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    RNA

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    Manoj Sigdel
    The document compares and contrasts the key differences between DNA and RNA. It notes that RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose, uracil instead of thymine, and is typically single-stranded. The document also provides an overview of the three main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - and describes their sizes, functions, and roles in gene expression and protein synthesis.

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    RNA

    Uploaded by

    Manoj Sigdel
    342 views21 pages
    The document compares and contrasts the key differences between DNA and RNA. It notes that RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose, uracil instead of thymine, and is typically single-stranded. The document also provides an overview of the three main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - and describes their sizes, functions, and roles in gene expression and protein synthesis.

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    The document compares and contrasts the key differences between DNA and RNA. It notes that RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose, uracil instead of thymine, and is typically single-stranded. The document also provides an overview of the three main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - and describes their sizes, functions, and roles in gene expression and protein synthesis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    342 views21 pages

    RNA

    Uploaded by

    Manoj Sigdel
    The document compares and contrasts the key differences between DNA and RNA. It notes that RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose, uracil instead of thymine, and is typically single-stranded. The document also provides an overview of the three main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - and describes their sizes, functions, and roles in gene expression and protein synthesis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    RNA

    Manoj Sigdel
    Department of Biochemistry
    Manipal College of Medical
    Sciences
    Email: manoj.sigdel@hotmail.com

    DNA

    RNA

    Sugar moiety is deoxy


    ribose

    Sugar moiety is ribose


    So, histologically
    identified by orcinol
    colour reaction

    Uracil, a pyrimidine
    base is absent

    Thymine, a pyrimidine
    base is
    absent

    Double-stranded
    molecules
    Sum of purine bases is
    equal to sum of
    pyrimidine bases A + G
    =C+T

    Single stranded
    molecules
    Sum of purine bases is
    not equal to sum of
    pyrimidine bases A + G
    #C+T

    DNA

    RNA

    Resistant to hydrolysis
    by alkali because of
    absence of hydroxyl
    group on 2 carbon atom
    of deoxyribose

    Because of presence of
    hydroxyl group on 2
    carbon atom of ribose
    RNA is easily hydrolyzed
    by alkali
    Alkali can hydrolyse
    RNA to 23-cyclic esters

    Bases are not modified


    No catalytic activity

    Bases are modified


    Some RNA are
    catalytically active
    Only one form or type
    More than three types
    Usually not subjected to Degraded in the cell by

    Like DNAs, RNAs are also polynucleotides


    There are mainly three types of RNAs in all prokaryotic
    and eukaryotic cells. The three types of RNA are
    1. Messenger RNA or m-RNA ( 5-10%)
    2. Transfer RNA or t-RNA (10-20%)
    3. Ribosmal RNA or r-RNA (50-80%)
    They differ from each other by size, function and
    stability

    Fig: Expression of genetic information by transcription

    Messenger RNA (mRNA)


    Synthesized in the nucleus as
    heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
    hnRNA on processing liberates the
    functional mRNA which enters the
    cytoplasm to participate in protein
    synthesis.

    The eukaryotic mRNA is capped at the 5


    terminal end by 7-methylguanosine
    triphosphate.
    This cap prevent the hydrolysis of mRNA
    by 5exonuclease
    Also involved in the recognition of mRNa
    for protein synthesis

    3 terminal end of mRNA contains a


    polymer of adenylate residues (20-250
    nucleotides) which is known as poly (A)
    tail.
    Provides stability to mRNA
    Prevent mRNA from the attack of 3
    exonucleases

    Fig: Structure of eukaryotic mRNA

    Fig: Structure of mRNA

    The prokaryotic mRNAs are polycistronic,


    since a single mRNA has many coding
    regions that code for different
    polypeptides
    Eukaryotic mRNA is monocistronic, since it
    codes for a single polypeptide

    Transfer RNA (tRNA)


    There are at least 20 species of tRNAs corresponding
    to 20 amino acids present in protein structure
    The structure of tRNA resembles that of a clover leaf
    tRNA contains mainly four arms,
    1)The accepter arm: This arm is capped with a
    sequence CCA (5 to 3). The amino acid is attached
    to the acceptor arm

    A: Characteristic tRNA structure


    B: Folded tRNA structure found in cells

    2) The anticodon arm: This arm with the 3


    specific nucleotide bases (anticodon) is
    responsible for the recognition of triplet
    codon of mRNA. The codon (present in
    mRNA) and anticodon(present in tRNA) are
    complementary to each other

    3) The D arm: It is so named due to the


    presence of dihydrouridine
    4) T
    C arm: this arm contains a
    sequence of T, pseudouridine
    (represented by psi,
    ) and C
    The variable arm: this arm is the
    most variable arm in tRNA

    Base pairs in tRNA:


    The structure of tRNA is maintained
    due to complementary base pairing
    in the arms.

    Ribosomal RNA
    rRNAs are found in association with
    several proteins as components of the
    ribosomes ( the complex structure that
    serves as the sites for protein synthesis)

    Fig: Ribosomal composition


    S is the Svedberg unit, which is related to the
    molecular weight and shape of the compound

    RNAs
    and
    their
    functions
    Type of RNA
    Abbreviat Functions
    ion
    Messenger RNA

    mRNA

    Transfers genetic information


    from genes to ribosomes to
    synthesize proteins

    Heterogenous
    nuclear RNA

    hnRNA

    Serves as precursor of mRNA


    and other RNAs

    Transfer RNA

    tRNA

    Transfers amino acid to mRNA


    for protein biosynthesis

    Ribosomal RNA

    rRNA

    Provides structural framework


    for ribosomes

    Small nuclear RNA

    snRNA

    Involved in mRNA processing

    Small nucleolar RNA

    snoRNA

    Role in processing of rRNA


    molecules

    Small cytoplasmic
    RNA

    scRNA

    Involved in the selection of


    proteins for export

    Transfer-messenger
    RNA

    tmRNA

    Mostly present in bacteria. Adds


    short peptide tags to proteins to

    Catalytic RNAs
    Ribozyme: RNA in association with
    protein where the RNA component is
    catalytically active
    Eg: Ribonuclease P (Rnase P) It cleaves
    tRNA precursors to generate mature
    tRNA molecules

    Free nucleotides
    Free nucleotides which are not a part of
    nucleic acids are also found in tissue. For e.g;
    1) ATP and ADP
    2) Cyclic AMP (cAMP or 3,5-adenosine
    monophosphate)
    3) S-adenosylmethione
    4) Uridine nucleotide derivatives (UDP and UTP)
    5) Synthetic derivatives: Eg; 4-hydroxypyrazole
    pyrimidine (allopurinol) is marketed as an
    inhibitor of xanthine oxidase in the treatment of
    hyperuricemia

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