Organ Transplantation

Definition of organ transplantation
Medical point of view including:

(a) Types of organ donation
(b) kinds of organs that can be transplanted
(c) Types of transplant including advantages and
disadvantages
Organ transplantation in different countries and
their statistics
Brief description of transplantation process
Bioethical and religious issues
Main problems by which people dont will to donate
their organs
Various ways of promotion about donation of
organs to the people who are in need.
A national shortage
Every 13 minutes
A person is added to
the list
Every hour
4 more are
added
Everyday
17 lose the fight
Organ transplant is a surgical operation in which a falling or damaged organ in the

human body is removed and replaced with a functioning one.
Process of taking cells,tissues or organs called a graft from one individual and placing
them into a different individual
Types of organ donation
Cadaveric organ donation: Involves in
removing organs from a recently
deceased (dead) donor.
Living organ donation: involves in the

donation of one of a paired organ
(such as kidneys) in
which the donors organ system is still abl
to function after the donation
Individual who provides the graft
DONOR
Individual who receives the graft
RECEIPIENT
Eligible donors
Kinds of organs which

could transplant
THORACIC ORGANS
Heart
Heart/lung
lung
LIVER
INTESTINE
PANCREAS
ABDOMINAL
ORGANS
TISSUE CELLS
AND FLUIDS
cornea
KIDNEY
STOMACH
Blood
transfusion
TYPES OF TRANSPLANT
Autograft: is self tissue transferred
from one body site to another in the same
individual
Isograft: is tissue transferred between
genetically identical individuals
Allograft: is tissue between genetically
different members of the same species.
Xenograft: is tissue transferred between
different species
It satisfies the humans needs when other alternatives therapeutic modalities fail
It has a religious tone, all major religions do not forbid but encourage it on the
ground of saving human life
It presents the highest moral human values
love,sharity, cooperation and compassion
Expensive, increase risk of infection due to immunosuppressive

drugs.
Also organ could have some genetics characters
The donor organ could not match the recipient body
Organ transplantation in different countries

Despite efforts of international
transplantation societies, it is not
possible to
access an accurate source on the
number,
rates and outcomes of all forms of
transplantation globally
the best that we can achieve is
estimations. This is not a sound basis for
the future and
thus one of the crucial strategies for the
Global Alliance in Transplantation is to
foster the collection and
analysis of global data.
Kidney
(pmp*)
Liver
(pmp)
Heart
(pmp
)
USA
52
19
Europe
27
10
Africa
11
3.5
Asia
0.3
0.03
1.6
0.5
Latin America 13
Transplantation of organs in different

continents/regions year/ 2000
In addition to the citizens waiting for organ transplants in the US and other developed nations,
there are long waiting lists in the rest of the world. More than 2 million people need organ
transplants in China. Donor bases vary in developing nations.
Traditionally, Muslims believe body desecration in life or death to be forbidden, and thus many
reject organ transplant.
In Latin America the donor rate is 40100 per million per year, similar to that of developed
countries. However, in Uruguay, Cuba, and Chile, 90% of organ transplants came from cadaveric
donors.
Cadaveric donors represent 35% of donors in Saudi Arabia. There is continuous effort to
increase the utilization of cadaveric donors in Asia, however the popularity of living, single kidney
donors in India yields India a cadaveric donor prevalence of less than 1 pmp.
Transplantation rates also differ based on race, sex, and income. A study done with
patients beginning long term dialysis showed that the sociodemographic barriers to renal
transplantation present themselves even before patients are on the transplant list.example,
different groups express definite interest and complete pretransplant workup at different rates.
Previous efforts to create fair transplantation policies
had focused on patients currently on the transplantation waiting list
ORGAN DONATION IN INDIA.

In 1994, the Government of India passed the
Transplantation of Human Organs
Act that legalized the concept of brain death
and, for the first time, facilitated
organ procurement from heart beating, brain
dead donors.
However, this
concept has not caught on well in India for
want of public education and
awareness. This in turn is perpetuating the
commercial sale of human organs
due to the widening gap between the demand
and supply.
Thousands of
lives are lost in India annually from heart and
liver failure since transplantation of unpaired
organs like heart, liver and pancreas is either
difficult or impossible
from living donors.This is only possible
on a large scale if these organs are available
from cadaver donors
ORGAN DONATION IN EUROPE.
Within the European Union, organ

donation is regulated by member
states.
Individuals who wish to donate their
organs after death can use the Organ
Donation Register, a national
database.
The UK has recently discussed
whether to switch to an opt-out system
in light of the success in other
countries and a severe British organ
donor shortfall.
Transplantation Regions
Statistics
On Waitlist as of 1/9/09 (reg
10)
Transplanted in 2007 (reg

10)
All organs
7282
All organs
2662
Kidney
5827
Kidney
1498
Liver
743
Liver
610
Pancreas
106
Pancreas
86
Kid/Panc
182
Kid/Panc
115
Heart
211
Heart
174
Lung
200
Lung
144
Heart/Lung
Heart/Lung
Intestine
12
Intestine
30
Pre transplantation
evaluation
Blood type (A,B,AB and O)

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) tissue typing
Serology for HIV, CMV hepatitis
Cardiopulmonary,cancer screening
HLA TISSUE TYPING

Matching of stem cell donor to a recipient is
determined
by comparing their tissue types
An individuals HLA type is present on nearly all
tissues in the body
The white cells from a blood sample are a
convenient source of tissue that
the laboratory
can use to determine an individuals HLA type
HOW IS HLA TYPING PERFORMED?

A 20-30 ml blood sample is required to perform HLA typing.The white cells are isolated
from the blood and typing is
performed by two different methods
Serological testing : where the white cells are used
DNA testing: where DNA extracted from the white cells is used.
Preliminary tissue typing takes 2 weeks. further high resolution (more detailed) tissue
typing performed on the patient and any potentially matched donor samples may take
another 2 or 4 weeks.
WHY IS HLA TYPING

IMPORTANT?????
Because the degree of HLA compatibility between donor and recipient will influence the
outcome of the transplant
The function of the immune system is to fight against foreign particles that the body
sees as non-self such as bacteria and
viruses. A stem cell transplant from an HLA mismatched donor can result in the
recipients immune system recognizing the transplanted cells as non-self and attacking
the cells as it would for bacteria or viruses.This can lead to rejection of the transplanted
stem cells likewise cells from the donors immune system which are introduced along
with the transplanted stem cells (graft) can also recognize HLA mismatches and attack
vital organs of the recipients body (host).This is called graft versus host disease (GvHD)
The more compatible the donor-recipient match, the less likely it is that rejection or
severe GvHD will occur
Effector mechanism of graft rejection
Hyperacute
Rejection
Endothelial
damage
thrombosis
Inflammation
Acute rejection
Chronic rejection
Vascular
abnormalities
Fibrosis
Interstitial
Cell
inflammation
Parenchymal
Cell damage
Bioethical issues
Certain groups, like the Roma (gypsies), oppose organ donation on religious
grounds.
But most of the world's religions support donation as a charitable act of great
benefit to the community. Issues surrounding patient autonomy, living wills,
and guardianship make it nearly impossible for involuntary organ donation to
occur.
Political issues
There are also controversial issues regarding how organs are allocated to
recipients.
For example, some believe that livers should not be given to alcoholics in
danger of reversion, while others view alcoholism as a medical condition like
diabetes.
Faith in the medical system is important to the success of organ donation
Allowing or forbidding payment for organs affects the availability of organs.
Generally, where organs cannot be bought or sold, quality and safety are
high, but supply is not adequate to the demand. Where organs can be
purchased, the supply increases
Only 38% are registered as organ

donors
Not healthy enough 23%
Black market 44%
Misunderstanding 50%
Register
Opt-in at the DMW
Sign a donor card
Matching of organs between members of same ethnic
MARKETING STRATEGY
1)choose marketing tactics that can reach target audience
2) create messages that can:
Reduce
Confusion
Provide clear response methods
Reduce
Fair
Motivate
Change the perception
Pursued action to become organ donor
outdoor
advertising
Messaging strategy:
Warm glow giving + community movement
outdoor advertising
Becoming a donor.
Registering is the first step, as well as the most crucial part, of

becoming an organ donor. There are a few different ways people can choose to
do so. One of the simplest ways is to register at the DMV (Department of Motor
Vehicles). When a person goes in to renew their license they are always
presented with the option of becoming a donor, which only requires ticking a
box on a form and a signature. There is also a box that people can specify
which organs and tissues to donate, and if they would prefer not to have them
used for science.
Another way for someone to become an organ donor is online. In 1998 a law
was passed that allows Colorado citizens to register, confidentially, online to
become an organ donor. People can also designate whether or not they would
like their organs and tissues to be donated to science. The process can be
completed in only a few minutes.
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Organ Transplantation

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Definition of organ transplantation

Medical point of view including:

17 lose the fight

Organ transplant is a surgical operation in which a falling or damaged organ in the

Living organ donation: involves in the

Individual who provides the graft

Kinds of organs which

Expensive, increase risk of infection due to immunosuppressive

Organ transplantation in different countries

Transplantation of organs in different

ORGAN DONATION IN INDIA.

ORGAN DONATION IN EUROPE.

Within the European Union, organ

Transplanted in 2007 (reg

Blood type (A,B,AB and O)

HLA TISSUE TYPING

HOW IS HLA TYPING PERFORMED?

WHY IS HLA TYPING

Effector mechanism of graft rejection

Only 38% are registered as organ

Matching of organs between members of same ethnic

Provide clear response methods

Change the perception

Pursued action to become organ donor

Registering is the first step, as well as the most crucial part, of

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