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Basic JavaScript

The document provides an introduction to JavaScript, including: 1) JavaScript allows making web pages interactive by reacting to user actions and dynamically changing content. It is implemented using HTML, CSS, and the DOM. 2) JavaScript code can be added inline in <script> tags, in external .js files, or in event handlers. It is executed when the page loads or when events occur. 3) JavaScript has basic data types like numbers, strings, booleans, and arrays. Objects can also be manipulated like in other languages using operators, conditions, loops, and functions.

Uploaded by

Saifullah Imtiaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
197 views

Basic JavaScript

The document provides an introduction to JavaScript, including: 1) JavaScript allows making web pages interactive by reacting to user actions and dynamically changing content. It is implemented using HTML, CSS, and the DOM. 2) JavaScript code can be added inline in <script> tags, in external .js files, or in event handlers. It is executed when the page loads or when events occur. 3) JavaScript has basic data types like numbers, strings, booleans, and arrays. Objects can also be manipulated like in other languages using operators, conditions, loops, and functions.

Uploaded by

Saifullah Imtiaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 63

Basic JavaScript

Noor ullah
khan

Table of Contents

What is DHTML?
DHTML Technologies
XHTML, CSS, JavaScript, DOM

Introduction to JavaScript
What is JavaScript
Implementing JavaScript into Web
pages
In <head> part
In <body> part
In external .js file
2

Table of Contents (3)

JavaScript Syntax
JavaScript operators
JavaScript Data Types
JavaScript Pop-up boxes
alert, confirm and prompt

Conditional statements, loops and


functions

DOM
Events

DHTML
Dynamic Behavior at the Client Side

What is DHTML?

Dynamic HTML (DHTML)


Makes possible a Web page to react
and change in response to the
users actions

DHTML = HTML + CSS + JavaScript


DHTML
XHTM
L

CSS

JavaScri
pt

DOM
5

DTHML = HTML + CSS +


JavaScript

HTML defines Web sites content


through semantic tags (headings,
paragraphs, lists, )
CSS defines 'rules' or 'styles' for
presenting every aspect of an
HTML document

Font (family, size, color, weight,


etc.)
Background (color, image, position,
repeat)
Position and layout (of any object
6

JavaScript

Dynamic Behavior in a Web


Page

JavaScript

JavaScript is a front-end scripting


language developed by Netscape
for dynamic content
Lightweight, but with limited
capabilities
Can be used as object-oriented
language

Client-side technology
Embedded in your HTML page
Interpreted by the Web browser

Simple and flexible

JavaScript Advantages

JavaScript allows interactivity such


as:
Implementing form validation
React to user actions, e.g. handle
keys
Changing an image on moving
mouse over it
Sections of a page appearing and
disappearing
Content loading and changing
dynamically

What Can JavaScript


Do?

Can handle events


Can read and write HTML elements
and modify the DOM tree
Can validate form data
Can access / modify browser
cookies
Can detect the users browser and
OS
Can be used as object-oriented
language
Can handle exceptions

10

The First Script


firstscript.html
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
alert('Hello JavaScript!');
</script>
</body>
</html>

11

Another Small Example


smallexample.html
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write('JavaScript rulez!');
</script>
</body>
</html>

12

Using JavaScript Code

The JavaScript code can be placed


in:
<script> tag in the head
<script> tag in the body
External files, linked via <script>
tag
<script src="scripts.js"
type="text/javascript">
Files usually have .js extension
<! code placed here will not be executed!
-->
</script>

Highly recommended
The .js files get cached by the
browser

13

JavaScript When is
Executed?

JavaScript code is executed during


the page loading or when the
browser fires an event
Two blocks of code can't run
simultaneously
Some statements just define
functions that can be called later

Function calls or code can be


attached as "event handlers" via
tag
<img attributes
src="logo.gif"

/>
onclick="alert('clicked!')"
Executed when the event
is fired by
14

Calling a JavaScript
Function from Event
Handler Example

<html>
image<head>
onclick.html
<script type="text/javascript">
function test (message) {
alert(message);
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<img src="logo.gif"
onclick="test('clicked!')" />
</body>
</html>

15

Using External Script


Files

Using external script files:

<html>
external<head>
JavaScript.html
<script src="sample.js" type="text/javascript">
</script>
</head>
The <script src=""> tag is
<body>
always empty.
<button onclick="sample()" value="Call
JavaScript
function from sample.js" />
</body>
External
JavaScript file:
</html>
function sample() {
alert('Hello from sample.js!')
}

sample.j
s

16

The
JavaScript
Syntax

JavaScript Syntax

The JavaScript syntax is similar to


C# and Java
Operators (+, *, =, !=, &&, ++, )
Variables (typeless)
Conditional statements (if, else)
Loops (for, while)
Arrays (my_array[]) and associative
arrays (my_array['abc'])
Functions (can return value)
Function variables (like the C#
delegates)

18

Data Types

JavaScript data types:


Numbers (integer, floating-point)
Boolean (true / false)

String type string of characters


var myName = "You can use both single or
double quotes for strings";

Arrays

var my_array = [1, 5.3, "aaa"];

Associative arrays (hash tables)


var my_hash = {a:2, b:3, c:"text"};
19

Everything is Object

Every variable can be considered


as object
For example strings and arrays have
member functions: objects.html
var test = "some string";
alert(test[7]); // shows letter 'r'
alert(test.charAt(5)); // shows letter
's'
alert("test".charAt(1)); //shows letter
'e'
alert("test".substring(1,3));
//shows
var arr = [1,3,4];
'es'
alert (arr.length); // shows 3
arr.push(7); // appends 7 to end of
array
alert (arr[3]); // shows 7

20

String Operations

The + operator joins strings


string1 = "fat ";
string2 = "cats";
alert(string1 + string2);

What is "9" + 9?
alert("9" + 9);

// fat cats

// 99

Converting string to number:


alert(parseInt("9") + 9);

// 18

21

Arrays Operations and


Properties

Declaring new empty array:


var arr = new Array();

Declaring an array holding few


elements:
var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

Appending an element / getting the


last
element:
arr.push(3);
var element = arr.pop();

Reading the number of elements


arr.length;
(array
length):
22

Standard Popup Boxes

Alert box with text and [OK] button


Just a message shown in a dialog
box:
alert("Some text here");

Confirmation box
Contains text, [OK] button and
[Cancel]
button:
confirm("Are
you sure?");

Prompt box
Contains text, input field with
prompt ("enter amount", 10);
default value:

23

sum-ofnumbers.html
<html>

Sum of Numbers
Example

<head>
<title>JavaScript Demo</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
function calcSum() {
value1 =
parseInt(document.mainForm.textBox1.value);
value2 =
parseInt(document.mainForm.textBox2.value);
sum = value1 + value2;
document.mainForm.textBoxSum.value = sum;
}
</script>
</head>

24

Sum of Numbers
Example (2)

sum-of-numbers.html
(cont.)
<body>

<form name="mainForm">
<input type="text" name="textBox1" />
<br/>
<input type="text" name="textBox2" />
<br/>
<input type="button" value="Process"
onclick="calcSum()" />
<input type="text" name="textBoxSum"
readonly="readonly"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>
25

JavaScript Prompt
Example

prompt.ht
ml
price = prompt("Enter

the price",

"10.00");
alert('Price + VAT = ' + price * 1.2);

26

Conditional Statement
(if)
unitPrice = 1.30;
if (quantity > 100) {
unitPrice = 1.20;
}

Symb
>
ol

Meaning
Greater than

<

Less than

>=
==

Greater than or
equal to
Less than or equal
to
Equal

!=

Not equal

<=

27

Conditional Statement
(if) (2)

The condition may be of Boolean or


integer type:

conditional-statements.html
var a = 0;
var b = true;
if (typeof(a)=="undefined" ||
typeof(b)=="undefined") {
document.write("Variable a or b is undefined.");
}
else if (!a && b) {
document.write("a==0; b==true;");
} else {
document.write("a==" + a + "; b==" + b + ";");
}
28

Switch Statement

The switch statement works like in


C# / Java:

switch (variable) { switch-statements.html


case 1:
// do something
break;
case 'a':
// do something else
break;
case 3.14:
// another code
break;
default:
// something completely different
}
29

Loops

Like in C# / Java / C++


for loop
while loop
do while loop
var counter;
for (counter=0; counter<4; counter++) {
alert(counter);
}
while (counter < 5) {
alert(++counter);
}
loops.html
30

Functions
Code structure splitting code into
parts
Data comes in, processed, result
returned
Parameters

function average(a, b,
c)
{
var total;
total = a+b+c;
return total/3;
}

come in here.

Declaring
variables is
optional. Type
is never
declared.
Value
returned here.
31

Function
Arguments
andrequired
ReturntoValue
Functions are not
return a value
When calling function it is not
obligatory to specify all of its
arguments
The function has access to all the
function
sum() {passed via arguments array
arguments
var sum = 0;
for (var i = 0; i < arguments.length; i ++)
sum += parseInt(arguments[i]);
return sum;

}
alert(sum(1, 2, 4));

functions-demo.html
32

Document
Object Model
(DOM)

Document Object Model


(DOM)

Every HTML element is accessible via


the JavaScript DOM API
Most DOM objects can be
manipulated by the programmer
The event model lets a document to
react when the user does something
on the page
Advantages

Create interactive pages


Updates the objects of a page without
reloading it
34

Accessing Elements

Access elements via their ID


attribute
var elem = document.getElementById("some_id")

Via the name attribute

var arr =
document.getElementsByName("some_name")

Via tag name


var imgTags = el.getElementsByTagName("img")

Returns array of descendant <img>


elements of the element "el"
35

DOM Manipulation

Once we access an element, we can


read and write its attributes

DOM-manipulation.html
function change(state) {
var lampImg =
document.getElementById("lamp");
lampImg.src = "lamp_" + state + ".png";
var statusDiv =
document.getElementById("statusDiv");
statusDiv.innerHTML = "The lamp is " +
state";
}

<img src="test_on.gif"

36

Common Element
Properties

Most of the properties are derived


from the HTML attributes of the
tag
E.g. id, name, href, alt, title, src,
etc

style property allows modifying


the CSS styles of the element
Corresponds to the inline style of
the element
Not the properties derived from
embedded or external CSS rules
37

Common Element
Properties (2)

className the class attribute of


the tag
innerHTML holds all the entire
HTML code inside the element
Read-only properties with
information for the current
element and its state

tagName, offsetWidth, offsetHeight,


scrollHeight, scrollTop, nodeType,
etc
38

Accessing Elements
through the DOM Tree
Structure

We can access elements in the


DOM through some tree
manipulation properties:

element.childNodes
element.parentNode
element.nextSibling
element.previousSibling
element.firstChild
element.lastChild
39

Accessing Elements
through the DOM Tree
Example
var el = document.getElementById('div_tag');
alert (el.childNodes[0].value);
alert (el.childNodes[1].
getElementsByTagName('span').id);

<div id="div_tag">
<input type="text" value="test text" />
<div>
<span id="test">test span</span>
</div>
</div>
accessing-elements-

demo.html

Warning: may not return what you


expected due to browser

40

DOM Events

DOM Events

JavaScript can register event


handlers
Events are fired by the Browser and
are sent to the specified JavaScript
event handler function
<img
Cansrc="test.gif"
be set with HTML attributes:
onclick="imageClicked()" />

var
Canimg
be= accessed through the DOM:
document.getElementById("myImage");
img.onclick = imageClicked;
42

DOM Events (2)

All event handlers receive one


parameter
It brings information about the
event
Contains the type of the event
(mouse click, key press, etc.)
Data about the location where the
event has been fired (e.g. mouse
coordinates)
Holds a reference to the event
sender
43

DOM Events (3)


Holds information about the state
of [Alt], [Ctrl] and [Shift] keys
IE does not send this object, but
places it in the window.event
Some of the names of the events
object properties are browserspecific

44

Common DOM Events

Mouse events:
onclick, onmousedown, onmouseup
onmouseover, onmouseout,
onmousemove

Key events:
onkeypress, onkeydown, onkeyup
Only for input fields

Interface events:
onblur, onfocus
onscroll
45

Common DOM Events


(2)

Form events

onchange for input fields


onsubmit
Allows you to cancel a form
submission
Useful for form validation

Miscellaneous events
onload, onunload
Allowed only for the <body> element
Fires when all content on the page
was loaded / unloaded
46

onload Event Example

onload event
<html>

onload.ht
ml

<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function greet() {
alert("Loaded.");
}
</script>
</head>
<body onload="greet()" >
</body>
</html>
47

The Built-In
Browser
Objects

Built-in Browser
Objects

The browser provides some readonly data via:


window
The top node of the DOM tree
Represents the browser window

document
holds information the current loaded
document

screen
Holds the user display properties

browser

49

DOM Hierarchy
Example
window

navigato
r

screen

documen
t
form

history

location

form

butto
n

form

50

Opening New Window


Example

window.open()
windowopen.html

var newWindow = window.open("",


"sampleWindow",
"width=300, height=100, menubar=yes,
status=yes, resizable=yes");
newWindow.document.write(
"<html><head><title>
Sample Title</title>
</head><body><h1>Sample
Text</h1></body>");

51

The Navigator Object


alert(window.navigator.userAgen
t);

The
browser
window

The navigator
in the browser
window

The
userAgent
(browser
ID)

52

The Screen Object

The screen object contains


information about the display
window.moveTo(0, 0);
x = screen.availWidth;
y = screen.availHeight;
window.resizeTo(x, y);

53

Document and Location

document object
Provides some built-in arrays of
specific objects on the currently

loaded Web page

document.links[0].href = "yahoo.com";
document.write(
"This is some <b>bold text</b>");

document.location
Used to access the currently open
URL or redirect the browser
document.location =
"http://www.yahoo.com/";

54

Form Validation
Example
form-validation.html
function checkForm()
{
var valid = true;
if (document.mainForm.firstName.value == "") {
alert("Please type in your first name!");
document.getElementById("firstNameError").
style.display = "inline";
valid = false;
}
return valid;
}

<form name="mainForm" onsubmit="return


checkForm()">
<input type="text" name="firstName" />

</form>

55

Debugging
JavaScript

Debugging JavaScript

Modern browsers have JavaScript


console where errors in scripts are
reported
Errors may differ across browsers

Several tools to debug JavaScript


Microsoft Script Editor in archaic IEs
Add-on for Internet Explorer
Supports breakpoints, watches
JavaScript debugger statement opens
the debug window
57

Firebug

Firebug Firefox add-on for


debugging JavaScript, CSS, HTML
Supports breakpoints, watches,
JavaScript console editor
Very useful for CSS and HTML too
You can edit all the document realtime: CSS, HTML, etc
Shows how CSS rules apply to
element

Shows AJAX requests and responses


Firebug is written mostly in
58

Firebug (2)

59

Introduction to
JavaScript

? ?

?
Questions
?

Exercises
Create an HTML page
containing a table. Write a
script to color the table rows
in alternating colors.
2. Create an HTML page that has two text
fields (first name and last name) and a
button. When the user clicks the
button, a message should show the text
in the text fields followed by the current
time.
2. Create a Web page that asks the user
about his name and says "Goodbye" to
him when leaving the page.
1.

61

Exercises (2)
Create a Web page displaying a
list of products. For each product,
when the mouse is hold over it
show a tooltip with additional info.
5. Implement a JavaScript based
temperature converter between Celsius
and Fahrenheit.
6. Implement a text-scrolling script that
scrolls a long text message inside a
<div>. You could use two divs one
inside the other and move the left
position of the inner div at interval of
200 milliseconds.
4.

62

Exercises (3)
7.

Implement a drop-down menu in


JavaScript
Use list for the main menu blocks
Use hidden <div> elements
(display:none; position:absolute;
top:30px)
Use JavaScript and onmouseover and
onmouseout event to change display:
none/block

63

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