Coefficient of Dynamic Viscosity Is Defined As The Shear Force, Per Unit 2. Kinematic Viscosity Is Defined As The Ratio of Dynamic Viscosity To Mass

Fluid Properties
The properties outlines below are general properties of fluids which are of
interest in engineering.
Density
The density of a substance is the quantity of matter contained in a unit
volume of the substance. It can be expressed in three different ways.
1. Mass Density the mass of substance per unit volume.
2. Specific Weight the weight of substance per unit volume.
3. Relative Density the ratio of mass density of a substance to some
standard mass density.
Viscosity
is the property of a fluid, due to cohesion and interaction between molecules,
which offers resistance to sheer deformation.
1. Coefficient of Dynamic Viscosity is defined as the shear force, per unit
area.
2. Kinematic Viscosity is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass
density.
Pressure and Velocity
Forces in Fluids
In general, fluids exert both normal and shearing forces on
surfaces that are in contact with them.
Fluids with velocity gradients produce shearing forces.
For fluids at rest, only normal forces exist.
These normal forces in fluids are called pressure forces.
Two important properties in the study of fluid mechanics are:
Pressure and Velocity.
The direction of pressure forces will always be perpendicular to
the surface of interest.
The rate of change of position in a flow field is called velocity. It is
used not only to specify flow field characteristics but also to
specify flow rate, momentum and viscous effects for a fluid in
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motion.
Fluid Statics
Definition of Pressure
At every point in a static fluid a certain pressure intensity exists.
Specifically, this pressure intensity called pressure, is defined as follows:
F
p lim
A0 A
dF
dA
Where F is the normal force acting over the area A.

Pressure intensity is a scalar quantity, that is, it has magnitude only and acts
equally in all directions.
Pressure Transmission
In a closed system a pressure change produced at one point in the system will
be transmitted throughout the entire system.
The principle is known as Pascals law after Blaise Pascal, the French
scientist who first stated it in 1653.
This phenomenon of pressure transmission has led to the widespread
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development of hydraulic controls for operating equipments.
Basic Differential Equation
Consider the differential element (dx, dy, dz) of static fluid of

constant density as shown in figure.
Assume that the pressure at the center of the element is p.
The forces acting on the fluid element in the vertical direction

are:
1. The body force, the action of gravity on the mass within
the element
2. The surface forces, transmitted from the surrounding fluid
and acting at right angles against the top, bottom, and
sides of the element.
At rest, the summation of forces in any direction must be

zero.
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To satisfy Fx= 0 and Fy = 0, the pressures on the opposite
BDE
p dz
dxdy
z 2
dy
dz
dxdydz
dx
p dz
p
dxdy
z 2
Differential Element of Fluid

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Taylors Series
BDE
h2
f ( x h) f ( x) f ( x)h f ( x)
2!
dz
p dz
f (p ) p
2
z 2
Top
p dz
( p ) dz / 2 p
z 2
p dz
( p) dz / 2 p
Bottom
z 2
p dz
p dz
dxdy
dxdy dxdydz 0
z
z 2
z 2
p
or
z
dp

dz
Which indicates that pressure is independent of coordinates x

and y; it depends on z alone.
Thus since p is a function of a single variable, a total derivative
may be used instead of a partial derivative.
The minus sign indicates that as z gets larger (increasing 6
elevation), the pressure gets smaller.
BDE
Pressure Variation for a Uniform-density Fluid

dp

dz
P2/
With constant specific weight,

integration of above equation result
p z constant
or
p
z constant
P1/
Z1
Z2
Datum
The sum of the terms p/ and z is called the Piezometric head.

We can relate the pressure and elevation at one point to the
pressure and elevation at another point in the fluid as:
p1
p2
z1
z 2 constant
Flow Classification
Ideal or Real Flow

Laminar or Turbulent Flow
Compressible or Incompressible flow
Steady or Unsteady Flow
Uniform or Non-uniform
One, two or three dimensional
Possible Classification of Continuum Fluid

Mechanics
Continuum Fluid Mechanics
In viscid
Compressible
Incompressible
Viscous
Laminar
Turbulent
Internal
External
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Compressible or Incompressible
All fluids are compressible -even water- their density will change
as pressure changes.
Under steady conditions, and provided that the changes in
pressure are small, it is usually possible to simplify analysis of the
flow by assuming it is incompressible and has constant density.
As you will appreciate, liquids are quite difficult to compress - so
under most steady conditions they are treated as incompressible.
In some unsteady conditions very high pressure differences can
occur and it is necessary to take these into account - even for
liquids.
Gasses, on the contrary, are very easily compressed, it is essential
in most cases to treat these as compressible, taking changes in
pressure into account.
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Steady and Uniform Flow

Steady Flow
Steady flow means steady with respect to time. Thus all properties of
the flow at every point remain constant with respect to time.
Unsteady Flow
The flow properties at a point change with time.
V
t
V
t
0 ( steady flow)
0 (unsteady flow)
Uniform Flow
In which the velocity is the same in both magnitude and direction at a
given point in the field.
Non-uniform Flow
V
s
0 (uniform flow)
V
s
0 (non uniform flow)

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Examples
Combining the above we can classify any flow in to one of four type:
Steady uniform flow. Conditions do not change with position in the stream or
with time. An example is the flow of water in a pipe of constant diameter at
constant velocity.
Steady non-uniform flow. Conditions change from point to point in the stream
but do not change with time. An example is flow in a tapering pipe with constant
velocity at the inlet - velocity will change as you move along the length of the
pipe toward the exit.
Unsteady uniform flow. At a given instant in time the conditions at every point
are the same, but will change with time. An example is a pipe of constant
diameter connected to a pump pumping at a constant rate which is then switched
off.
Unsteady non-uniform flow. Every condition of the flow may change from point
to point and with time at every point. For example waves in a channel.
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1. Streamlines must be straight and

parallel
Uniform flow in open channel
Flow Patterns
Uniform flow in pipe
2. If Streamlines are not parallel, there will be a change of speed along the
streamlines. If they are not straight, there will be directional change of velocity.
Non-uniform flow, converging flow
Vortex flow
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Visualization of Fluid Flow

Three basic types of lines used to illustrate fluid
flow patterns:
Streamline: a line that is everywhere tangent to the
local velocity vector at a given instant.
Pathline: a line that represents the actual path traversed
by a single fluid particle.
Streakline: a line that represents the locus of fluid
particles at a given instant that have earlier passed
through a prescribed point.
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Flow Paths
Streamlines are useful in fluid flow analysis, but are
difficult to observe experimentally for unsteady flows.
The pathline is a Lagrangian concept that can be
visualized in the laboratory by marking a fluid particle
and taking a time exposure photograph of its trajectory.
The streakline can be visualized in the laboratory by
continuously marking all fluid particles passing through a
fixed point and taking an instantaneous photograph.
Streamlines, pathlines, and streak-lines are identical for
steady flows.
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Velocity-description
1. Lagrangian Approach:
Consider an individual fluid particle for all time. Using the Cartesian coordinate
system, the particles position vector is expressed as
r(t) = xi + yj +zk
(1)
Where i. j and k are the unit vectors in the X, Y and Z directions.
Differentiating Equation #1 with respect to time, we obtain the velocity of the fluid
particle and acceleration:
d
dx
dy
dz
r (t )
i
j k
dt
dt
dt
dt
V (t ) ui vj wk
dV
dt
Where u, v and w are the component velocities in their respective coordinates

directions.
We can use Newtons law of motion (F=ma) on the body to determine the
acceleration and thus, the velocity and position. However, in fluid mechanics, it
is difficult to track a single fluid particle. But in the lab we can observe many
particles passing by one single location.
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2. Eulerian Approach
In this case, the fluid particle velocity depends on the point in space and time
u = f1(x,y,z,t) v = f2(x,y,z,t) w = f3(x,y,z,t)
(1)
In order to describe the entire flow field, we must know the fluid motion at all
points in the field.
Equation (1) give the component velocities as a function of space and time
in the Cartesian coordinate system,
But there is another useful way of expressing velocity by using the Eulerian
viewpoint to describe the total velocity as function of position along a
streamline and time.
This is given as:
V = V(s,t)
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Acceleration
The acceleration of a fluid particle is the rate of change of a particles
velocity with time.
It is a vector quantity, it can be caused due to change in magnitude or
direction (or both) of the velocity vector.
By the Eulerian approach, the velocity components are function of space
and time
V=ui+vj+wk
u = f1(x,y,z,t) v = f2(x,y,z,t) w = f3(x,y,z,t)
(1)
The acceleration of a fluid particle in the x-direction is given by a x = du/dt

By using the chain rule for differentiation of a multivariable function u=
f1(x, y, z, t)
ax
u dx u dy u dz u
x dt
y dt
z dt
t
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Acceleration
In time dt, the fluid particle moves in the x-direction a distance dx = u dt,
so
u = dx /dt and similarly v = dy/dt and w = dz/dt
ax
u
u
u
u
u
v
w
x
y
z
t
ay
v
v
v v
u
v
w
x
y
z
t
az
w
w
w w
u
v
w
x
y
z
t
a axi a y j az k
Local Acceleration
Convective Acceleration
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Convective Acceleration
Acceleration
Change of velocity with respect to position

It occurs when the flow is non-uniform that is, when the velocity changes
along a streamline.
Local Acceleration
Change of velocity with respect to time at a given point
Local acceleration results when the flow is unsteady
at
dVs
dt
Vs
Vs
S
Vs
t
Vs
u 2 v 2 w2
It is acceleration component tangential to the streamline
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Coefficient of Dynamic Viscosity Is Defined As The Shear Force, Per Unit 2. Kinematic Viscosity Is Defined As The Ratio of Dynamic Viscosity To Mass

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Coefficient of Dynamic Viscosity Is Defined As The Shear Force, Per Unit 2. Kinematic Viscosity Is Defined As The Ratio of Dynamic Viscosity To Mass

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Fluid Properties

Where F is the normal force acting over the area A.

Basic Differential Equation

Consider the differential element (dx, dy, dz) of static fluid of

Assume that the pressure at the center of the element is p.

The forces acting on the fluid element in the vertical direction

At rest, the summation of forces in any direction must be

Differential Element of Fluid

Which indicates that pressure is independent of coordinates x

Pressure Variation for a Uniform-density Fluid

With constant specific weight,

The sum of the terms p/ and z is called the Piezometric head.

Ideal or Real Flow

Possible Classification of Continuum Fluid

Continuum Fluid Mechanics

Steady and Uniform Flow

0 (non uniform flow)

1. Streamlines must be straight and

Visualization of Fluid Flow

Where i. j and k are the unit vectors in the X, Y and Z directions.

Where u, v and w are the component velocities in their respective coordinates

u = f1(x,y,z,t) v = f2(x,y,z,t) w = f3(x,y,z,t)

The acceleration of a fluid particle in the x-direction is given by a x = du/dt

Change of velocity with respect to position

It is acceleration component tangential to the streamline

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