Exhaust Emission Reduction Technologies For Diesel Engines: Pankaj Gupta 142116517 Stress and Vibration

EXHAUST EMISSION
REDUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
FOR DIESEL ENGINES
Pankaj gupta
142116517
Stress and vibration
INTRODUCTION
Diesel engines have high thermal efficiency, lower fuel consumption,

lower maintenance cost and lower CO2 emissions compared with
equivalent gasoline engines.
Higher emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter

(PM) have been noticed as major problems.
These emissions cause environmental pollution and are potentially

harmful to human health.
Undesirable emissions also include unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and

carbon monoxide (CO).
COMPOSITION OF DIESEL ENGINE

EXHAUST EMISSIONS [1]
OBJECTIVES
To review the major technologies being used for diesel engine

emission reductions, recent developments in this area and future
scope of these technologies.
To give an insight about the practical limitations and challenges

in the application of emission reduction technologies.
To explore emission reduction strategies in order to comply with

the stringent Euro norms.
To suggest some of the key parameters to be considered while

arriving at right emission control strategy.
CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM

LITERATURE REVIEW
Growing concern for human health and environment led to the

formation of stringent emission standards such as Euro V and
Euro VI.
Engine manufacturers are forced to implement latest emission
reduction technologies in order to comply with the Euro norms.
There are various emission reduction technologies available for
emission reduction.
No common approach for emission control emerged from the
literature review.
It is likely that a combination of the emission reduction
technologies would be able to comply with the Euro V and Euro
VI norms.
EMISSION STANDARDS FOR DIESEL

ENGINE PASSENGER CARS[2]
MAJOR EMISSION REDUCTION

TECHNOLOGIES
Emission Reduction System
Emissions Reduced
Exhaust Gas Recirculation

(EGR)
NOx
Diesel Oxidation Catalysts

(DOC)
HC, CO
Diesel Particulate Filters

(DPF)
PM
Selective Catalytic Reduction

(SCR)
NOx
Lean Nox Trap

(LNT)
NOx
EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION[3]

EGR is an effective method for NOx control. EGR has following
effects :-
The dilution or oxygen

displacement effect
The thermal effect
The chemical effect
Most of the NOx reduction is due to the dilution effect, with a

small additional contribution due to the chemical effect and
thermal effect.
TYPES OF EGR[4]
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON EGR[5]
RESULTS
Thermal efficiency was found to have slightly increased with EGR

at lower engine loads.
At higher engine loads, the thermal efficiency remains unaffected
by EGR.
These graphs show that HC and CO emissions increase with

increasing EGR.
The degree of reduction in NOx at higher loads is higher.
Higher smoke opacity of the exhaust is observed when the engine is

operated with EGR compared to without EGR. The variation in the
smoke opacity level at high loads was higher compared to that at
lower loads.
As the EGR rate is increased,

volumetric efficiency decreases.
Carbon deposits on the various parts of the engine operated with EGR
system is significantly more than that of engine operated without
EGR.
The higher carbon deposits in the EGR system seem to be because of

higher soot formation.
DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERS[6]
DPF is employed in diesel engines to physically trap the

particulate matter (PM) in exhaust gas.
A wall flow DPF is most common type.
It consists of large number of channels, with alternate ends of

channel matrix plugged.
The walls are made up of ceramic filtering material such as
silicon carbide or cordierite.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH DPFs
Traps
are
effective
in
controlling the solid fraction of
PMs, but may have limited
effectiveness, or be totally
ineffective, in controlling the
non-solid fractions of PM,
such as the SOF or sulphate
particulates.
DPFs also causes an increase
in exhaust back pressure which
in turn increases the BSFC.
DPFs can achieve up to 90% PM reduction in certain conditions.
SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION[7]
The system uses a

metallic or ceramic
wash-coated catalyzed
substrate.
Least affected by sulphur
content of fuel.
In addition to Nox, SCR
reduce HC emissions up
to 80% and PM
emissions up to 30%.
On board requirement
of urea reduces its
utilization.
Both Zeolite based catalysts show better high temperature

conversion than the conventional vanadium based catalyst.
V SCR - Vanadium based catalyst

Catalyst A Copper zeolite catalyst
Catalyst B Iron zeolite catalyst
LEAN NOx TRAP[9]

Oxidising NO to NO2 over a
precious metal catalyst such as
platimun
Storing NO2 in an adjacent

alkaline earth oxide trapping
site (such as BaO) as a nitrate.
When the storage media

reaches its capacity, it must be
regenerated.
DESULPHURIZATION
The durability of LNTs is

directly linked to sulphur
removal by regeneration.
Sulphur is removed from the
trap by periodic high
temperature excursions
under reducing conditions, a
procedure called DeSOx.
DIESEL OXIDATION CATALYST[10]
A diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC)

functions by oxidising CO and any
unburnt HC into CO2 & water over
a platinum group metal.
DOCs are able to remove soluble

organic fraction (SOF) of PM.
A diesel oxidation catalyst consists of a stainless steel canister

that contains a honeycomb structure called a substrate. Substrate
may be made of ceramic material or metal foil.
The interior surfaces are coated with catalytic metals such as
platinum and/or palladium.
CONCLUSIONS
EGR is an effective method of reducing NOx emissions but it

aggravates the trade-off between NOX and particulate emissions,
especially at high loads.
Cooled EGR gives lower thermal efficiency than hot EGR but
makes possible lower NOX emissions.
The advantage of using EGR and DPF is that no special fuelling
infrastructure is required, however the major disadvantage is the
fuel consumption penalty (approx. 3%) incurred due to the
incomplete combustion from EGR and exhaust gas back pressure
in from DPF.
SCR is the most promising technology and could be anticipated
as a future technology for emission control.
REFERENCES
[1]. Jaffar Hussain, K. Palaniradja, N. Alagumurthi and R. Manimaran Effect of Exhaust
Gas Recirculation (EGR) on Performance and Emission characteristics of a Three
Cylinder Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine Alexandria Engineering Journal
(2012) 51, 241247.
[2].Emission
Standards:
Europe:
Cars
and
Light
Trucks
:https://www.dieselnet.com/standards/eu/ld.php 2/4
[3]. Federico Millo, Paolo Ferrero Giacominetto and Marco Gianoglio Bernardi Analysis
of different exhaust gas recirculation architectures for passenger car Diesel engines
Applied Energy 98 (2012) 7991.
[4].AVINASH KUMAR AGRAWAL, SHRAWAN KUMAR SINGH, SHAILENDRA
SINHA and MRITUNJAY KUMAR SHUKLA1 Effect of EGR on the exhaust gas
temperature and exhaust opacity in compression ignition engines Sadhana Vol. 29, Part
3, June 2004, pp. 275284.
[5]. Deepak Agarwal, Shrawan Kumar Singh and Avinash Kumar Agarwal Effect of
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on performance, emissions, deposits and durability of a
constant speed compression ignition engine Applied Energy 88 (2011) 29002907
[6].Diesel Particulate Filters by W. Addy Majewski www.DieselNet.com. Ecopoint Inc.
Revision 2001.07b.
REFERENCES
[7]. Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow by MAN Diesel & turbo.
[8]. Diesel Engine Emissions and Their Control : AN OVERVIEW By Tim Johnson
Corning Environmental Technologies, Corning Incorporated, HP-CB-2-4, Corning, NY
14831, U.S.A.
[9]. Ccile Favre, John May & Dirk Bosteels EMISSIONS CONTROL
TECHNOLOGIES TO MEET CURRENT AND FUTURE EUROPEAN VEHICLE
EMISSIONS LEGISLATION.
[10]. PALLADIUM USE IN DIESEL OXIDATION CATALYSTS : Platinum 2009
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EXHAUST EMISSION

Diesel engines have high thermal efficiency, lower fuel consumption,

Higher emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter

These emissions cause environmental pollution and are potentially

Undesirable emissions also include unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and

COMPOSITION OF DIESEL ENGINE

To review the major technologies being used for diesel engine

To give an insight about the practical limitations and challenges

To explore emission reduction strategies in order to comply with

To suggest some of the key parameters to be considered while

CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM

Growing concern for human health and environment led to the

EMISSION STANDARDS FOR DIESEL

MAJOR EMISSION REDUCTION

Exhaust Gas Recirculation

Diesel Oxidation Catalysts

Diesel Particulate Filters

Selective Catalytic Reduction

Lean Nox Trap

EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION[3]

The dilution or oxygen

The thermal effect

The chemical effect

Most of the NOx reduction is due to the dilution effect, with a

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON EGR[5]

Thermal efficiency was found to have slightly increased with EGR

These graphs show that HC and CO emissions increase with

The degree of reduction in NOx at higher loads is higher.

Higher smoke opacity of the exhaust is observed when the engine is

As the EGR rate is increased,

The higher carbon deposits in the EGR system seem to be because of

DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERS[6]

DPF is employed in diesel engines to physically trap the

It consists of large number of channels, with alternate ends of

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH DPFs

DPFs can achieve up to 90% PM reduction in certain conditions.

SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION[7]

The system uses a

Both Zeolite based catalysts show better high temperature

V SCR - Vanadium based catalyst

LEAN NOx TRAP[9]

Storing NO2 in an adjacent

When the storage media

The durability of LNTs is

DIESEL OXIDATION CATALYST[10]

A diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC)

DOCs are able to remove soluble

A diesel oxidation catalyst consists of a stainless steel canister

EGR is an effective method of reducing NOx emissions but it

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