PCI6thEdition

Flexural Component Design

PresentationOutline

Whats new to ACI 318

Gravity Loads
Load Effects
Concrete Stress Distribution
Nominal Flexural Strength
Flexural Strength Reduction Factors
Shear Strength
Torsion
Serviceability Requirements

NewtoACI31802

Load Combinations
Stress limits
Member Classification
Strength Reduction factor is a function of
reinforcement strain
Minimum shear reinforcement requirements
Torsion Design Method

LoadCombinations
U = 1.4 (D + F)
U = 1.2 (D + F + T) + 1.6 (L + H) + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6 (Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)

U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)

U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
U= 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
U= 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

ComparisonofLoadCombinations
U=1.2D + 1.6 L
U= 1.4D + 1.7L
If L=.75D
Ratio

2002
1999

0.90
1.4D 1.7.75D
1.2D 1.6 .75D

i.e. a 10% reduction in required strength

Classifications
No Bottom Tensile Stress Limits
Classify Members Strength Reduction Factor
Tension-Controlled
Transition
Compression Controlled

Three Tensile Stress Classifications

Class U Un-cracked
Class T Transition
Class C Cracked


Copied from ACI 318 2002, ACI 318-02 table R18.3.3

ClassCMembers
Stress Analysis Based on Cracked Section
Properties
No Compression Stress limit
No Tension Stress limit
Increase awareness on serviceability
Crack Control
Displacements
Side Skin Reinforcement

MinimumShearReinforcing

1999

Av fy
bw s
200
2

SystemLoads
Gravity Load Systems

Beams
Columns
Floor Member Double Tees, Hollow Core
Spandrels

Tributary Area
Floor members, actual top area
Beams and spandrels

Load distribution
Load path
Floor members spandrels or beams Columns

LiveLoadReduction
Live Loads can be reduced based on:

15

L Lo 0.25

KLL At

Where:
KLL = 1
Lo = Unreduced live load and
At = tributary area

LiveLoadReduction
Or the alternative floor reduction shall not exceed

or

R r (At 150)

R 23.1 1
Lo

Where:
R = % reduction 40%
r = .08

MemberShearandMoment
Shear and moments on members can be
found using statics methods and beam tables
from Chapter 11

StrengthDesign
Strength design is based using the rectangular stress
block
The stress in the prestressing steel at nominal strength,
fps, can be determined by strain compatibility or by an
approximate empirical equation
For elements with compression reinforcement, the
nominal strength can be calculated by assuming that the
compression reinforcement yields. Then verified.
The designer will normally choose a section and
reinforcement and then determine if it meets the basic
design strength requirement:

Mn Mu

ConcreteStressDistribution

Parabolic distribution
Equivalent rectangular distribution

StressBlockTheory

Stress-Strain
relationship
E(f ' )

fc=6,000 psi

E(f ' ) is not constant

c

fc=3,000 psi

StressBlockTheory
Stress-Strain relationship
Stress-strain can be modeled by:

fc

Where
and

2 f ''c ( )
1 ( )2

1.71 f 'c
Ec

f ''c .9 f 'c

:strain at max. stress

:max stress

StressBlockTheory
The Whitney stress block is a simplified
stress distribution that shares the same
centroid and total force as the real stress
distribution

EquivalentStressBlock 1Definition

a 1c
1 1.05 05
1 = 0.85
when fc < 3,000 psi
1 = 0.65
when fc > 8,000 psi

f 'c
1, 000psi

DesignStrength

Mild Reinforcement Non Prestressed

Prestress Reinforcement

StrengthDesignFlowchart
Figure 4.2.1.2
page 4-9
Non-Prestressed
Path
Prestressed Path

NonPrestressedMembers
Find depth of compression block

DepthofCompressionBlock

As fy A's f 'y
.85 f 'c b

Where:
As is the area of tension steel
As is the area of compression steel
fy is the mild steel yield strength

Assumes
compressi
on steel
yields

FlangedSections
Checked to verify that the compression block is truly
rectangular

CompressionBlockArea
If compression block is rectangular, the flanged
section can be designed as a rectangular beam

Acomp a b

CompressionBlockArea
If the compression block is not rectangular (a> hf),
=

Af (b bw ) hf
To find a

Aw Acomp Af
a

Aw
bw

DetermineNeutralAxis

From statics and strain compatibility

c a /

CheckCompressionSteel

c 3 d '

Verify that compression steel has reached yield using

strain compatibility

CompressionComments
By strain compatibility, compression steel yields if:

c 3 d'
If compression steel has not yielded, calculation for a
must be revised by substituting actual stress for yield
stress
Non prestressed members should always be tension
controlled, therefore c / dt < 0.375
Add compression reinforcement to create tesnion
controlled secions

MomentCapacity
2 equations
rectangular stress block in the flange section
rectangular stress block in flange and stem section

StrengthDesignFlowchart
Figure 4.2.1.2
page 4-9
Non- Prestressed
Path
Prestressed Path

This portion of the

flowchart is dedicated
to determining the
stress in the prestress
reinforcement

StressinStrand

fse - stress in the strand after losses

fpu - is the ultimate strength of the strand
fps - stress in the strand at nominal strength

StressinStrand
Typically the jacking force is 65% or
greater
The short term losses at midspan are
about 10% or less
The long term losses at midspan are
about 20% or less
fse 0.5 fpu

StressinStrand
Nearly all prestressed concrete is bonded

StressinStrand
Prestressed Bonded reinforcement

fpu

p
fps fpu 1

'

1 see ACIf '18.0

dp
= factor for type of prestressing
strand,

c

= .55 for f /f not less than .80

p

py pu

= .45 for fpy/fpu not less than .85

= .28 for fpy/fpu not less than .90 (Low Relaxation Strand)
p = prestressing reinforcement ratio

DetermineCompressionBlock

CompressionBlockHeight
Assumes
compression steel
yields
a

Aps fps As fy A's f 'y

.85 f 'c b

Prestress component

Where
Aps - area of prestressing steel
fps - prestressing steel strength

FlangeSectionsCheck

CompressionSteelCheck

c 3 d '

Verify that compression steel has reached yield using

strain compatibility

MomentCapacity
2 Equations
rectangular stress block in flange section
rectangular stress block in flange and stem section

FlexuralStrengthReductionFactor
Based on primary reinforcement strain
Strain is an indication of failure
mechanism
Three Regions

MemberClassification
On figure 4.2.1.2

CompressionControlled
< 0.002 at extreme
steel tension fiber or
c/dt > 0.600
= 0.70 with spiral ties
= 0.65 with stirrups

TensionControlled
> 0.005 at extreme
steel tension fiber, or
c/dt < 0.375

= 0.90 with spiral ties

or stirrups

TransitionZone

0.002 < < 0.005 at extreme

steel tension fiber, or
0.375 < c/dt < 0.6
= 0.57 + 67() or
= 0.48 + 83() with spiral
ties
= 0.37 + 0.20/(c/dt) or
= 0.23 + 0.25/(c/dt) with
stirrups

StrandSlipRegions
ACI Section 9.3.2.7
where the strand embedment length is
less than the development length
=0.75

LimitsofReinforcement
To prevent failure immediately upon cracking,
Minimum As is determined by:
As,min

3 f 'c
fy

bw d

200 bw d
fy

As,min is allowed to be waived if tensile

reinforcement is 1/3 greater than required by
analysis

LimitsofReinforcement
The flexural member must also have adequate
reinforcement to resist the cracking moment
Where
Mn 1.2Mcr
P

Mcr Sbc
fr Mnc
1
A Sb

Sb

Pe

Section after
composite has been
applied, including
prestress forces

S
bc

Correction for
initial stresses
on noncomposite, prior
to topping
placement

CriticalSections

HorizontalShear
ACI requires that the interface between
the composite and non-composite, be
intentionally roughened, clean and free of
laitance
Experience and tests have shown that
normal methods used for finishing precast
components qualifies as intentionally
roughened

HorizontalShear,FhPositiveMomentRegion

Based on the force transferred in topping (page 4-53)

HorizontalShear,FhNegativeMomentRegion

Based on the force transferred in topping (page 4-53)

UnreinforcedHorizontalShear

Fh 80 bv l vh
Where
0.75
bv width of shear area
lvh - length of the member subject to shear, 1/2 the span for simply
supported members

ReinforcedHorizontalShear
Fh (260 0.6 v fy ) bv l vh

Acs

Fh
e fy

Where
0.75
v - shear reinforcement ratio
Acs - Area of shear reinforcement
e - Effective shear friction coefficient

ShearFrictionCoefficient

1000 Acr
Vu

Fh

ShearResistancebyNonPrestressedConcrete

Shear strength for

non-prestressed
sections
Vc 2 f 'c bw d

PrestressConcreteShearCapacity

Vu d

Vc 0.6 f 'c 700

bw d
Mu

Where:
Vu d
Mu

ACI Eq 11-9
Effective prestress must be 0.4fpu
Accounts for shear combined with moment
May be used unless more detail is required

PrestressConcreteShearCapacity
Concrete shear strength is minimum is

Vc 2 f 'c bw d
Maximum allowed shear resistance from
concrete is:

Vc 5 f 'c bw d

ShearCapacity,Prestressed
Resistance by concrete when diagonal cracking is a
result of combined shear and moment
Vi Mcr
Vci 0.6 f 'c bw d Vd
Mmax
Where:
Vi and Mmax - factored
externally applied loads
e.g. no self weight
Vd - is un-factored dead
load shear

ShearCapacity,Prestressed
Resistance by concrete when diagonal cracking is a
result of principal tensile stress in the web is in excess of
cracking stress.

Vcw 3.5 f 'c 0.3 fpc bw d Vp

Where:
Vp = the vertical
component of effective
prestress force (harped
or draped strand only)

Vcmax

Shear capacity is the minimum of Vc, or if a

detailed analysis is used the minimum of Vci
or Vcw

ShearSteel
If:

Vu Vc
Then:

vs Vn Vc

or vs

Vu

Vc

ShearSteelMinimumRequirements
Non-prestressed members
Av 0.75 f 'c

bw s
fy

50 bw

s
fy

Prestressed members
Av

Aps fpu s
80 fy d

d
bw

Remember
both legs of a stirrup count
for Av

Torsion
Current ACI
Based on compact sections
Greater degree of fixity than PC can provide

Provision for alternate solution

Zia, Paul and Hsu, T.C., Design for Torsion and
Shear in Prestressed Concrete, Preprint 3424,
American Society of Civil Engineers, October,
1978. Reprinted in revised form in PCI JOURNAL,
V. 49, No. 3, May-June 2004.

Torsion
For members loaded two sides, such as inverted
tee beams, find the worst case condition with
full load on one side, and dead load on the other
1.0D

1.2D+1.6L

Torsion
In order to neglect Torsion

Tu Tu(min)
Where:
Tu(min) minimum torsional strength provided by
concrete

MinimumTorsionalStrength

Tu(min) 0.5

f 'c x y

Where:
x and y - are short and long
side, respectively of a
component rectangle
is the prestress factor

PrestressFactor,
For Prestressed Members
1 10

fpc
f`c

Where:
fpc level of prestress after losses

MaximumTorsionalStrength
Avoid compression failures due to over
reinforcing
1
K f` x y
3
2

Tn(max)

Kt Vt

30 Ct Tu

Tn(max)

Where:

Tu

fpc

Kt 12 10

f`c

Ct

bw d

x y
2

MaximumShearStrength
Avoid compression failures due to over
reinforcing
Vn(max)

10 f`c bw d
30 C T
t
u

Vn(max)

Kt Vt
Vu

Torsion/ShearRelationship
Determine the torsion carried by the concrete
T 'c

Tc
1

T' T
c
u

V'c Vu

Where:
Tc and Vc - concrete resistance under pure torsion
and shear respectively
Tc and Vc - portions of the concrete resistance of
torsion and shear

Torsion/ShearRelationship
Determine the shear carried by the concrete
V'c

Vc
1

V' V
c
u

T 'c Tu

TorsionSteelDesign
Provide stirrups for torsion
moment - in addition to shear

T
u

Tc s

At

t x1 y1 fy

t 0.66 0.33 y1 x1 1.5

Where
x and y - short and long
dimensions of the closed stirrup

TorsionSteelDesign

Minimum area of closed stirrups is

limited by

2At

min

50

bw s
fy

( ) 200
2

bw s
fy

LongitudinalTorsionSteel
Provide longitudinal steel for torsion
based on equation

Al

2 At (x1 y1 )
s

or

Tu
2 At
400 x

Al

x1 y1

Whichever greater
f
V
s
y
u

3
C
t

LongitudinalSteellimits

Tu

400 x

fy

Al

The

2 At

T
u

Vu

3 Ct

2 At

x1 y1

factor in

s
the second equation need not exceed
12 fpc
50 bw
50 bw
1

fy
f`c
fy

DetailingRequirements,Stirrups

135 degree hooks are required unless sufficient cover

is supplied
The 135 degree stirrup hooks are to be anchored
around a longitudinal bar
Torsion steel is in addition to shear steel

DetailingRequirements,LongitudinalSteel

Placement of the bars should be around the

perimeter
Spacing should spaced at no more than 12 inches
Longitudinal torsion steel must be in addition to
required flexural steel (note at ends flexural demand
reduces)
Prestressing strand is permitted (@ 60ksi)
The critical section is at the end of simply supported
members, therefore U-bars may be required to meet
bar development requirements

ServiceabilityRequirements
Three classifications for prestressed
components
Class U: Uncracked
Class T: Transition
Class C: Cracked
t 7.5 f 'c

Stress

7.5 f 'c t 12 f 'c

t 12 f 'c

UncrackedSection
Table 4.2.2.1 (Page 4.24)
Easiest computation
Use traditional mechanics
of materials methods to
determine stresses, gross
section and deflection.
No crack control or side
skin reinforcement
requirements

TransitionSection
Table 4.2.2.1 (Page 4.24)
Use traditional mechanics
of materials methods to
determine stresses only.
Use bilinear cracked
section to determine
deflection
No crack control or side
skin reinforcement
requirements

CrackedSection
Table 4.2.2.1 (Page 4.24)
Iterative process
Use bilinear cracked section
to determine deflection and
to determine member
stresses
Must use crack control steel
per ACI 10.6.4 modified by
ACI 18.4.4.1 and ACI 10.6.7

CrackedSectionStressCalculation

Class C member require stress to be

check using a Cracked Transformed
Section
The reinforcement spacing
requirements must be adhered to

CrackedTransformed
SectionPropertyCalculationSteps
Step 1 Determine if section is cracked
Step 2 Estimate Decompression Force in Strand
Step 3 Estimate Decompression Force in mild
reinforcement (if any)
Step 4 Create an equivalent force in topping if present
Step 5 Calculate transformed section of all elements
and modular ratios
Step 6 Iterate the location of the neutral axis until the
normal stress at this level is zero
Step 7 Check Results with a a moment and force
equilibrium set of equations

SteelStress
fdc decompression stress
stress in the strand when the
surrounding concrete stress is zero
Conservative to use, fse (stress after
losses) when no additional mild steel is
present.

SimpleExample
Page 4-31

DeflectionCalculation
BilinearCrackedSection
Deflection before the
member has cracked is
calculated using the
gross (uncracked)
moment of inertia, Ig
Additional deflection
after cracking is
calculated using the
moment of inertia of the
cracked section Icr

EffectiveMomentofInertia
Alternative method
3

M
cr

Ie

Ma

Mcr

Ig 1

Ma

I cr

or based on stress
f f
Mcr
1 tl r
Ma
fl

Where:
ftl = final stress
fl = stress due to live load
fr = modulus of rupture

PrestressLosses
Prestressing losses
Sources of total prestress loss (TL)
TL = ES + CR + SH + RE
Elastic Shortening (SH)
Creep (CR)
Shrinkage (SH)
Relaxation of tendons (RE)

ElasticShortening
Caused by the prestressed force in the precast member

ES Kes Eps fcir Eci

Where:
Kes = 1.0 for pre-tensioned members
Eps = modulus of elasticity of prestressing tendons (about 28,500 ksi)
Eci = modulus of elasticity of concrete at time prestress is applied
fcir = net compressive stress in concrete at center of gravity of
prestressing force immediately after the prestress has been applied to
the concrete

fcir
P
i

fcir Kcir

A
g

Pi e2
I g

Mg e
Ig

Where:
Pi = initial prestress force (after anchorage seating loss)
e = eccentricity of center of gravity of tendons with
respect to
center of gravity of concrete at the cross
section considered
Mg = bending moment due to dead weight of prestressed
member and any other permanent loads
in place at time of
prestressing
Kcir = 0.9 for pretensioned members

Creep
Creep (CR)
Caused by stress in the concrete

CR Kcr Eps Eci fcir fcds

Where:
Kcr = 2.0 normal weight concrete
= 1.6 sand-lightweight concrete
fcds = stress in concrete at center of gravity of
prestressing force due to all uperimposed permanent
dead loads that are applied to the member after it has
been prestressed

fcds

fcds

Msd e
Ig

Where:
Msd = moment due to all superimposed permanent
dead and sustained loads applied after prestressing

Shrinkage
Volume change determined by section and
environment

SH 8.2 106 Ksh Eps 1 0.06 V S 100 R.H.

Where:
Ksh = 1.0 for pretensioned members
V/S = volume-to-surface ratio
R.H. = average ambient relative humidity from
map

RelativeHumidity
Page 3-114 Figure 3.10.12

Relaxation
Relaxation of prestressing tendons is based on the
strand properties

RE Kre J SH CR ES C

Where:
Kre and J - Tabulated in the PCI handbook
C - Tabulated or by empirical equations in the PCI
handbook

RelaxationTable
Values for Kre and J
for given strand
Table 4.7.3.1
page 4-85

RelaxationTableValuesforC
fpi = initial stress in
prestress strand
fpu = ultimate stress
for prestress strand
Table 4.7.3.2
(Page 4-86)

PrestressTransferLength
Transfer length
Length when the stress
in the strand is applied
to the concrete
Transfer length is not
used to calculate
capacity

lt fse 3 db

lt fse 3 db

PrestressDevelopmentLength
Development length length required to
develop ultimate strand
capacity
Development length is
not used to calculate
stresses in the member

ld lt fps fse

ld fse 3 db fps fse

BeamLedgeGeometry

BeamLedgeDesign
For Concentrated loads where s > bt + hl, find
the lesser of:

Vn 3 f 'c hl 2 bl b bt hl

Vn f 'c hl 2 bl b bt hl 2 de

BeamLedgeDesign
For Concentrated loads where s < bt + hl, find
the lesser of:

Vn 1.5 f 'c hl 2 bl b bt hl s

de s

Vn f 'c hl bl b

b h
t
l
2

BeamLedgeReinforcement
For continuous loads or closely spaced concentrated loads:

Ledge reinforcement should be provided by 3 checks

As, cantilevered bending of ledge
Al, longitudinal bending of ledge
n
Ash, shear of ledge

V 24 hl f 'c

BeamLedgeReinforcement
Transverse (cantilever) bending reinforcement, As
Uniformly spaced over width of 6hl on either side of the bearing

Not to exceed half the

distance to the next load
Bar spacing should not
exceed the ledge depth,
hl, or 18 in
h
a
1
As Vu Nu l
fy
d
d
Nu
0.2
Vdl

LongitudinalLedgeReinforcement
Placed in both the top and bottom of the ledge portion of the beam:

Where:
dl - is the depth of steel

200 bl b dl

U-bars or hooked bars may

be required to develop
l
reinforcement at the end
of the ledge

fy

HangerReinforcement
Required for attachment of the ledge to the web
Distribution and spacing of Ash
reinforcement should follow
the same guidelines as for As

Ash

Vu
fy

Hanger(Shear)LedgeReinforcement

Ash is not additive to shear and torsion

reinforcement
m is a modification factor which can be
derived, and is dependent on beam section
geometry. PCI 6th edition has design aids
on table 4.5.4.1

DapDesign
(1) Flexure (cantilever bending) and axial tension in the
extended end. Provide flexural reinforcement, Af, plus
axial tension reinforcement, An.

DapDesign
(2) Direct shear at the junction of the dap and the main body
of the member. Provide shear friction steel, composed of
Avf + Ah, plus axial tension reinforcement, An

DapDesign
(3) Diagonal tension emanating from the re-entrant
corner. Provide shear reinforcement, Ash

DapDesign
(4) Diagonal tension in the extended end. Provide shear
reinforcement composed of Ah and Av

DapDesign
(5) Diagonal tension in the undapped portion. This is
resisted by providing a full development length for As
beyond the potential crack.

DapReinforcement
5 Main Areas of Steel
Tension - As
Shear steel - Ah

Diagonal cracking Ash, Ash

Dap Shear Steel - Av

TensionSteelAs

The horizontal reinforcement is determined in

a manner similar to that for column corbels:
h
As Af An
Vu Nu l
fy
d
d
1

and 0.2

Nu
Vdl

ShearSteelAh

The potential vertical crack (2) is resisted by a

combination of As and Ah
Ah

2 Vu
3 fy e

An

ShearSteelAh
Note the development ld of Ah beyond the
assumed crack plane. Ah is usually a U-bar
such that the bar is developed in the dap

DiagonalCrackingSteelAsh

The reinforcement required to resist diagonal

tension cracking starting from the re-entrant
corner (3) can be calculated from:

Ash

Vu
fy

and .75

DapShearSteelAv

Additional reinforcement for Crack (4) is

required in the extended end, such that:

Vn Av fy Ah fy 2 b d f 'c

DapShearSteelAv

At least one-half of the reinforcement

required in this area should be placed
vertically. Thus:
Av

V
u

2 fy

2 b d f 'c

DapLimitationsandConsiderations
Design Condition as a dap if any of the
following apply
The depth of the recess exceeds 0.2H or 8 in.
The width of the recess (lp) exceeds 12 in.
For members less than 8 in. wide, less than one-half
of the main flexural reinforcement extends to the end
of the member above the dap
For members 8 in. or more wide, less than one-third
of the main flexural reinforcement extends to the end
of the member above the dap

Questions?