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae
esophageal glands

Muscularis Externa and

Adventitia

inner circular and outer longitudinal

the upper third of the esophagus
has mostly skeletal muscle
the middle third has both skeletal
and smooth muscle;
and the lowest third has only smooth
muscle fibers
The esophagus is covered by an
adventitia until it pierces the
diaphragm, after which it is
covered by a serosa

Esophagus-Gaster Junction

Esophagus-Gaster Junction

Gaster

Cardia: a narrow region at

the gastroesophageal
junction, 2 to 3 cm wide
Fundus: a dome-shaped
region to the left of the
esophagus, frequently filled
with gas
Body (corpus): the largest
portion, responsible for the
formation of chyme
Pylorus (pyloric antrum): a
funnel-shaped, constricted
portion equipped with a thick
pyloric sphincter that
controls the intermittent
release of chyme into the
duodenum

Gastric Histology

All the gastric regions

display rugae
longitudinal folds of the
mucosa and
submucosa, but transverse
in the antrum

the epithelial lining of

the stomach invaginates
into the mucosa,
forming gastric pits
(foveolae),

shallowest in the cardiac

region
and deepest in the
pyloric region

Gastric Histology

Mucosa

Epithelia

Lamina Propria

Connective tissue, fundic glands

Mucous Neck Cells
Regenerative (Stem) Cells
Parietal (Oxyntic) Cells
Chief (Zymogenic) Cells
DNES Cells (APUD or Enteroendocrine Cells

Muscularis mucosa

simple columnar epithelium

Composed by three layers of muscle

SubMucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa

Fundic Mucosa

Mucus Cells not Goblet cells

A: Gastric Pit
B: gastric Glands

Gastric Pit (Neck region)

Simple
columnar
epithelia
Neck
mucous
cells
Parietal
cells

Gastric Pit (Base Region)

A : Parietal
Cells
B: Chief cells

Mucosa of
the Cardiac Region VS Pyloric Regions
Cardiac

the gastric pits are

shallower
the base of its glands is
highly coiled
composed mostly of
surface-lining cells

Pyloric

predominant cell type in

the pylorus is the
mucous neck cell
the gastric pits of the
pyloric region are
deeper
Pyloric glands are
highly convoluted and
tend to branch

Cardiac region

Pyloric Region

Cardiac
Region

Pyloric
Region

Muscularis Mucosa & SubMucosa

Muscularis Externa

Inner oblique layer,

middle circular layer,
and

Small Intestine

duodenum,
jejunum, and ileum.
Layers:

Intestinal Mucosa
Sub Mucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa

Intestinal Mucosa

Epithelium

Lamina Propria

inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal

Submucosa
Muscularis Externa

the crypts of Lieberkhn, lymphoid nodules

Muscularis Mucosae

The simple columnar epithelium, Goblet cells , DNES cells

inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal

Serosa

Modifications of the Luminal Surface

Plicae circulares (valves of Kerckring)

Villi

protrusions of the lamina propria

Microvilli

transverse folds of the submucosa and mucosa

modifications of the apical plasmalemma

crypts of Lieberkhn

Invaginations of the epithelium into the lamina propria

between the villi

Plicae circulares

Villi

Villi

Microvilli

crypts of Lieberkhn

Paneth Cells

Histology of Small Intestine

Organ

Epitheliu
m

Lamina
Propria

Musculari
s Mucosa

Submuco
sa

Duodenum Simple
columnar
(goblet
cells)

Crypts of
Lieberkh
n

Inner
Brunner's
circular,
glands
outer
longitudina
l

Inner
Serosa
circular,
and
outer
adventitia
longitudina
l

Jejunum

Simple
columnar
(goblet
cells)

Crypts of
Lieberkh
n

Inner
No glands
circular,
outer
longitudina
l

Inner
Serosa
circular,
outer
longitudina
l

Ileum

Simple
columnar
(goblet
cells)

Crypts of
Lieberkh
n; Peyer's
patches

Inner
circular,
outer
longitudina
l

Inner
Serosa
circular,
outer
longitudina
l

No glands
(Peyer's
patches
may
extend into
this layer)

Musculari
s Externa

Serosa/
adventitia

Duodenum
Lumen Of Pyloric stomach

Lumen Of Duodenum

Pyloric Sphincter

Duodenum

Brunner's glands

Jejunum

the longest
segment of the
small intestine
highly coiled
submucosa and
mucosa fold, called
plicae circulares
(or valves of
Kerckring)

Ileum

Vermiform appendix

Lumen stellate/star-shaped
Mucosa:

Lamina propria:

Tidak punya villi

Epitel kolumner simpleks
CT + banyak lymphoid nodule
Crypte Lieberkuhn

Muscularis mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa,

serosa ~ small intestine

Appendix vermiformis
2

Keterangan:
1. Lumen
2. Mukosa
3. Submukosa
4. Muskularis
eksterna
5. Serosa
6. Noduli limfatici

3
4

Large Intestine

cecum, colon,
rectum, and anus
No vili, Crypts of
Lieberkuhn (+),
paneth cell (-)
Bundle of
muscularis
externa
Taenia coli

The colon: 450X

Muscularis externa
-Inner circular layer:

Submucosa

Mucosa
Muscularis
mucosa

Serosa & muscularis externa of the colon: 450X

Muscularis Externa
Outer longitudinal layer
Serosa

Muscularis Externa
Inner circular layer

Rectum & Anal Canal

Rectum ~ colon

Anal Canal

simple columnar
epithelium
unkeratinized
stratified
squamous
epithelium
Epitel squamous
kompleks keratin

Anal canal
Rectum

Anal skin

Internal anal sphincter

External anal sphincter

Glands

major salivary glands

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands),

the pancreas,
the liver
gallbladder

Histology of Salivary Glands

Secretory Portions

Serous cells
Mucous cells
Myoepithelial cells (basket
cells)

Duct Portions
The smallest branches =
intercalated ducts = layer of
small cuboidal cells,
myoepithelial cells

Several intercalated ducts

merge with each other to form
striated ducts = single layer of
cuboidal to low columnar cells

Striated intralobular ducts

interlobar ducts. terminal (principal)

duct

Glandula Sublingualis secretory portion

Parotid glands

the largest of the

salivary glands
produces only
about 30%
saliva output

Ductus intercalaris
Ductus striatus
duktus excretorius
interlobularis

Serous secretion

Sublingual Gland

composed mostly of mucous acini with serous demilunes,

and produces a mixed saliva.

Demiluna serosa

Submandibular Glands

produces 60% of the total salivary output

Mixed glands

Exocrine Pancreas

acinar cell
secretory granules
(zymogen granules)

Hepar

the liver has both

endocrine and
exocrine functions
Composed by
hepatocyte

The Three Concepts of Liver Lobules

The classical liver lobule

portal lobule

blood flows from the

periphery to the center of
the lobule into the central
vein

all hepatocytes that deliver

their bile to a particular
interlobular bile duct
constitute a lobule

hepatic acinus (acinus

of Rappaport).

blood flow from the

distributing arteriole

Portal Triad

Gallbladder

Layer:
epithelium, lamina
propria, smooth muscle,
and serosa/adventitia

Questions ??

End of lecture