Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Valves
Valves
&
On-Off Valves
September
2012
INDEX
Definition : Valve
Definition : Control Valves
Parts of Control Valves
Definition : On-Off Valves
Need and Application of On-off valve
Types of Valve
Globe Valve
Butterfly Valve
Ball Valve
Gate Valve
Eccentric Rotary plug
What is a Valve?
A valve is nothing but a restriction. A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls
the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or
partially obstructing various passageways.
VALVE
Control valve
A Control valve is a
restriction which is
capable of being
modulated in a conduit
that contains a flowing
fluid
On-off valve
An ON-OFF/shut down
valve (also referred to as
Emergency shutdown
valve, ESV, ESD, or
ESDV) is an actuated
valve designed to stop
the flow of a fluid
Motor Operated
valve
Motor Operated valve is a valve
where the Actuator Part is
replaced by a motor. MOV are
normally used for Larger
Process lines where the
Pneumatic pressure is not
enough to provide required
torque Valves movement.
CONTROL VALVE
Valve Body- The main pressure boundary of the valve that also provides the pipe connecting ends and the
fluid flow passageway, and supports the valve trim.
Bonnet Assembly- The portion of the valve that contains the packing box and stem seal and also may guide
the stem. It may also provide for the attachment of the actuator to the valve body. Typical bonnets are bolted,
threaded, welded, pressure-sealed, or integral with the body.
Trim- The internal components of a valve that modulate the flow of the controlled fluid. (In a globe valve
typically, it would include plug, seat ring, cage, stem)
Valve Plug- The movable part of the valve that is positioned in the flow path to modulate the rate of flow
through the valve.
Guide Bushing- The bushings fitted into the body, bonnet, bottom flange to guide the plug's post.
Cage- A part of a valve trim, in a globe or angle body, that surrounds the closure member and whose flow
passages may provide flow characterization and/or a seating surface. It may also provide stability, guiding,
balance, and alignment.
Seat Ring- A part of the valve body assembly that provides a seating surface for the closure member and may
provide part of the flow control orifice.
Seat- The line of contact between the closure member and its mating surface that establishes valve shutoff.
Stem Connector- The device that connects the actuator stem to the valve stem.
Yoke - The structure that rigidly connects the actuator power unit to the valve.
Actuator- The purpose of a actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism.
Positioner- a positioner is a device attached to an actuator that receives an electronic or pneumatic signal
from a controller and compares that signal to the actuators position. If the signal and the actuator position
differ, the positioner sends the necessary power, usually through compressed air to move the actuator until
the correct position is reached.
ESD Operated/ON-OFF
VALVES
TYPES OF VALVES
VALVE
GLOBE
SINGLE
SEATED
BUTTERFLY
DOUBLE
SEATED
ANGLE
DIVERTING
ECCENTRIC
ROTARY PLUG
GATE
3 WAY
BALL
SEGMENTED / V-NOTCH
MIXING
DIAPHRAGM
FULL BORE
Majorly the following kind of valves are used for Control valves:
-Globe
-Butterfly
-Eccentric Rotary Plug
-Segmented / V-Notch Ball
Majorly the following kind of valves are used for ON/OFF purposes
-Ball Valve
-Butterfly Valves
-Gate Valves
GLOBE VALVE
Globe valves are named for their spherical body shape
with the two halves of the body being separated by an
internal baffle.
Globe valves restrict the flow of fluid by altering the
distance between a movable plug and a stationary
seat.
When the plug is fitted into the seat, it stops the flow of
water. The plug can be left in any position from
completely closed, to completely open, depending on
the required flow of fluid.
GLOBE VALVE
Size:
The globe valve design is one of the most popular valve designs
used in throttling service.
Features:
High flow capacity
Tight shut off
High rangeability. Valve flow rangeability, is the ratio of maximum rated flow to minimum
controllable flow. The governing parameter is Rated Cv.
Higher Turndown, is the ratio between the valves maximum and minimum controllable flow
rate at stated operating pressures.
Various type of trim e.g. contour, single stage, multi stage low noise, anti-cavitation trims, etc.
Wide range of interchangeable trim size.
Available characteristics - Quick opening, Linear & Equal percentage. The valve trim consists
of the internal parts contained within the body and wetted by the process fluid. The main
components are the plug and stem and the seat rings. The trim design also serves to
determine the inherent flow characteristics of the valve.
Angle valve
Typical Features:
1. High Flow Capacity
2. Tight Shut-off
APPLICATION:
Angle valves are typically used in high pressure drop
applications and for erosive service where impingement of
solid particles is to be avoided. At high pressure drops the
velocity would be very high, therefore depending on actual
downstream velocities, these applications can require a
larger pipe size than the valve.
Where process fluid contains solid particles.
Corrosive or high viscous fluid which shall solidify at room
temperature, because the downwards output port does
not allow the solidified material to stay inside valve body.
Angle valve
3 Way valve
Three-way valves are another form of specialized globe valve body configuration that serve
two basic services:
1. Mixing service for the combination of two fluid streams passing to a common outlet port.
2. Diverting service for separating a common inlet port into two outlet ports.
Three way valves are ideal for mixing two separate flows by having two inlets and one
outlet, or dividing a flow into two proportional parts by having one common inlet and two
outlets.
Butterfly valve
The rotary valves such as butterfly, ball, and plug valves were once considered to be only on/off valves. In recent decades
the rotary valves in general and the butterfly design in particular have been used more and more as throttling control
valves.
ADVANTAGE: Relative to the traditional globe control valve, the butterfly valves have the advantages of lower cost and
weight, two to three times the flow capacity of globe valves fire-safe designs, tight shut-off and low stem leakage. Little
resistance to flow (allows smooth flow).
Optimal for automated operation with a low operating torque and 90 degrees operating angle.
DISADVANTAGE: When used for throttling service, some of their disadvantages are a direct consequence of the above
advantages. Their high-capacity design results in either using oversized valves or having small valves mounted in large
pipes. If small valves are used, this means substantial waste of pumping energy caused by the reducer pressure drops.
Butterfly Valves
Butterfly valves designed for tight shut-off (TSO) fall into two
categories:
One is the valve that is provided with an elastomer or plastic
liner.
The other tight shut-off design is the HPBV with the cammed disc
andAvailable
designs
a separate in
sealfollowing
ring clamped
into the body
Lug Type
Wafer Type
HPBV Type
ZERO OFFSET
DOUBLE OFFSET
The shaft is offset from
the centre line of the
disc seat and body
seal (offset one), and
the centre line of the
bore (offset two).
TRIPLE OFFSET
The third offset is the geometry design of the
sealing components not the shaft position.
The sealing components are each machined
into an offset conical profile resulting in a
right angled cone.
This ensures friction free stroking throughout
its operating cycle. Contact is only made at
the final point of closure with the 90 angle
acting as a mechanical stop; resulting in no
over - travel of the disc seat.
Ball valve
A ball valve is a valve with a spherical disc/ball, the part of the valve
which controls the flow through it. The sphere has a hole, or port,
through the middle so that when the port is in line with both ends of
the valve, flow will occur. When the valve is closed, the hole is
perpendicular to the ends of the valve, and flow is blocked Ball
valves are straight-through flow valves which provide positive shut
off with minimal pressure drop and flow turbulence. The barrier to
flow is a ball which is rotated 90 degrees to the direction of flow.
Ball Valves
Ball valves are durable and usually work to achieve perfect
shutoff even after years of disuse.
Used in steam, water, oil, gas, air, corrosive fluids, and can
also handle slurries and dusty dry fluids.
Abrasive and fibrous materials can damage the seats and the ball
surface.
Their tight shut-off characteristics correspond to ANSI Class IV and
VI.
The fire-safe design of ball valves can be certified to API-607,
which specifies the types of secondary seats that are acceptable
to control the leaking of flammable fluids, when the primary seat
(usually PTFE) sublimes during fire.
Features:
High flow capacity.
Metal to metal trim, soft seated trim.
Tight shut off (Leakage - ANSI class IV) with soft seat.
Minimum obstruction for the flowing media.
O ball and V notch construction available. The V-notch
ball provides nearly equal percentage flow characteristic.
The V-shaped notch cut into the opening lip of
the ball provides a narrower area for fluid flow at
low opening angles, providing more precise flow
control than a plain-bore ball valve. Also known as
segmented ball valve.
In general application the actuated ball valves used for shutdown valve or blow down is
categorized as a critical application. It serves a Safety Instrumented System (SIS) that has
a certain requirement of Safety Integrity Level (SIL)
Due to its critical role, the ESD ball valves are usually trunnion mounted instead of
floating type.
Torque and the upstream pressure acting on the seat is the main point for choice the
type. If the pressure acting on the seat is high, the stem of the floating type can not bear
the pressure and much of it will act on the Seal seat ,This will made the seat broken ,also
when we close or open the valves, the torque will be high. We may need to choose a big
actuator.
In Trunnion type, the ball is fixed and can reduce some torque. It also protects
the seat when the valve is closed and high upstream pressure act on the ball.
But it also depends on the manufacturer capabilities. Sometimes manufacturer
capabilities to fabricate a trunnion mounted ball valves is limited to 2 smallest size. In
this case, the floating type is unavoidable.
So as a conclusion, instrument ball valves used as shutdown or blow down application
shall be trunnion mounted type and the use of floating type is only acceptable if the use
of trunnion mounted type isnt feasible.
Gate valve
The KNIFE GATE-TYPE : It works by changing the process fluids
flow rate by sliding a plate past a stationary hole.
KNIFE GATE-TYPE
Slab-type knife
gate
Guillotine-type knife
Gate Valve:
Slide gate guillotine valves
are used on low pressure flue
gas or airflow service as a
block off valve. These valves
are available in bonneted or
bonnetless design.
The eccentric plug rotary control valve features an eccentrically mounted plug or ball, which combines
rotary valve efficiency with globe valve ruggedness..
Excellent Flow Characteristic
High Capacity
One-Piece Body
Rugged Construction
Reliable Performance
The High Rangeability
One of the main advantages of the rotary plug valve is its free passage. Due to the flow restrictor which
moves crossways to the flow, the plug does not directly bears the brut of the flowing fluid. This confers
a special advantage on abrasive or adhesive media.
Sr. No.
1
Type of VALVE
1.
2.
Butterfly Valves
High Performance
Butterfly Valves
Area of Application
1.a.
1.b.
1.c.
2.
Ball Valves
1.
2.
Diaphragm Valves
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
Globe valve
Below Sealed Globe
Valves
2.
Quick Opening
80
60
% Flow
Linear
100
40
Equal
Percentage
20
20
40
60
% Lift
80
100
Quick Opening
An inherent flow characteristic in which there is maximum flow with minimum travel.
Quick opening valves are typically used for ON-OFF service.
Use for processes, where instantly large flow is needed.
Linear
The rate of change of flow is same to the rate of change of valve travel.
Linear characteristics are provided for most level control loops, and loops where the
measurement is linear and the variation in the pressure drop across the control valve
is small.
Equal percentage
Provides equal percentage increases in rate of flow for equal increments of plug movement.
The equal percentage valve offers an advantage over the linear valve at low flow rates. Consider, at a 10% flow
rate of 1 m/h, the linear valve only lifts roughly 4%, whereas the equal percentage valve lifts roughly 20%.
Although the orifice pass area of both valves will be exactly the same, the shape of the equal percentage valve
plug means that it operates further away from its seat, reducing the risk of impact damage between the valve
plug and seat due to quick reductions in load at low flow rates.
Higher rangeability.
Selecting a valve with the correct flow characteristic (the relationship between valve opening and flow
capacity) is very important.
Actually, a control valve has two characteristics, an INHERENT CHARACTERISTIC and an INSTALLED
CHARACTERISTIC.
The inherent characteristic of a valve is the characteristic published by the manufacturer, based on tests
performed in a system where great care is taken to ensure that the pressure drop across the test valve is
held constant at all valve openings and flow rates. The inherent characteristic, therefore, represents the
relationship between valve flow capacity and valve opening when there are no system effects involved.
The inherent characteristic can be determined in a flow-test lab with a constant, pressure
drop, but what if the pressure drop is not constant as is quite often the case?
The answer is because of the installed characteristic.
The Installed characteristics of a control valve refer to the relationship between the flowrate through the
valve and the valve travel, as the valve is opened from its closed position to various degree of opening,
when the pressure drop across the valve varies.
Note that, the pressure drop across the valve (DPV) varies in most actual installation, influenced also by
various pressure-reducing devices in series with the control valve, such as the pipe length, pipe fittings and
various types of valves, flowmeter and process equipment.
NOTE: In actual flow conditions (installed characteristics) the equal % moves toward linear and linear characteristics to
quick opening characteristics. Quick opening characteristics is undesirable for throttling applications since in dynamic
condition it moves toward on-off characteristics.
ACTUATORS
Definition: A pneumatic, hydraulic, or electrically powered device that supplies force and motion to position a
valves closure member at or between the open or closed position. Thus, an actuator is any device that causes
the valve stem to move.
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve
mechanism.
It may be a manually positioned device, such as a handwheel or lever.
Type:
Pneumatic - Valve is operated by pneumatic supply on the actuator. Pneumatic
valve actuators respond to an air signal by moving the valve trim into a
corresponding throttling position.
Pneumatic actuators use air pressure pushing against either a flexible diaphragm or
a piston to move a valve mechanism.
- Diaphragm
- Piston operated
Single acting
Double acting
Electric - Valve is operated by electrical motor which is couple to the valve shaft
through gear box. Electric motors have long been used to actuate large valves,
especially valves operated as on/off (shutoff) devices.
Hydraulic-Hydraulic actuators use liquid pressure rather than gas pressure to
move the valve mechanism. Nearly all hydraulic actuator designs use a piston
rather than a diaphragm to convert fluid pressure into mechanical force.
As shutdown valves form part of a SIS it is necessary to operate the valve by
means of an actuator.
Scotch & Yoke / Rack & Pinion are the most commonly used mechanisms in on-
Piston actuators
Linear piston actuators provide longer strokes and can operate at higher air pressures than can the
spring/diaphragm actuators. Compressed air is applied to a solid piston contained within a solid
cylinder. Piston actuators can be single acting or double acting.
Piston Actuators are used with on-off valves and also with large size valves which require longer
stroke.
Diaphragm actuators
Diaphragm actuators have compressed air applied to a flexible
membrane called the diaphragm. Figure shows a rolling
diaphragm where the effective diaphragm area is virtually constant
throughout the actuator stroke.
The popularity of the spring/diaphragm actuator is due to its low
cost, its relatively high thrust at low air supply pressures, and its
availability with fail-safe springs.
Spring diaphragm actuators are the most widely recognized and
used by control valve suppliers.
Simplistic design ,few moving parts, and easy to maintain.
Diaphragm actuator
The valve application engineer must choose between the two readily available fail-safe schemes for control valves,
either fail open or fail closed. This means "what position will the valve move to should the supply air or control
signal to the valve falls away". This is important to safe guard the process at various places so some valves will be
fail open and some fail close.
Fail open- A condition wherein the valve closure member moves to an open
position when the actuating energy source fails.
Fail close- A condition wherein the valve closure member moves to a closed
position when the actuating energy source fails.
Fail safe- A characteristic of a particular valve and its actuator that upon loss of
actuating energy supply will cause a valve closure member to be fully closed, fully
open, or remain in the last position, whichever position is defined as necessary to
protect the process.
Fail lock- Pneumatic lock-up systems are used with control valves to lock in
existing actuator loading pressure in the event of supply pressure failure.
This is done by installing a "lockup valve" inline with the pneumatic actuator's air
line trapping air inside the actuator under "fail" conditions. When the lockup valve
shuts, no air can enter or exit the control valve's actuator, which makes the control
valve hold its position.
Positioner
In valves without a positioner, when the valve is given a command to open to a certain point, there is no
feedback to verify that the valve has opened to that position.
With a valve positioner, the command is given and the valve positioner reads the opening, verifying the position
and readjusting until it gets it to the exact position needed. This allows for great precision in the valve adjustment
By definition, a positioner is a device attached to an actuator that receives an electronic or pneumatic signal from
a controller and compares that signal to the actuators position.
If the signal and the actuator position differ, the positioner sends the necessary powerusually through
compressed airto move the actuator until the correct position is reached.
A positioner ensures that for a given
input signal, the valve will always
attempt to maintain the same position
regardless of changes in valve
differential pressure, stem friction,
diaphragm hysteresis and so on.
A positioner may be used as a signal
amplifier or booster.
It accepts a low pressure air control
signal and, by using its own higher
pressure input, multiplies this to provide
a higher pressure output air signal to
the actuator diaphragm, if required, to
ensure that the valve reaches the
desired position.
There are four basic valve positioner types: pneumatic, electronic, electro-pneumatic and digital.
Pneumatic valve postioners communicate with air.
Electric valve positioners use electric signals; single or three-phase AC or DC current is used.
Electro-pneumatic valve positioners take an electric signal and convert it to a pneumatic (air) signal.
Digital valve actuators use a microprocessor to monitor the valve accurately.
A frequently asked question is, 'When should a positioner be fitted?
A positioner should be considered in the following circumstances:
1. When accurate valve positioning is required.
2. To speed up the valve response. The positioner uses higher pressure and greater air flow to adjust
the valve position.
3. To increase the pressure that a particular actuator and valve can close against. (To act as an
amplifier).
4. Where friction in the valve (especially the packing) would cause unacceptable hysteresis.
5. Where varying differential pressures within the fluid would cause the plug position to vary.
LIMIT SWITCH
The indication from the valve limit switches that tells the operator and the
logic when the valve is fully open or fully closed.
Switches are installed on electric motor-driven valves to open the circuit and
stop driving the motor when the valve is at its limit (fully open or closed). The
name limit switch is also used to describe switches installed to signal
when a valve is at or beyond a predetermined position.
For hazardous area, switch shall be either intrinsically safe or switch
mounted in ex-proofing housing.
When specifying the limit switches, one should specify the required contact
ratings, the contact configurations (SPDT, DPDT, and so on), and the type of
housing required. Typical choices include weatherproof, explosion proof etc.
TYPES OF LIMIT SWITCHES USED:
INDUCTIVE TYPE
SENSOR
TARGET
SENSOR
DISTANCE
SWITC
H
RATE
ENVIRONMENT
AL
SENSITIVITIES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANT
AGES
Limit
Switch
Any
Physical
Contact
required
3Hz
Temperature,
Moisture
Simple,
Inexpensive
Physical
Contact,
Arcing
Photoelectric
Opaque
0.1-50mm
1001000Hz
Dust, Dirt,
Ambient Light
Good Resolution
Ultrasoni
c
Type
Nonporous,
large
30mm-10m
50Hz
Inductive
Type
Conductive
Material
Ferrous-50mm,
Non-ferrous-
3005000Hz
Other nearby
sensors
Poor
Resolution
Usually fails ON,
good Resolution
Solenoid Valves:
Solenoid valves are often found in applications in
which a control valve under certain conditions must
be quickly driven to the fail position
The solenoid valve as a control valve accessory is
used
(1) To operate on/off pneumatic actuators
(2) To interrupt the action of modulating valves by
switching air or hydraulic pressures.
In order for the system to shut down (valve to close)
in case of loss of power or emergence of an unsafe
condition, it is desirable for the solenoid valve to be
continuously energized during normal operation.
This will guarantee that any failure, loss of power, or
a broken wire will cause a fail-safe action.
We can use brass, aluminum, or even 316 SS for
the body material since all of this material is
compatible with the instrument air.
Though solenoid valve material is 316LSS as
minimum or per project specifications as it is
corrosion resistant.
Air Filter
Regulator
Hand-wheel
Hand wheel may be supplied for manual operation of
control valves for emergency use, during start up or in the
event of the air failure.
They are used infrequently & primarily in critical services
or when block & bypass valves are not provided.
Leakage
This is the basically the fluid which passes through the valve when the valve is fully closed. So this
leakage shall depend on the contact of the valve plug seat with the seating force applied for holding
the plug over the seat.
Seat Leakage
According to ANSI B16.104-1976 (FCI 70-2)
Leakage
Class
II
III
IV
Maximum
Allowable
Test
Medium
Nominal Port
Diameter
air or water
air or water
water
differential
VI
air or
nitro
gen
Bubbles Per
Minute
Test Pressures
air or water
ml Per Minute
1.00
0.15
1.00
1-1/2
0.30
2.00
2.00
0.45
3.00
2-1/2
0.60
4.00
3.00
0.90
6.00
4.00
1.70
11.00
6.00
4.00
27.00
8.00
6.75
45.00
p1
Inlet pressure
p2
pv
Outlet pressure
pvc
Vapor pressure
Flashing
If the pressure at the vena contracta drops below the vapour pressure of
the liquid, bubbles will form in the flowing stream. If the pressure
downstream remains below the vapour pressure, the bubbles will
remain and the process is said to have flashed. Flashing can
produce erosion damage, normally at the point of highest velocity at
or near the seat line of the valve plug and the seat ring.
Cavitation
Cavitation is said to have occurred if the downstream pressure
recovery is sufficient to go above the vapour pressure,
collapsing the bubbles, releasing energy, making noise, and
causing erosion.
Choked cavitation is the point where the vaporization of the
fluid reaches sonic velocity in the valve port and limits the
flow through the valve.
Cavitation damage can be identified as rough and
pitted surface. Cavitation damage may extend to the
downstream pipeline if that is where the pressure
recovery occurs.
Destruction is due to the implosions( the bubbles
collapse ) that generate the extremely high-pressure
shock waves in the substantially non-compressible
stream. Cavitation is usually coupled with vibration
and a sound like rock fragments or gravel flowing
through the valve.
Cavitation Damage
Noise Theory
A random mixture of sound and pressure waves of various amplitude and frequency, which
people do not like.
Unit of noise dBA (Decibels) = 20Log (Existing sound pressure level / .0002 micro bar).
Typical noise limit is 85 dBA before some kind of action is required.
Noise control
Path treatment
Insulation of pipe :
Thermal Insulation :3 to 5 dBA of noise attenuation per inch.
Acoustical Insulation: 8 to 10 dBA per inch
Standard
Schedule
40 Pipe
Schedule
80 Pipe
110 dBA
106 dBA
Acoustic
Insulation
(2-inches)
96 dBA
Standard
Schedule
40 Pipe
Silencer
Standard
Schedule
40 Pipe
110 dBA
85 dBA
85 dBA
Noise control
Source treatment
Prevents noise at its source,
Minimizes turbulence.
Staging pressure drop through use of diffusers
Dividing up flow path through slots or drilled holes
Example:
Low Noise Trim Cage style (e.g. Whisper trim)
Whisper Flo (Noise reduction up to 10 dBA)
Whisper I (Noise reduction up to 18 dBA)
Whisper III (Noise reduction up to 30 dBA)
By In line diffuser
By whisper disk
ESD Triggers
Pressure sensing High & Low
These kind of triggers provide
high and low pressure sensing on
gas or liquids and can be fitted with
either an automatic or manual
reset.
Fusible Link
Fusible links are set to melt and
activate an ESD system in the event
of fire.
PFDavg
105
104
103
102
to
to
to
to
<104
<103
<102
<101
Position Control
Position control uses a positioner to move the valve to a predetermined point. This method can be used on rising stem and
rotary valves.
Since most emergency block valves are not installed with a
positioner, this method does require installation of additional
hardware.
Positioner operation also requires an analog output, which is
typically not installed in SIS applications. Consequently, cost is a
major drawback for the position control method.
A limit switch or position transmitter can be used to determine
and document the successful completion of the tests.
If a smart positioner is used for the position control, a HART
maintenance station can collect the test information and
generate test documentation. Of course, the use of a smart
positioner and maintenance station further increases the capital cost.
The positioner does contribute to the spurious trip rate during
normal operation, since the positioner can fail and vent the air from
the valve.
But when a solenoid is installed between the positioner and
the actuator, the safety functionality is never lost during the
Benefits Of PST
Reducing the probability of failure on demand.
Extension of the time between compulsory plant
shutdowns.
Predicting potential valve failures facilitating the preordering of spare parts.
Prioritisation of maintenance tasks.
If the safety is of an appropriate level, the need for
costly redundant valves may be eliminated.
ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000 (R2005)
Control Valve Terminology
ASME/ANSI B16.47 1996
Large Diameter Steel Flanges: NPS 26 through NPS 60
American Petroleum Institute (API):
API STD 6F
Fire Test for Valves
API STD 598
Valve Inspection & Testing
API STD 599
Metal Plug Valves Flanged, Threaded and Welded Ends
API STD 602
Steel, Gate, Globe & Check Valves for Sizes DN 100 and Smaller for the
Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries
API STD 608
Metal Ball Valves Flanged, Threaded, and Welded Ends
API STD 609
Butterfly Valves: Double Flanged Lug and Wafer Type.
API STD 2000 Venting Atmospheric and Low Pressure Storage Tanks Non-refrigerated and Refrigerated
National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE):
NACE MR0103 and NACE MR0175 and : Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries Materials for use in H2S-Containing
Environments in Oil and Gas Production Part 1: General Principles for Selection of Cracking-Resistant Irons Part 3:
Cracking-Resistant CRAs (Corrosion-Resistant Alloys) and other Alloys
SIZING TERMINOLOGY
Symbol
Description
Symbol
Unit
Cf
Description
Unit
p2
kPa or bar
See note 2
Pc
kPa or bar
Pr
pv
kPa or bar
dp
kPa or bar
mm
mm
D1
mm
D2
mm
Dc
Orifice diameter
mm
M3/h
Fd
1
see note 4
Rev
T1
Tc
ts
Tf
Kg/h
xT
1
See note 4
xTP
1
See note 4
FF
FL
1
see note 4
FLP
FP
FR
Kg/kmol
Numerical constants
p1
kPa or bar
See note 2
Symbol
Description
Unit
Expnsion factor
Compressibility factor
Kinematics viscosity
M2/sec
See note 3
Kg/m3
1/ 0
B1
B2
NOTE
1. To determine the units for the numerical constants,
dimensional analysis may be performed on the
appropriate equations using the units given in table
2.
1 bar = 102 kPa = 105 Pa
3. 1 centistokes = 10-5 m2/sec
4. These values are travel related and should be stated by
the manufacturer
5. Volumetric flow rates in cubic metres per hour, identified
by the symbol Q, refer to standard conditions. The
standard cubic metre is taken at 1013.25 mbar and either
273 K or 288K
DEFINATIONS TO REMEMBER
Where. C= Cv in USG/min.
Q flow rate in M3/h
1- density at pressure p1 and temp. T1
0 -density 1.0 at 15C
N1 -Numerical constant
To Note
DP choked flow or Pch = FL2 (p1-FF x pv)
Here P < Pch
dp p1-p2
FL Liquid pressure recovery Factor
FF Liquid critical pressure ratio factor
Pv absolute vapour pressure at inlet kPa / bar
p1 inlet absolute pressure in kPa or bar
p2 outlet absolute pressure in kPa or bar
Specific weight at inlet conditions g
(2a)
Where. C= Cv in USG/min.
Q flow rate in M3/h
1- flowing density at pressure p1 and temp. T1
0 -density 1.0 at 15C
N1,N6 -Numerical constant
dp p1-p2
FL Liquid pressure recovery Factor
FF Liquid critical pressure ratio factor
pv absolute vapour pressure at inlet kPa / bar
p1 inlet absolute pressure in kPa or bar
p2 outlet absolute pressure in kPa or bar
FLP combined pressure recovery factor and piping geometry factor
FP piping geometry factor
specific weight at inlet conditions
Choked flow
The basic liquid sizing equation tells us that the liquid flow rate through a control
valve is proportional to the square root of pressure drop. This simple relationship is
shown graphically by the green portion of the graph in Figure 1. (Note that the scale
of the horizontal axis is the square root of pressure drop.) This linear relationship
does not always hold true. As the pressure drop is increased, the flow reaches a point
where it no longer increases. Once this happens, additional increases in pressure
drop across the valve do not result in additional flow, and flow is said to be choked.
Here we will call this limiting or choking pressure drop the Terminal Pressure Drop,
pT. (The same thing is also sometimes referred to as the Allowable Pressure Drop,
pallowable, sometimes as the Maximum Pressure drop, pMax, and sometimes as the
Critical Pressure Drop, pCrit.)
To Note
DP choked flow or Pch = FL2 (p1-FF x pv)
Here P > = Pch
When above is true, the flow is choked.
Hence, for Non-Compressible fluids(liquids etc)
Pmin is taken in the denominator ie.
Smaller value between P and Pch
Where. C= Cv in USG/min.
Q flow rate in M3/h
1- density at pressure p1 and temp. T1
0 -density 1.0 at 15C
N1 -Numerical constant
dp = p1-p2
FF Liquid critical pressure ratio factor
pv absolute vapour pressure at inlet
kPa / bar
p1 inlet absolute pressure in kPa or bar
p2 outlet absolute pressure in kPa or bar
FP piping geometry factor
FL Liquid pressure recovery Factor
FF Liquid critical pressure ratio factor
Where.
C i Cv in USG/min.
Q flow rate in m3/h
1 density in kg/m3 at pressure p1 and temp. T1
1/0 =1 for water at 15C
N1 -Numerical constant
dp p1-p2
FF Liquid critical pressure ratio factor
pv absolute vapour pressure at inlet kPa / bar
p1 inlet absolute pressure in kPa or bar
p2 outlet absolute pressure in kPa or bar
FP piping geometry factor
FL Liquid pressure recovery Factor
FLP combined pressure recovery factor and piping geometry factor
Where. C= Cv in USG/min.
Q flow rate in m3/h
1- density in kg/m3 at pressure p1 and temp. T1
1/0 =1 for water at 15C
N1 -Numerical constant
dp (p1-p2 )
p1 inlet absolute pressure in kPa or bar
p2 outlet absolute pressure in kPa or bar
FR Reynolds number factor
Where.
C= Cv in USG/min.
Q flow rate in m3/h
W mass flow rate in kg/h
expansion factor
N6,N8,N9 -Numerical constant
M molecular mass of fluid kg/kmol
p1 inlet absolute pressure in kPa or bar
p2 outlet absolute pressure in kPa or bar
T1 Inlet absolute temperature in Kelvin
Z compressibility factor
x (p1-p2)/p1
Where.
C= Cv in USG/min.
Q flow rate in m3/h
W mass flow rate in kg/h
expansion factor
N6,N8,N9 -Numerical constant
M molecular mass of fluid kg/kmol
p1 inlet absolute pressure in kPa or bar
p2 outlet absolute pressure in kPa or bar
T1 Inlet absolute temperature in Kelvin
Z compressibility factor
x (p1-p2)/p1
Where.
C= Cv in USG/min.
Q flow rate in m3/h
W mass flow rate in kg/h
expansion factor
N6,N8,N9 -Numerical constant
M molecular mass of fluid kg/kmol
p1 inlet absolute pressure in kPa or bar
p2 outlet absolute pressure in kPa or bar
T1 Inlet absolute temperature in Kelvin
To Note
X>=FyXt
When above is true, the flow is choked.
At choked flow, the gas attains sonic velocity, 1Mach
Z compressibility factor
x (p1-p2)/p1
x T pressure differential pressure factor vendor data
Where.
C Cv in USG/min.
Q flow rate in m3/h
W mass flow rate in kg/h
expansion factor
N6,N8,N9 -Numerical constant
M molecular mass of fluid kg/kmol
p1 inlet absolute pressure in kPa or bar
p2 outlet absolute pressure in kPa or bar
T1 Inlet absolute temperature in Kelvin
Z compressibility factor
FP piping geometry factor
xTP pressure differential pressure factor vendor data
F specific heat ratio factor
1- density in kg/m3 at pressure p1 and temp. T1