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    Elevator History and Functions and The Invention of This Amazing Piece of Work

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    jay vallejos
    In this report we will know how elevator works and how it functions. Also we will know how elevator start and who invented this amazing inventions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Elevator History and Functions and The Invention of This Amazing Piece of Work

    Uploaded by

    jay vallejos
    194 views69 pages
    In this report we will know how elevator works and how it functions. Also we will know how elevator start and who invented this amazing inventions.

    Original Title

    Elevator history and functions and the invention of this amazing piece of work

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    In this report we will know how elevator works and how it functions. Also we will know how elevator start and who invented this amazing inventions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    194 views69 pages

    Elevator History and Functions and The Invention of This Amazing Piece of Work

    Uploaded by

    jay vallejos
    In this report we will know how elevator works and how it functions. Also we will know how elevator start and who invented this amazing inventions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 69
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The document provides a detailed history of elevator technology from ancient times to modern day, outlining key inventions and developments in elevator design and control systems.

    Elevators have progressed from simple rope and pulley systems to increasingly sophisticated electric systems using DC motors, AC induction motors and variable frequency drives for speed and position control. Early control technologies included Ward-Leonard variable speed drives and thyristor DC drives, while recent developments involve PM synchronous AC motors and microprocessor-based controllers.

    The main components of an elevator system include the elevator car, guide rails, suspension means (ropes or hydraulic), a counterweight, hoistway doors and doorsills, and a control system. The control system manages operation of the drive motor, safety brakes, and dispatching of calls.

    History

    236 BC First Passenger Lift,


    Archimedes
    1853 Safe Elevator Demo,
    Elisha Otis
    1857 First Safe Elevator
    Installation,
    Cooper Union, NYC
    1861 Otis Elevator Patent

    Otis Patent 1861

    History
    1873 First Modern DC Motor
    1874 J. W. Meaker Door Opener Patent
    1880 First Electric Motor Controlled
    Elevator Siemens / Sprague
    1882-1889 Tesla AC Induction Motor
    3-Phase Squirrel Cage Design
    1889 Otis Elevator Uses DC Motor

    Otis
    DC
    Elevator
    Motor
    Circa 1889

    History
    1891 Ward Leonard Variable
    Speed Control
    AC Induction Motor Turning DC Dynamo
    Rheostat to Control Generated Voltage
    DC Voltage Controls DC Motor Speed

    1900-1970s Ward-Leonard M-G Sets


    and DC Motors Used for
    Variable Speed Elevators
    AC Motors Used 1 and 2 Speed Starters

    Otis No. 1 Geared DC Machine


    with DC Motor

    Circa 1915

    Otis Gearless DC Machine


    Circa 1919

    M-G Set Controls

    (Otis Elevator, 1920s)

    Otis Type 84

    26 Broadway,NYC

    Circa 1930s

    History

    1975-Present
    Thyristor (SCR) DC Drives
    Control Elevators
    All Analog Components in the 70s
    Replaces Aging M-G Sets

    1980s Microprocessors Improve


    Car Dispatch and Motor Drive Controllers

    Otis type 84,NYC


    with Encoder

    Westinghouse #205
    with Encoder

    History

    Late 1980s
    Variable Frequency Inverters AC Induction
    Motors, Geared Applications Only

    Early 1990s
    More AC Inverters and Motors Begin to
    Displace Small DC, 3-15 HP

    Mid-1990s
    Vector Control AC Inverters 10-40 HP
    Almost as Good as SCR-DC.
    KONE Introduces PM EcoDisc AC Machine

    History

    Late 1990s
    Custom Gearless AC Induction
    Machines
    First Fully Regenerative AC
    Elevator Drives
    Much Discussion on PM-AC and MRL
    SCR-DC Still Used for Medium and
    Large Building Mods

    History

    2000-Present
    More PM-AC Motor Manufacturers. PM Gearless
    Begins to Replace AC Geared
    EU Focus on Efficiency and Harmonics/EMC
    Lower Cost IGBT Inverter Components
    North America Begins to Focus on Energy
    Reduction
    New Construction Leaning toward AC
    SCR-DC Still Used on Medium-Large Building
    Mods

    How The Elevator Works


    By Joseph Mackay Plaxco
    The University of the South
    Sewanee, TN 37383

    Why?
    I find the elevator cool.
    Phobia when younger
    Gets people to destinations fast.
    Large cities wouldnt be the same.

    Different Types
    Freight Elevators
    Stage Elevators

    The Basic Design


    The basic design is a compartment that is somehow
    lifted
    Two Types of Elevators:
    Hydraulic
    Rope-Geared

    Hydraulic Code Changes

    Holeless Hydraulic

    Holed Hydraulic

    Roped Hydraulic

    Hydraulic

    20

    Hydraulic Elevator (holed)


    Guide Rails

    Door
    Operator

    Plunger &
    Cylinder
    Controller &
    Pumping Unit

    Hoistway
    Door

    To & From Oil Pipe

    Hydraulic Elevators - holed


    Rise Limitations: ~ 60 feet
    Cost: $35 - $85K
    Speeds: 100/125/150 fpm
    Advantages:
    low cost
    no penthouse
    no structural load on building

    Disadvantages
    slow
    energy inefficient

    Hydraulic Elevator (holeless)


    Door
    Operator

    Guide Rails

    Plungers &
    Cylinders
    Hoistway
    Door

    Controller &
    Pumping Unit
    To & From Oil Pipe

    Hydraulic Elevators - Holeless


    Rise Limitations: 20 feet
    Cost: $35 - $45K
    Speeds: 100/125 fpm
    Advantages:
    no well hole
    minimizes environmental contamination

    Disadvantages:
    limited travel

    Holeless: Roped Hydraulic

    Holeless:

    Roped Hydraulic Elevators


    Rise Limitations: 60 feet
    Cost: $45k - $75k
    Speeds: 100 - 125 - 150 fpm
    Advantages:
    Eliminates well hole
    Same 60 travel range as holed hydro
    Existing Building

    Disadvantages
    More costly than conventional holed hydraulic

    http://www.kone.com/en_US/main/0,,content=59104,00.html

    The Hydraulic Elevator


    The car is moved up and down using
    a fluid piston mounted inside a
    cylinder (Harris).
    Consists of three parts:
    Tank
    Pump
    Valve

    Hydraulic Elevators
    A Closer Look

    The car is placed on a piston.


    Fluid Pumping System
    A tank (off to the side) holds the fluid.
    When the valve closes, the car is lifted.
    When the valve opens, the car is lowered.

    Diagram of Hydraulic Elevator


    The following link is from the website How Stuff Works
    written by Tom Harris.
    How Elevators Work - Hydraulic

    Hydraulic Disadvantages
    Two Disadvantages
    Must Have Enough Room
    Energy Inefficient

    Rope-Geared Elevators
    These are the most popular types of elevators.
    Rather than being pushed from below, these types of
    elevators are moved using cables

    Rope-Geared Design
    Cables attach to the car and through a sheave.
    The sheave is connected to an electric motor.
    Motor turns one way, elevator moves up. Motor turns the other
    way, elevator moves down.
    The ropes are connected to a counterweight.
    The counterweight system serves as a means for conserving
    energy.

    Rope-Geared Design (Contd)

    Rails are used to guide the elevator


    Keep elevator and counterweights steady.
    Rope-geared elevators are much more efficient and safer.

    Diagram of Rope-Geared
    Elevator
    The following link came from the How Stuff Works
    webpage written by Tom Harris
    Rope-Geared Elevator Diagram

    Traction Elevator
    Controller
    Door Operator

    Car Frame &


    Safety

    Machine
    Governor
    Guide Rails
    Counterweight

    Hoistway Door
    Buffers

    Traction Changes

    Geared

    Gearless
    25

    Traction Changes

    Geared

    Gearless
    25

    Traction Changes

    Geared

    Gearless
    25

    Traction Elevators
    Rise Limitations: ~ 300 feet (Geared)
    unlimited (Gearless)

    Cost: $150,000 - $200,000 (Geared)


    $200,000 +
    (Gearless)
    Speeds: 350 - 500 fpm (Geared)
    500 - 1800+ (Gearless)
    Advantages of Gearless:
    smoother
    approx. twice machine life

    Otis Gen 2
    (Traction)

    click to play movie

    Rise Limitation: 300 feet

    Safety Systems
    More ropes than needed
    Built-in brake systems
    Governor prevents the elevator from falling to the bottom of the shaft.
    Centrifugal force causes a brake system to
    activate.
    Also has an electromagnetic brake that is activated if the elevator loses
    power.
    Automated Brake System at the top and bottom of the shaft.

    Moving To Destinations

    Modern elevators use computers.


    Slows down
    Only answer up calls as going up and the same for going down.
    Modern Smart systems take into account the busiest parts of
    the day.
    Press the floor you want in the lobby.
    Load Sensor

    Works Cited
    Harris, Tom. How Elevators Work.
    www.howstuffworks.com/elevator
    2002.

    Elevator Control
    System
    Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
    Javier Mena
    2008

    The Elevator Problem


    There is a building of several floors and several
    elevators.
    There are also users that want to use the elevators.

    User interaction
    The user can be outside the elevator and waits for the
    elevator to arrive.

    User interaction
    OR the user can be inside the elevator and tells the
    elevator where he/she wants to go.

    General View
    User A

    User C

    Floor N
    Elevator 1

    Floor 2
    User B

    Elevator 2

    Floor 1

    Elevator 3
    Controller
    1

    Controller
    2

    Controller
    3

    Component View
    User

    call

    Floor F

    The user in the floor F, presses a


    button to call the elevator

    Component View
    User
    call(F)
    call

    arrive(Ack)

    step(D)

    Act=unit

    at(F)

    Floor F
    startTimer(Millis Ack)
    Act=unit
    Floor F Doors

    Elevator L

    Controller

    Component View
    User

    call(F)

    Elevator L

    The user, inside the elevator L, user presses button to go to Floor F

    Component View (Complete)


    User

    User
    call(F)

    call

    arrive(Ack)

    call(F)

    Ack=unit
    Floor F
    startTimer(Millis Ack)
    Ack=unit
    Floor F Doors

    step(D)
    at(F)

    Elevator L

    Controller

    Component View (Complete)


    User

    User
    call(F)

    call

    arrive(Ack)

    call(F)

    Ack=unit
    Floor F

    step(D)
    at(F)

    Elevator L

    Controller

    startTimer(Millis Ack)
    Ack=unit
    The controller can handle 2 messages types.
    Floor F Doors

    Design of the controller


    The controller represents the logic that
    controls the movement of the elevators
    through floors.
    The operations of the controller are very
    basic, it can only turn the engines on/off to
    move the elevator up or down, just one floor
    each time.
    Each time it arrives to a floor, it notifies the
    Elevator, which decides what to do.

    Design of the controller


    The controller can send 2 messages:
    starttimer(5000 Tid), tells the engines to
    turn on
    during 5 seconds.

    at(F) tells the elevator the current


    location its current location.
    Which are the possible states of the
    controller?

    Design of the controller


    The controller can send 2 messages:

    starttimer(5000 Tid), tells the engines to


    turn on
    during 5 seconds.
    at(F) tells the elevator the current location
    its current location.
    Which are the possible states of the controller?
    Answer: 2
    The controller has the engines turned on
    The controller has the engines turned off

    Design of the controller


    In our design the controller can receive 2
    messages:
    stoptimer: when the engines has been
    turned off
    step(Dest): when the elevator wants to go
    towards a
    floor
    What should we do in each case?
    Each controller must know the current
    floor (in real life, through a sensor), and the

    State diagram for the controller

    Design of Floor (1)


    User

    User
    call(F)

    call

    arrive(Ack)

    call(F)

    Ack=unit
    Floor F

    step(D)
    at(F)

    Elevator L

    Controller

    startTimer(Millis Ack)
    Ack=unit
    The floor have can receive one message type, but it can have
    3 internal states:
    Floor F Doors
    -Doors being opened
    -Doing nothing at all
    -Handling a the call of a User

    Design of Floor (1)

    The floor have can receive 2 message types, but it


    can have
    3 internal states:
    Doors operating (opening and closing)
    Doing nothing at all
    Handling a the call of a User
    The messages that the floor can receive are:

    arrive(Ack): an elevator has arrive. The Floor


    must open
    the doors, and then notify through
    Ack=unit

    call: is received when the User wants that an


    elevator goes to the current floor.

    stoptimer: when the doors have been opened

    Design of Floor (2)


    Also the floor can send messages to the
    elevator:
    call(F), then wait for the elevator to arrive to
    the floor.
    And the floor can send messages to the doors of
    the floor:
    starttimer(5000 Fid): open and close the
    doors in 5 seconds (it may take more time).

    Design of Floor (3)


    Analyze the possible states and messages that
    the Floor can receive/send in each state.
    Follow the Main Component diagram.

    State Diagram of a Floor

    Component View (Complete)


    User

    User
    call(F)

    call

    arrive(Ack)

    call(F)

    Ack=unit
    Floor F
    startTimer(Millis Ack)
    Ack=unit
    Floor F Doors

    step(D)
    at(F)

    Elevator L

    Controller

    Design of Elevator
    Analyze the possible states and messages that
    the Floor can receive/send in each state.
    Follow the Main Component diagram.

    Elevator State Diagram

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