Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, MMCT

Introduction to Matlab,
Signal Processing & Speech
Signal Processing

Outline:

What is Matlab?
Matlab Screen
Variables, array, matrix, indexing
Operators (Arithmetic, relational, logical )
Using of M-File
Writing User Defined Functions
Signal Processing
Speech Signal Processing

What is Matlab?

Matlab is basically a high level language

which has many specialized toolboxes for
making things easier for us
How high?
Matlab

High Level
Languages such as
C, Pascal etc.

Assembly

What are we interested in?

Matlab is too broad for our purpose.

The features we are going to require is

Series of
Matlab
commands

Matlab
m-files

functions
Input
Output
capability

Command
Line

mat-files

Matlab Screen

Command Window

type commands

Current Directory

View folders and m-files

Workspace

View program variables

Double click on a variable

to see it in the Array Editor

Command History

view past commands

save a whole session

using diary

Variables

No need for types. i.e.,

int a;
double b;
float c;

All variables are created with double precision unless

specified and they are matrices.
Example:
>>x=5;
>>x1=2;

After these statements, the variables are 1x1 matrices

with double precision

Array, Matrix

a vector

x = [1 2 5 1]

x =
1

a matrix

x = [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 -1]

x =
1
5
3

transpose

2
1
2

3
4
-1
y = x

y =
1
2
5
1

Long Array, Matrix

t =1:10
t =

2
3
4
k =2:-0.5:-1

k =

1.5

0.5

-0.5

= [1:4; 5:8]

x =
1
5

2
6

3
7

4
8

-1

10

Matrix Index

The matrix indices begin from 1 (not 0 (as in C))

The matrix indices must be positive integer

Given:

A(-2), A(0)
Error: ??? Subscript indices must either be real positive integers or logicals.
A(4,2)
Error: ??? Index exceeds matrix dimensions.

Concatenation of Matrices

x = [1 2], y = [4 5], z=[ 0 0]

A = [ x y]
1

B = [x ; y]
1 2
4 5
C = [x y ;z]
Error:
??? Error using ==> vertcat CAT arguments dimensions are not consistent.

Operators (arithmetic)
+
*
/
^

addition
subtraction
multiplication
division
power
complex conjugate transpose

Matrices Operations
Given A and B:

Addition

Subtraction

Product

Transpose

Operators (Element by
Element)
.* element-by-element multiplication
./ element-by-element division
.^ element-by-element power

The use of . Element

A =Operation
[1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 -1]
A=
1
5
3

x = A(1,:)
x=

2
1
2

3
4
-1

y = A(3 ,:)
y=

1 2 3

3 4 -1

b = x .* y

c=x./y

d = x .^2

b=

c=
0.33 0.5 -3

d=

3 8 -3

K= x^2
Erorr:
??? Error using ==> mpower Matrix must be square.
B=x*y
Erorr:
??? Error using ==> mtimes Inner matrix dimensions must agree.

General Commands

On-line help
help
helpwin
helpdesk
help topic
lookfor string
demo

Directory Information & Termination

pwd
cd
dir
ls
Path
editpath
copyfile

Workspace information
who
whos
what
clear
clf
clc
home
General Information & Termination
computer
clock
date
ver
^c
quit or exit

Arithmetic Operations
Compute following
5
1.
2
5
(2 - 1)

Result

1.0323

2
2 Area= r

1/3
take r=

3. Sin /6 0.5
x
4.

= 17

for

x 2.57

- 1

0.6781

Basic Task: Plot the function

sin(x) between 0x4

Create an x-array of 100 samples between 0 and

4.
>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100);

Calculate sin(.) of the x-array

1
0.8
0.6

>>y=sin(x);

Plot the y-array

>>plot(y)

0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Plot the function e-x/3sin(x)

between 0x4

Create an x-array of 100 samples between 0

and 4.
>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100);

Calculate sin(.) of the x-array

>>y=sin(x);

Calculate e-x/3 of the x-array

>>y1=exp(-x/3);

Multiply the arrays y and y1

>>y2=y*y1;

Plot the function e-x/3sin(x)

between 0x4

Multiply the arrays y and y1 correctly

>>y2=y.*y1;

Plot the y2-array

>>plot(y2)

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Display Facilities
0.7
0.6

plot(.)

0.5
0.4
0.3

Example:
>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100);
>>y=sin(x);
>>plot(y)
>>plot(x,y)

stem(.)

0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3

Example:
>>stem(y)
>>stem(x,y)

0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3

Display Facilities

title(.)
>>title(This is the sinus function)

xlabel(.)
>>xlabel(x (secs))

0.8

ylabel(.)

0.6
0.4
0.2
sin(x)

This is the sinus function

0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6

>>ylabel(sin(x))

-0.8
-1

10

20

30

40

50
60
x (secs)

70

80

90

100

Operators (relational,
logical)

== Equal to
~= Not equal to
< Strictly smaller
> Strictly greater
<= Smaller than or equal to
>= Greater than equal to
& And operator
| Or operator

Flow Control

if
for
while
break
.

Control Structures

If Statement Syntax

if (Condition_1)
Matlab Commands
elseif (Condition_2)
Matlab Commands
elseif (Condition_3)
Matlab Commands
else
Matlab Commands
end

Some Dummy Examples

if ((a>3) & (b==5))
Some Matlab Commands;
end
if (a<3)
Some Matlab Commands;
elseif (b~=5)
Some Matlab Commands;
end
if (a<3)
Some Matlab Commands;
else
Some Matlab Commands;
end

Control Structures
Some Dummy Examples

For loop syntax

for i=Index_Array
Matlab Commands
end

for i=1:100
Some Matlab Commands;
end
for j=1:3:200
Some Matlab Commands;
end
for m=13:-0.2:-21
Some Matlab Commands;
end
for k=[0.1 0.3 -13 12 7 -9.3]
Some Matlab Commands;
end

Control Structures

While Loop Syntax

while (condition)
Matlab Commands
end

Dummy Example
while ((a>3) & (b==5))
Some Matlab Commands;
end

Use of M-File
Click to create
a new M-File

Extension .m
A text file containing script or function or program to run

Use of M-File

Save file as Denem430.m

If you include ; at the

end of each statement,
result will not be shown
immediately

Writing User Defined Functions

Functions are m-files which can be executed by

specifying some inputs and supply some desired outputs.
The code telling the Matlab that an m-file is actually a
function is
function out1=functionname(in1)
function out1=functionname(in1,in2,in3)
function [out1,out2]=functionname(in1,in2)

You should write this command at the beginning of the mfile and you should save the m-file with a file name same
as the function name

Writing User Defined Functions

Another function which takes an input array and returns the sum and product
of its elements as outputs

The function sumprod(.) can be called from command window or an m-file as

Useful Commands

The two commands used most by Matlab

users are
>>help functionname

>>lookfor keyword

Signal Processing Examples

To generate a cosine signal.

clc;
t=0:.01: pi;
y=cos (2*pi*t);
subplot (2,1,1);
plot (t,y);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(t,y);
display('the resultant is');

Program Output:
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1

To generate the exponential

signal
clc;

n= input('enter the length of exponential

signal');
t= 0:n;
a= input('enter the a value');
z= exp(a*t);
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(z,t);
display('the result length of exponential
signal');z

Output:

Enter the length of exponential signal 4

Enter the a value 1
The result length of exponential signal
z=
1.0000 0.3679 0.1353 0.0498 0.0183

Writing User Defined Functions

Examples
Write a function : out=squarer (A, ind)
Which takes the square of the input matrix if the input
indicator is equal to 1
And takes the element by element square of the input
matrix if the input indicator is equal to 2
Same Name

DFT

Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) converts

a finite list of equally spaced samples of a
function into the list of coefficients of a finite
combination of complex sinusoids, ordered
by theirfrequencies, that has those same
sample values. It can be said to convert the
sampled function from its original domain
(often time or position along a line) to
the frequency domain.

DFT
In digital signal processing, the function is
any quantity orsignal that varies over time,
such as the pressure of a sound wave,
a radio signal, or daily temperature readings,
sampled over a finite time interval (often
defined by a window function). In image
processing, the samples can be the values
of pixelsalong a row or column of a raster
image

DFT
The sequence of N complex numbers is
transformed into an N-periodic sequence of
complex numbers according to the DFT
formula:
N-1
-j(2/N)nk
F[n]= f[k] e
(n=0; N-1)
k=0

Computing
DiscreteFourierTransform

clc;
xn=[2,1,3,1];
n=50;
l=length(xn);
x1=[xn,zeros(1,n-l)];
for k=0:1:n-1;
for g=0:1:n-1;
p=exp(-i*2*pi*g*k/n);
x2(k+1,g+1)=p;
end
end
xk=x1*x2;
subplot(2,2,1);
y= abs(xk);
stem(y);
z=angle(xk);
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(z);
disp('the resultant signal is');y

Output
8

-2

20

40

60

-4

20

40

60

Matlab Functionality in
Speech Signal Processing

Basic Functionality
read a speech file (i.e., open a .wav speech file and read the speech sample into a
MATLAB array)
write a speech file (i.e., write a MATLAB array of speech samples into a .wav speech file)
play a MATLAB array of speech samples as an audio file
plot a speech file (MATLAB array) as a waveform using a strips plot format
plot a speech file (MATLAB array) as one or more 4 line plot(s)
convert the sampling rate associated with a speech file (MATLAB array) to a
different sampling rate
high pass filter a speech file (MATLAB array) to eliminate hum and low frequency noise
plot a frame of speech and its associated spectral log magnitude
plot a spectrogram of a speech file (MATLAB array)

Recording of speech signal

clc;
close all;
%please say your names to record it
For i = 1:4
Fs=22050;
file = sprintf('%s%d.wav','g',i);
input('You have 2 seconds to say your
record--> ');
y = wavrecord(2*Fs,Fs);
sound(y,Fs);
wavwrite(y,Fs,file);
end

name. Press enter when ready to

Naming the Speech File

for i = 1:4
strI=int2str(i);
wavName='g';
temp=strcat(wavName,strI);
%get the speech signal sample
[x,fs]=wavread(temp,[1 44100]);
ms1=fs/1000;
ms20=fs/50;

% maximum speech Fx at 1000Hz

% minimum speech Fx at 50Hz

% hamming window
Y=fft(x.*hamming(length(x)));

Waveform Plot
% plot waveform
t=(0:length(x)-1)/fs;

% times of sampling instants

figure;
name1='waveform of '
title1=strcat({name1},{temp});
plot(t,x);
Grid
title(title1);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
end

Plotting the spectrum

% plot spectrum of bottom 5000Hz
hz5000=5000*length(Y)/fs;
f=(0:hz5000)*fs/length(Y);
figure;
name2=' spectrum of '
title2=strcat({name2},{temp});
plot(f,20*log10(abs(Y(1:length(f)))+eps));
grid;
title(title2);
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude (dB)');

Cepstral Analysis to find fundamental

frequency

% cepstrum is DFT of log spectrum

C=fft(log(abs(Y)+eps));
% plot between 1ms (=1000Hz) and 20ms (=50Hz)

q=(ms1:ms20)/fs;

figure;
name3=' cepstrum of '
title3=strcat({name3},{temp});
plot(q,abs(C(ms1:ms20)));
grid;
title(title3);
xlabel('Quefrency (s)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

%search for the index of the peak in the cepstrum between 1 and 20ms, and then convert back to hertz

[c,fx]=max(abs(C(ms1:ms20)));

fprintf('fundamentalfrequency=%gHz\n',fs/(ms1+fx-1));

%fundamental frequency estimation time domain

% get a section of vowel

[x,fs]=wavread(temp,[1 44100]);

ms20=fs/50;

% minimum speech Fx at 50Hz

Fundamental Frequency (Speech

Feature)

%search for the index of the peak in the cepstrum between 1 and 20ms, and then convert back to
hertz

[c,fx]=max(abs(C(ms1:ms20)));

fprintf('fundamentalfrequency=%gHz\n',fs/(ms1+fx-1));

Thank You