This document discusses basic PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) concepts. It begins by explaining the sampling theorem, which states that the sampling frequency must be at least twice the highest frequency present in the signal being sampled. It then discusses the challenges of achieving digital transmission, such as noise and attenuation. The key steps to overcome these challenges are presented as quantizing the samples, which introduces quantization noise, and encoding the quantized levels into binary format. The document also provides examples of converting between binary and decimal number systems. Finally, it discusses A-law compression used in PCM systems to more efficiently encode signal amplitudes.
This document discusses basic PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) concepts. It begins by explaining the sampling theorem, which states that the sampling frequency must be at least twice the highest frequency present in the signal being sampled. It then discusses the challenges of achieving digital transmission, such as noise and attenuation. The key steps to overcome these challenges are presented as quantizing the samples, which introduces quantization noise, and encoding the quantized levels into binary format. The document also provides examples of converting between binary and decimal number systems. Finally, it discusses A-law compression used in PCM systems to more efficiently encode signal amplitudes.
This document discusses basic PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) concepts. It begins by explaining the sampling theorem, which states that the sampling frequency must be at least twice the highest frequency present in the signal being sampled. It then discusses the challenges of achieving digital transmission, such as noise and attenuation. The key steps to overcome these challenges are presented as quantizing the samples, which introduces quantization noise, and encoding the quantized levels into binary format. The document also provides examples of converting between binary and decimal number systems. Finally, it discusses A-law compression used in PCM systems to more efficiently encode signal amplitudes.
This document discusses basic PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) concepts. It begins by explaining the sampling theorem, which states that the sampling frequency must be at least twice the highest frequency present in the signal being sampled. It then discusses the challenges of achieving digital transmission, such as noise and attenuation. The key steps to overcome these challenges are presented as quantizing the samples, which introduces quantization noise, and encoding the quantized levels into binary format. The document also provides examples of converting between binary and decimal number systems. Finally, it discusses A-law compression used in PCM systems to more efficiently encode signal amplitudes.
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Basic PCM
Why Telecom more Popular
Electronically dist=0 Answer only Charge Tell No. 15 digits (Universal)
CC
AC
DN
CC- Country Code
AC- Area Code DN- Directory No
Demarcation of Telecom
Transmission
Sampling Theorem
Cont 3.
1. BL Signaling 2.
Fs 2fm
Problem to achieve Digital Tx
Noise
Tx
Media
The Samples cannot be Reproduced Attenuation
R x
Find a technique Digital Tx
(1) Tx Info
Tr Media
(1) Rx Info (2) Verify the Rx Info
Verification Difficult
Cont Quantizing Equate the sample to a quantize level. Then transmit verification will be easy at the receiver Quantizing noise is inevitable
Encoding Convert this quantized level in to binary level
Verification will be more easy
Quantizing the samples will be equate to 1/256 levels In linear quantizing S/N is good only for high valued samples and 90% of the samples are within of maximum voltages Hence linear quantizing is not used.
Hence Quantizing Noise (V) is inherent in PCM
transmission, since there is a difference between actual sample to Quantized level.
Exercise 1: Convert the following denary numbers to binary(Dont use the method of dividing by 2, use the finger method)
Cont Note : A Total of 256 quantisation steps covers line peak to peak range of nomal speech intensities A law gives lower quantising dislortion . Law There are 16 segments shown in this graph positive 0,1 and negative 0,1 consai one linear segment. hence there are 10 linear segments.
S Sign
Encoded 8 bit format
A B CNo of
W X Y Z of pos in No
seg the Segment If S=1 it is positive sample If S=0 it is Negative sample
Vm Maximum voltage = 3072 mv
N Na of quantised levels =256 Some times A low is named as Eurpean law (C.E.P.T) Equation for logaribimic part y=n ln Ax / ln A (1/A<x<1) Linear part y=Ax (0<x<1/A)
Encoding The quantized level is then converted in to 8 bits. This 8 bits represent, S ABC WXYZ S = sign + or ABC = No of segments WXYZ = No of level in that segments
Summary of process involved,
equate
Sample
Convert To a quantize level 1/256
8 bit
Convert the following samples into
encoded format and calculate the signal /noise ratio 700mV -400mV 300mV
100mV
1515mV
-95mV
Answers 700mV
11011101 11001001 175
100mV
10110001
-400mV
300mV
01010001 50 1515mV
11110000
-95mV
WAVE FORMS IN THE
TRANSMISSION LINES
RZ return to zero wave form
NRZ non return to zero wave form RZ, NRZ AMI WAVE FORMS CONCEPTS OF TRANSCODING SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF PRACTICAL WAVE FORMS HIGH DENSITY BIPOLAR 3 CODE
Transcoding Code Conversion to suit for the Transmission media Out put of a PCM System either RZ, NRZ
1 bite named as mark NRZ means, Mark will return
to zero before the period of CLK pulse, but at the period of the click pulse. RZ, means mark will NOT come to zero before the period of the CLK pulse, but at the period of the CLK
Difference Codes used in digital
Transmission
Frequency
Question ? Q 1.
1. List out the different phases of a call?
2. Label the voice time slots? 3. Draw the messages exchange with regards to successful call? 4. Calculate the time taken to establishment the call? 5. Assuming each call will establish for 3 minutes conversation time. How many conversations can be establish? 6. Discuss how this concept is extend the packet switching Q networks? 2. Draw 101101 in NRZ and RZ and in AMI format
Answer Q2.
NRZ
RZ
Practical Transcording wave
Forms High Density Bipolar 3. Rules 1. Dont allow more than 3 Consecutive Zeros to be present in the wave form (media). Introduce a violation bit. Violation bit has to be of the same polarity of the previous MARK. 2. Two Consecutive violation bits has to be of opposite polarity. 3. Between two consecutive violation bits if there are even number of last violation will be boove where B is the stuffing BIT and will be of opposite polarity to the previous MARK.
Process Involved
HDB3 Rules Rule 1 : Dont allow more than 3 corrective zeros to be present in the wave form, for the 4th zero introduce a violation bit Assume the bit stream is as follows, 100001 Normally 1+oooo1Under HDB3 before transmitting convert the bit stream, according to rules, 1+000 1+ 1Then transmit assume the same bit stream received How the receiver detranscode - 1+0001+1If knows it is a violation hence convert to 1+0001+ 10
100001
Transmitted bit stream has been received
correctly
Rule 2 : Two consecutive violations bits of opposite polarity Then above rule is easily followed when there are odd number of marks between two consecutive violation bits Try : 10000100001
1000 0 1000 0 1 1+0001+1-0001-1+
Convert HDB3 Transmit
1+0001+1-0001-
Can be easily convert back
to
1000010000 1
But, if there are even number of marks between two consective violation bits addition sub rule to be introduce to follow above rule 2. for the last four zeros introduce the pattern as B 0 0 V where B is the bit, where it is opposite sign to the previous mark Assume 100001100001
1+0001+1-B+00V-1+
1+000V+
10000
But next stream
1-1+001After two zero another violation Hence the reciver willl correct this as,100001
SIGNALLING BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANALOGUGE TYPE OF SIGNALLING HOW ANALOUGE TYPE OF SIGNALLING ADOPTED TO PRIMARY PCM CHANNEL ASSOCIATED SIGNALLING BASIC FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS IN PCM ADOPTED FOR ANALOUGE TYPE OF SIGNALLING COMPONENTS OF A PCM EQUIPMENT
Cont Signaling
Analog
Supervisor y Register
Characteristics Supervisory is always present with voice. Register is always prior to voice hence analogue channel exchange will be as follows. Exchange to another exchange will be as follows V = Voice R = Register
Sup. Signals are on M, E,
Wires
Cont Multiframe in a PCM SYSTEM for supervisory signals only TS16 is available. CCJTT has allocated 4bits for each channel. To send 30 channels supervisory signals on TS16, You need 15 frames. f0 MF Sys to SIG RX module one To align SIG TR module f1 is used. TS16 CH1 CH1 7 Hence Multiframe consist 16 Frames. f2 CH 2
f15
CH1 5
CH18
CH3 1
2 ms
Structure of Multiframe One Multiframe= 16 Frames
TS 0
TS 115
TS 16
TS 1731 TS 0
Practical Channels TS 0
TS 0
1 2 15 17
31
There are two kinds of
synchronization words odd and even Odd actually synchronization Even alarm signaling
F0 TS16 is used for
Multiframe alignment all other TS16 are used for Channel Associated signaling
